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iiiiiimii
900047731 S
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.*
PLUTARCH'S LIVES,
TRANSLATED FROM
TI^E ORIGINAL GREEK;
WITH
NOTES CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL,
AND A
LIFE OF PLUTARCH.
BY JOHN LANGHORNE, D. D.
AND
WILLIAM LANGHORNE, A. M.
IN SIX VOLUMES.
THE THIRD EDITION,
BY
THE REV. FRANCIS WRANGHAM, M.A. F.R.S.
WITH CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.
VOL. VI.
LONDON:
Peimtbd foe J. Mawman ; F. C. aitd J. RiTiifGTOir ; J. Nnifif ; W. Claeke AiTD Sons; Cadell atid Datiei; J. aitd A. Arch; Scatcherd and
LbTTERMAN ; LoVGMAIf, IIURST, ReES, OrME, AND BrOWN ; J. RiCHARDSON;
J. M. Richardson ; J. Booker ; KWiluamb ; J. Murray ; Wing rave and CocuRGwooD ; Black, Kingsburt, Parbort, and Allen ; J. Hatchard ; Baldwin, Cradock, and Jot ; R. Scholet ; Sherwood, Neelt, and JoNBi ; Oglei, Duncan, and Co. ; J. Bobn ; E. Llotd and Son ; G. and W. B. Wuttauer ; SmniN and Mariball| and Wiuon and SoNty To«i(»
1819.
CONTENTS
OV TUB
SIXTH VOLUME.
PAO>
XLV. Dion l
XL VI. Brutus SS
Dion and Brutus compared 108
XLVII. Artaxtrxes ..,, lis
XLVIII. Aratus 151
XLIX. Galha. 210
L. Otho. 24S
Index 265
THE
LIFE
OF
DION
SUMMARY.
Service done by the Academy to the Greeks in rearing Dion, and to the Roman* in assisting the education of Brutus. General similar rity between these two great men. Dionysius the Elder seizes the government of Syracuse : his partiality to Dion, Character of Dion. Advantages derived by him from his intercourse mth Plato, Dionysius, exasperated by the bold truths of that philosopher, orders him to be sold as a slave. Dion's Jreedoni mth Dionysius. Dionysius* death. Offers made by Dion to his son. He is calum- niated by the courtiers. His austerity displeasing to young Diony^ sius. He exhorts that prince to the study of philosophy, and by repeated importunities induces him to send for Plato to Sicily,
' Dion's enemies set up Philistus in opposition to him. Change effected by Plato in Dionysius, The courtiers succeed in render^ ing him suspicious of Dion, who is banished into Italy. Diony^ situ* affection for Plato, and for philosophy. Plato returns into Greece, and endeavours to soften Dion's severity of manners. Honours paid to Dion in Greece. Dionysius presses Plato to return into Sicily, Plato revisits Syracuse ; is ill-used by Diofiy' sius, re-demanded by Archytas, and sent home again. The tyrant compels Dion*s wife to marry Timocrates. Dion determines to make war against him ; and re-assures his forces, disheartened by the idea of being led into Sicily. Eclipse of the moon ; how inter- pretefi by the soothsayer MiUas. Violent storm during his voyage. He arrives in Sicily, and marches toward Syracuse, where lie is
joined by many bodies of troops. The principal Syracusans meet
VOL, Vl. B
I
DION.
him at the gales 1 Timocratet Jiies. Dion makes his public entry into the city, ond is appointed prator. Specious proposals of Dionysiui to the Syracusans. He suddenly atladcs the city, and is driven lack viilh great loss. Dionysius' letter, tending to render Dion obnoxious to the citixens, and it's effect. The people appoint Heractides his eoUegue, who enters into intrigties against him. Sosis' calumnious accusation of Dion. Pkilistus is taken by the Syracusans in an engagement, and barbarously put to death. TV- mceus censured for his reproaches, and Ephorasjbr his encomiums upon Philistus. Dionysius' escape. Dion is deprived of the com- mand; leaves Syracuse, and is pursued by the cUittns, whom ka Iviice repulses. He goes to Leontium. Nypsius, Dionysius' ad- miral, takes Syracuse by surprise. They send for Dion : he ttta f^. The soldiers of Dionysius ravage the city. Dion reaches the gales, and conquers the enemy. His reply to his Jricnds, who ad' vise him to destroy Heraclides and Theodotes. He pardons the former, who is continued admiral, and forms nexo plots against him. They are reconciled. The mediation <if Gasylus the Spartan, Dionysitit' ton drivers up the citadel, and Dion recovers his n^. Hit generosity and moderation. Heradides recommences hit schemes, and Dion consents to his a4sassination. CalUppu^ con' spiracy. Apparition. Death qf Dion's only son, Caltcppu* givet Dion's wife and sister the most tolenin assurances of his Jidtlity. iJHoa it killed by the sulilien .■ hit sister and wi/e imprisoned.
S we learn from Simonides, my dear Seneeto, that the Trcyans were by no means offended at the Corinthians lor having joined the confederates in the Grecian war, because the family of Glaucus, their own ally, was originally of Corinth', so neither the (ireeks nor the Romans have reason to complain of the Academy, which has been equally favourable to both. This will appear from the Lives of Brutus
' Horn. II. vL 152.. &c., wbeucc it appears that GUucim wan ilUKendL'cl, ilirougli Belk'rophoa, from Sutyphua, who bad Ibnneriy rei«ned in Kphyra, sub*c^ueDl)y callml Corinth. Arialotle, Khct. L p., hut ynrnmod Slmotudc*' lino upon tJtc nibjcct.*
DION. S
and Dion ; for as one was the scholar of Plato, and the other educated in hia principles, they came lik^ wrestlers Irom the same palsestra, to engage in the severest conflicts. Both by their conduct, in which there was a striking similarity, confirmed that obser- vation of their master, that ^* Power and fortune must concur with prudence and justice, to effect any thing great in a political capacity." But as Hippo* machus the wrestler said, that he could distinguish his scholars at a distance, though they were only carrying meat from the market'^ ; so the sentiments of those, that have had a polite education, must exercise an influence of the same kind upon their manners, and give a peculiar grace and propriety to their conduct.
Accident however, rather than design, gave simi- larity to the lives of these two illustrious men ; and both were cut off by an untimely death, before they could carry the purposes, ^fhich they had pursued with so much labour, into execution. The most singular circumstance attending their death was, that both had a divine warning of it, in the appear- ance of a frightful spectre. There are indeed who afiirm, that no man in his senses ever saw a spectre^ : that they are the delusive visions of women and children, or of men whose intellects are afiected by some distemper of the mind or some infirmity of the body, and who refer their absurd and ridiculous notions to divine inspiration. But if Dion and Brutus, men of firm and philosophic minds, whose understandings were not easily to be deluded or discomposed by any sudden apprehension, could pay so much credit to th^ appearance of spectres as to give an account of them to their friends, I see no
^ A proof— and many such occur in Theophrastus, of the Aa» plicity of ancient Grecian manners ! *
^ A very singular story, however, could be told upon this head by Generals S-^ and W — , boUi men of indisputable honour and spirit, and honourably distinguished by their exertions in "^^~ country's service.*
B 3
//
* DION.
-reason why we should depart from the opinion of th-e ancients — that men had their evil genii, who dis- turbed them with fears and distressed their virtue, lest by a steady and uniform pursuit of it they should hereafter obtain a happier allotment than them- selves'. These things, however, I must refer to another opportunity ; and in tiiis twelfth book of parallel Lives, of which Dion and Brutus are the i iubjects, I shall begin with the more ancient. |
After Dionysius the Elder had seized the govern- ment of Sicily*, he married the daughter of Her- inocrates, a Syracusaa. As the monarchic power "however was yet but ill established, she had the ■misfortune to be so dreadfully abused in her person by an outrageous faction, that she put an end to her life. When Dionysius was confirmed in bis govern- inent, he married two wives at the same time. One was Doris, a native of Locris ; the other Aristo- mache, the daughter of Hipparinus, a principal per- son in Syracuse, who had been his collegue when he was first appointed general of the Sicilian forces. These wives, it is said, lie married on the same day. ■■It is not certain which he enjoyed first, but he was , afterward most impartial in bis attentions to them ; . fcr both attended him at his table, and alternately . partook of his bed. As Doris bad the disadvantage I lof being a foreigner, the Syracusans sought every I method of obtaining the preference for their coun- [ trywoman ; but it uas more than equivalent to the I disadvantage of the former, that she had the honour L of giving Dinnvsius Iiis eldest son. Aristomache I 'on the contrary was for a long time barren, though ^ the king was extremely desirous of having children fcy her, and even put Doris' mother to death, on a supposition that she had prevented her conception by potions.
• * Thi« i» perfi-'ctly agrcrablp tn the Plaloiiic doctiinc oT ihc dii- ferent onlcn and diKpontiKtii of ihe genii ; and both Dion watt Srtilu* wfTi- )[reiit (Htbiiciftiu bi Platanimn.
• U. C 40.;. ,
DIOK. '5
Dion, the brother of Aristoraache, was well re- ceived at court ; not only upon his sister's account, but from the regard which Dionysius had for his merit and abilities : and that prince gave his trea- surer an order to supply him with as much money as he wanted, but at the same time to keep an account of what he received, . *
But whatever tlie talents and virtues of Dion might originally have been, undoubtedly they re- ceived the happiest improvement under the auspice^ of Plato. Surely the gods, in mercy to mankind, «ent that divine philosopher from Italy to Syracuse, that through the humane influence of his doctrine the spirit of liberty might once more revive, and the inhabitants of that country be rescued from tyranny *.
Dion soon became the most distinguished of his scholars. To the fertility of his genius, and the excellence of his disposition, Plato himself has boru'e testimony % and he did the greatest honour to that testimony by His life. For though he ' had been educated in servile principles under a tyrant, tbougb he had been familiarised to dependence on one hand^ and to the indulgence of pomp and luxury as the supreme happinesis on the other, yet he was no sooner acquainted with that philosophy which points out the road to virtue, than his whole soul caught the enthqsiasm ; and with the simplicity of a young man, who judges of the dispositions of others by his own, he concluded that Plato's lecturer would have the same effect upon Dionysius: for this reason he solicited, and at length persuaded, the tyrant to hear him. When Plato was admitted, the discourse turned on virtue in general. Afterward, they came to fortitude in particular ; and Plato made it appear, that tyrants have of all men the least pretence tq
^ Plato, in his seventh letter, says, < When I explained the prin- ciples of philosophy and humanity to. Dion, I. little thought that ^ was insensibly openine a way to tli0 subversion of tyr^ny.*
Mbid. .
that virtue. Justice was the next topic ; when, on Plato's asserting the happiness of the just, and the wretched condition of the unjust, the tyrant was stung, and unable to answer liis arguments, cx-
Eressed his resentment against those, who seemed to sten to him with pleasure. At last he was ex- tremely exasperated, and demanded of the philo- sopher, what business he had in Sicily ? Plato an- swered, " That he came to seek an honest man." •' It seems then," replied the tyrant, " that you " have lost your labour." Here, Dion hoped, his anger would have ended ; but while Plato was ha-Hteiiing to be gone, he conveyed him on board a galley, in which Pollis the Laceda;monian was re- turning to Greece. Dionysius urged Pollis either to put Plato to death in his passage, or at least to sell liim as a slave : " For, according to his own maxim," said he, " this fellow cannot be miserable ; a just *' man, he says, must be happy in a state of slavery, *' as well as in a state of liberty." Pollis therefore carried him to >Egina, and sold him there''. For the people of that [)lacc, being at war with the Athe- nians, had made a decree, that whatever Athenian was taken upon their coast should be sold.
Dion notwithstanding retained his interest with Dionysius, had considerable employments, and was gent embas.sador to Carthage. Dionysius entertained a high esteem for him, and he therefore permitted him to apeak his sentiments with freedom. An in. stance oi this we have in the retort, which he made on tlie tyrant's ridiculing the government of Gelo": " Gelo," said Dionysius, " is (Cielos) the laughiog- " stock of Sicily." While others admired and ap-
' For twenty p(Min<ls. (L.) The silence of Plato however upon lliis subject, in his Letters, seems to ncquit Dionysius of the charge of luiving port lei patC'd in this piece of villainy.*
» (iilo usuriK'd llie kin^'dom of Syraciisf. B. C. +91 : eleven yean adenvard txmt nt Hinicra tho Carthaginians, who by attack- Uiu Sici'y intendeil lu moke n diversion in favour of Xerxes : and dying U. C. i78| was suc(;e«Jed by \ui brotlier Hiero, the friend ffiwUt.*
DION. V
plfluded this witticism, Dion answered^ ^^ You oIk *' tained the crown by being trusted on Gelo'B << account) but no man will hereafter be trusted on ^^ yours." In fact, Gelo made monarchy seem the best of governments ; whereas under Dionysius it appeared to be the worst. Dionysius had thre« cnddren by Doris, and four by Aristomache, of whom two were daughters, Sophrosyne and Arete. Of these^ the former was married to his eldest son Dionysius, the latter to his brother Thearides ; and^ after his death, to her uncle Dion. In Dionysius' last illness, Dion would have applied to him in behalf of the children of Aristomache, but the physicians were before-hand with him. They wished to ingratiate themselves with his successor ) and when he asked for a sleeping dose, Timssui informs us, they gave him one so efiectual^ that he awoke no more ^
When his son Dionysius came to the throne, in the first council that he held, Dion spoke with se much propriety upon the existing state of affairs^ and the measures which ought to be taken, that the rest appeared to be mere children in understanding. By tlie fireedom of his councils he strongly exposed the slavish principles of those who, through a timo* rous disingenuousness, recommended such measures as they thought would please their prince, rather than such as might advance his interest. But whai alarmed them most was, the steps which he proposed to take in regard to the impending war with Car* thage : for he offered either to go in person to Car* thage, and negotiate an honourable peace with the Carthaginians ; or, if the king were rather inclined for war, to fit out and maintain fifty galleys at his own expense.
With this magnificence of spirit Dionysius was delighted; but the courtiers feeling how little it made them appear, agreed that at all events Dion
9 B. C. S68.
9 DIOV.
must be crushed, and in consequence spared no Calumny that malice could suggest. They repre- Bcnted to the Icing, that he certainly meant to make himself master by sea, and thus to obtain the king- dom for his sister's children. There was moreover Mother, and an obvious cause of their iiatrcd to him, 'in the reserve of his manners, and the sobriety of his life. They themselves led the young and ill-edu- cated king through every species of debauchery, the shameless pandars to his wrong-directed passions. ' Yet while folly rioted, the rage of tyranny was dis- , solved in the ardour of youthful indulgences, as iron 'i softened in the fire; and the kindness and lenity, which the Sicilians could not expect from the virtue pf their prince, they found in his infirmities. Thus the reins of that monarchy, which the Elder Diony- Biua had vainly called ' adamantine,' when he boasted that he had rivetted them on the state, gradually feu from the loose and dissolute hand that held them. This young prince, it is said, would continue the scene or intoxication for ninety days without intermission ^ during which time no sober person or conversation was admitted at his court, where all was drunkenness, and ribaldry, and buffoonery, and riot.
Their enmity to Dion, who had no taste for these empty enjoyments, was a thing of course ; and, as he refused to partake with them in their vices, they resolved to strip him at' his virtues. To these they gave the names of such vices, as are supposed in ■ome degree to resemble them. His gravity of man- ners they called prtde; his freedom of speech, inso- lence ^ his declining to join in their licentiousness, contempt "*. It is true, there was a natural haugh* tiness in his deportment, and an asperity of an un- ' sociable and almost inaccessible nature : hence it is
SnumnH cupimtn vat iucnitlarf. Pratrnt <fuit Noiiiam vivil t MuUain ttt JrmUm* homo, &c.
(nor.S«t.I.iii.,55,fitc.)»
DION. 9
not to be wondered at, that he found no ready ad- mission to the ears of a young king, already spoiled by flattery ; since many even of his own particular friends, who admired the integrity and generosity of his heart, could not but condemn those harsh for- bidding manners, which were so' ill adapted to civil intercourse : and Plato himself, upon writing to him some time afterward, warned him as it were by the spirit of prophecy, ^^ To guard against that auste- rity, which is the companion of solitude^* :'* The necessity of the times, however, and the feeble state of the monarchy rendered it necessary for the king, though contrary to his inclination, to retain him in the highest appointments ; and this Dion himself very well knew.
As he was willing to impute the irregularities of Pionysius to a bad education, he endeavoured to engage him in a course of liberal studies, and to give him a taste for those sciences, which have^ tendency to moral improvement. By these means he hoped he should induce him to think of virtoe without disgust, and at length to embrace it*s pre- cepts with pleasure. The young Dionysius was not naturally the worst of princes ; but his father being apprehensive that, if his mind were improved by science and the conversation of virtuons men, bie might at some time or other think of depriving him of his kingdom, kept him in close confinement; where, through ignorance and want of other em- ployment, he amused himself with making httle cha* riots, candlesticks, wooden chairs, and tables. His father indeed was so suspicious of all mankind, antl so wretchedly timorous, that he would not suffer a barber to approach his head with a rasor, but had his hair singed olF with a live coal by one of his > own attendants ^'^. Neither his brother nor his son were ever admitted into his chamber in their own
" See Vol II. p. 192., not. (24.)
" Cic. Tusc. QiUDSt. y. 20. says^ this office was performed by his daughters.*
clothes, but were first stripped and examined by tlie sentinels, and after that, were obliged to put on such clothes as were provided for them. When his brother Leptines was once describing the situation of a place, he took a spear from one of the guards to ti'ace the plan, upon which Dionysius was ex- tremely offended, and caused the soldier who had given up the weapon to be put to death. He was afraid, he said, of the sense and sagacity of bis friends ; because he knew, they must think it more eligible to govern, than to obey. He slew Marsyas, whom he had advanced to a considerable military command, merely because Marsyas had dreamed that he killed him ; for he inferred, that this dream by night must have been occasioned by some similar suggestion, or conception of the day*. Yet even this timorous and suspicious wretch was offended with Plato, because he would not allow him to be the most valiant man in the world 1
When Dion, as we have before observed, consi' dered that the irregularities of young Dionysius were chiefly owing to his want of education, he exhorted him earnestly to apply himself to study ; and by all means to send for Plato, the prince of philosophers, into Sicily: "Upon his arrival," said he, "apply *• to him without loss of time. Conformed by his *• precepts to that divine exemplar of beauty and *' perfection, which called the universe from confu- *' sion into order, you will secure at once your own *' happiness, and that of your people. The obe- *• dience, which they now render you through fear, *' by your justice and moderation you will improve " into a principle of filial duty ; and, from a '* tyrant, you will become a king. Fear, and force, *' and fleets, and armies are not, as your father ** called them, the 'adamantine' chains of govern-
But ihis denoted a foregooe conclusion :
'Tis B ihicwd doubt, though it be but % dream.
(OtheUo, UI. 3.)
DION. 11
^ ment ; but that attention, that afiection^ that re- ^^ spect, which justice and goodness ever draw after ^ them. These are the milder, but at the same ^^ time the stronger, bonds of empire. Besides, it ^ is surely a disgrace for a prince, who in all the ^^ circumstances of figure and appearance is distin- '^ guished from the people, not to rise above them ^^ likewise in the superiority of his conversation and '^ the cultivation of his mind, and to embellish the ^' palace of bis soul with royal furniture."
As Dion frequently solicited the king upon this subject, and occasionally repeated some of Plato's arguments, Dionysius conceived at length a violent inclination to hear him discourse. He therefore sent several letters of invitation to him at Athens, whidi were seconded by Dion's entreaties. The Pythago- rean philosophers in Italy also concurred in desiring him to undertake the direction of this young prince, whose mind was misguided by power, and to reclaim him by his solid advice. Plato, as he himself owns^, ashamed to be a philosopher merely in theory, and not in practice, and flattering himself that if he could rectify the mind of this ruling portion of Sicily, he might by the same means remedy the disorders of the whole island, yielded to their request.
The enemies of Dion, now fearing an alteration in Dionysius, advised him to recall from exile one Philistus (b, man of deep learning ^\ and well skilled in every thing relative to despotism) with a view of setting him up in opposition to Plato, and his philo^ sophy. Philistus, from the beginning, had been a principal instrument in supporting the established monarchy, and kept the citadel, of which he was governor, a long time for that par^. It is said, that he had a private commerce with the mother of the elder Dionysius, and that the tyrant himself was not ignorant of it Be that as it may, Leptines,
" LettviL
M For an aoooQtttof tUskisUsnaa see IL S50l> not (29»)
■?rfio had two daughters by a married woman whom Jie had debauched, gave one of them to Philistus in marriage', but this having been done without con- sulting Dionysius, he was offended, imprisoned Leptines' mistress, and banished Philistus. The lat- -ter fled to his friends at Adria", where (it is proba- ble) he composed tlie greatest part of his history ; for he did not return to Sicily during that Dionysius' reign. After his death, as we have observed, Dion's enemies procured his recall. His arbitrary princi- ples were well suited to their purpose, and he began to exercise them immediately upon his return.
At the same time, calumnies and impeachments against Dion were, as usual, brought to the king. He was accused of holding a private correspondence with Theodotes and Heraclides, for the subversion of the monarchy ; and indeed it is probable that he conceived some hopes, from Plato's arrival, of les- sening the excessive power of Dionysius, or at least of making him moderate and equitable in the use of it. Besides, if he continued obstinate and irreclaim- able, he was determined to depose him, and restore the commonwealth to the Syracusans ; for he pre- ferred even the popular form of government to an absolute monarchy, where a well-regulated aristo- cracy could not be procured.
Such was the state of af&irs, when Plato arrived in Sicily. At first, he was received with the greatet appearance of respect and kindness, and was con- veyed from the coast in one of tlie king's most splendid cliariots. Kvea Dionysius himself sacri. Heed to the gods, in acknowledgement of the hap- piness conferred upon iiis kingdom. 'I'he people, likewise, entertained the greatest hopes of a speedy reformation. They observed an unusual decorum in the court- banquets, and a sobriety in the conduct of the courtiers; while the king himself answered all, to whom he gave audience, with the utmost afla-
'< In the Picmc, W. The March of Aocora,*
DION. IS
bility. The desire of learning, and the study of philosophy, became general ; and the royal palace^ It is said, was filled with the dust, in which the stu- dents describe their mathematical figures. Not long after this^ at a solemn sacrifice in the citadel, when the herald prayed as usual for the long continuance of the government, Dionysius is reported to have cried, ** How long will you continue to curse me ? ** This was an inexpressible mortification to Philistus and his party : " If Plato," said they, " has already eft *^ fected such a change in the king, his influence in " time will be irresistible.**
They now no longer made their attack, on Dion separately, or in private ; but united in exclaiming against him, as having fiiscinated the king by the delusions of eloquence and philosophy, with a view of inducing him voluntarily to resign the crown in favour of his sister's children. They represented it as a matter of the highest indignity, that after the whole force of the Athenians by sea and land had vainly invaded Sicily, and were vanquished and d^ stroyed without so much as having been able to take Syracuse, they should now by means of one sophist overturn Dionysius' empire, prevail upon him to part with his guard of ten thousand spearmen, to give up a navy of four hundred galleys, and to disband an army of ten thousand horse, and many times that number of foot ; in order to pursue an ideal happi- ness in the Academy, and amuse himself with theo- rems of geometry, while the substantial enjoyments of wealth and power were left to Dion and his ne- phews.
By means of these suggestions, Dion first incurred the suspicion, and soon afterward the open displea- sure of Dionysius. A letter of his was likewise in- tercepted, and privately carried to the king. It was addressed to the Carthaginian agents, and directed them not to have their audience of the king con- cerning the conclusion of the peace, unless he him- ielf were present, and then every thing should be
DION.
settled as they wished. Timseus informs us, that after Dionysius had shown this letter to Philistus, and consulted him upon it, he over-reached Dion by a pretence of reconcihation, and told him he was desirous their good understanding might be renewed. After tliis, as he was one day walking al^ne with him by the wall of tlie castle near the sea, he pro- duced the letter, and accused him of having con- spired with the Carthaginians against him. Upon his attempting to speak in his own defence, Dionysius refused to hear him ; and having forced him on board a vessel, which lay there for the purpose, he com- niande<l the sailors to set him ashore in Italy.
When this was publicly known, it was every where condemned as tyrannical and cruel. The court was in distress for the ladies of Dion's family ; but the citizens received fresh courage from the event, hop- ing that the odium, which it would raise against Dionysius, and the general discontent that his go- vernment occasioned, might contribute to bring about a speedy revolution. Dionysius observed this with some anxiety, and thinking it necessary to pa- cify the women and the rest of Dion's friends, he told them that he was not gone into exile, but only sent out of the way for a time, lest his obstinacy should draw upon him a heavier punishment. He also allowed his friends two ships, that they might despatch to him in Peloponnesus as much of \m treasure, and as many of his servants, as they should think fit ; for Dion was a man of considerable pro- perty, and little inferior to the king in wealth or magnificence. The most valuable part of his eflects, together with presents from the ladies and others of his acquaintance, his friends conveyed to him ; and the splendour of his fortune gained him great respect among the Greeks. At the same time, they con- ceived a high idea of the power of the tyrant, when an civile from his kingdom could make such an ap- pearance.
Pionyiitts now, under colour of kindness, removed
DION. 15
PJato into the citadel ; but in reality to set a guard upon him, lest he should follow Dion, and proclaim to the world how injuriously he had been treated.
As wild beasts become tame and tractable by use> so the tyrant, by frequent conversation with the philosopher, began at last to entertain an affection for him: yet even that affection had something tyrannical m it ; for he required of Plato^ in return^ that he should confine his regard and admiration exclusively to himself. On condition that he would prefer his friendship to that of Dion^ he was willing to resign the whole administration into his hands. This extravagant attachment gave Plato no small trouble ; for it was accompanied with petulance and jealousy, as the love which subsists between the different sexes has in a short period it's frequent quarrels and reconciliations. He expressed the strongest desire to become Plato's scholar, and to proceed in the study of philosophy ; but he ex* pressed it with reluctance in the presence of those, who sought to divert him from his purpose, and seemed as if he were in pursuit pf somethings of which he ought to be ashamed.
As a war broke out about this time, he found it necessary to dismiss Plato ; but he promised him, before his departure, to recaU Dion the ensuing sum* mer. He did not however keep his promise, undw pretence of the war ; but he remitted to him the
Produce of his estate. At the same time, he desired lato to accept his apology, assuring him that he would instantly send for Dion on the conclusion of the peace ; and he entreated Dion himself in the mean while to remain quiet, and not say or do any thing, which might hurt his character amon^ the Greeks. This Plato endeavoured to effect^ by keeping Dion in the Academy in pursuit of philosophy.
At Athens, Dion lived with an acquaintance, whose name was Callippus. But a piece of pleasure- ground, which he purchased, he gave up on his
departure to .Speiisippus, with whom he had moi usually coni'ersed. Speusippus (as Timon.
Ily informs us) v
in hJM ^
poems called nyiii '", sarcastic; facetious companion, and had an apt turn for raillery ; and PJato was desirous, that Dion's severity of man< ners might be sollcned by the pleasantry of his conversation. When Plato exhibited a chorus of boys at Athens'', Dion took upon himself the manage- 4 ment, and defrayed the expense. Plato was solicitoua« J that this munificence might procure him popularity y J and, upon that account, he readily gave up tbs | honour of conducting the affair himself. ,
Dion likewise visited other cities, and conversed . with the principal statesmen, by whom he was pub^ , h'cly entertained. In his manners there was now aa_ longer any thing pompous or affected, nothing thati savoured of the dissolute luxury of a tyrant's court, j His behaviour was modest, discreet, and manly ; and J his philosophical discourses were ingenious. This procured him popular favour, and public honours ; and the Laccdajnionians, without regard to Diony- sius' resentment, though at the very time they had received succours from him against the Thebans, presented him with the freedom of their city. We are told that Dion accepted an invitation from Ptffio- dorus, the Megarensian, who was a man of consider- able power and fortune ; and when he found his door crowded with people on business, and that it was difficult to get access to him, he said to his friends, who were expressing their dissatisfaction on the occasion, " Why should this affront us? We did *• the same ourselves at Syracuse."
Dion's popularity in Greece soon excited the jealousy of Dionysius, who in consequence stopped
' " These (as Suidas, nnd Diog. Lsert. ix. S., tell ub) were « ■pecicd of burlc*c|ue Mtirts, (Urcctfil against the philoRophen. par- ticularl)' [hove ceiii'd the Dograatielc Spciuippus succeeded Pluto ID the Aciidemy, U. C. 348."
" This was a dnimolie en Attainment, exhibited with grent m.ig- Aificence on ihc feast of Bacchus. Sec the Life of Arislides, II. H-S.
DION. It
his remittances^ and put his estate into the hands of hfs own stewards. That his reputation however might not suffer through Plato's means among the philosophers, he retained a number of learned men in his court ; and being desirous to outshine them all in disputation, he was frequently under a neces- sity of introducing, without the smallest propriety, the arguments which he had learned from Plato. He now wished for that philosopher again, and re^^ pented that be had so ill availed himself of his instructions. Like a tyrant therefore, whose desires however extravagant are immediately to be complied with, he was violently bent on recalling him. To effect this, he meditated every expedient: and at length prevailed upon Archytas, and the rest of the Pythagorean philosophers, to pledge themselves for the performance of bis promises, and to persuade him to return to Sicily ; for it was Plato, who had first introduced those philosophers to his acquaintance ^\ On their part, they despatched Archidemus to Plato, and Dionysius at the same time sent some galleys with several of his fi*iends to join in their request. He wrote to him likewise himself and told him in plain and positive terms, that his friend Dion must expect no favour from him, unless he accepted his invitation ; but, upon his arrival, he might de- pend on every thing he desired. Dion was also solicited by his sister and wife to persuade Plato to gratify the tyrant, that he might no longer have an apology for the severity of his treatment. Plato tnerefore, as he says himself, set sail the third time for Sicily :
To brave Charybdis* dreadful gulf once more V»
His arrival was not only a satisfaction to Diony- sius, but to the whole of Sicily ; the inhabitants of which did not fail to implore the gods, that Plato
»• See Plato, Epist. vii.
'9 Ody«, xii. 428. The passage itself occurs in Plato, Epist. w.?
VOL. VI. C
might overcome Philistiis, and tliat the tyranny' might expire under the influence of his philosophy. Plato was in high favour with the women in parti- cular, and with Dionysius he had such credit as no other person could boast, being allowed to approach him without being searched. When Aristippus the Cyrenean ** saw the king offering Plato money, and Plato as constantly declining it, he said. " Dionysim " was liberal without danger of exhausting his tre». *' sury ; for to those who wanted and would tak« *' money, he was sparing in his offers, but profusS " where he knew it would be refused."
After the first compliments were over, Plato seized- an opportunity of mentioning Dion ; but the tyrant- put him ofij till at last expostulations and animosities' took place. These, however, Dionysius was indus- trious to conceal, and endeavoured to bring over Plato from Dion's interest by repeated favours and studied civilities. The philosopher, on the other hand, did not immediately publish that prince's per- fidy, but dissembled his resentment. While thmgs were thus circumstanced, Plehcon of Cyzicura, one of Plato's followers, foretold an eclipse of the sun ; and, as it happened according to his prediction, the king in admiration of his learning rewarded him with a talent of silver. Upon this Aristippus, jesting among the rest of the philosophers, told them, " That he likewise had something extraordinary *' to prognosticate." Being entreated to make it known, *' I foresee," said he " that there will shortly f be a quarrel between Dionysius and Plato." Soon after this, Dionysius sold Dion's estate, and con- verted the money to his own use. Plato was re- moved from bis apartment in the palace-gardens, and
>° ThU philosopher began wiih taking lessons from Socrates : but ilislikine the rigiJ ethics of that school, he CEtablished one of his own unSer the name of Cyrenaic, which was still more voluptuous and ncconimodattDg to human frailty than that of E[)icurus. lie wat m great favourile with Horace, *aiid is frequpritly mentioned in hil I worki, particularly Ep. I. i. and xvii., in the Utter of which he il j pictitBtly contoMted with the tymt Diogenes.*
I
DION* 19
placed within the purlieus of the soldiery ; who had long hated and even sought to kill him, on a suppo* sition that he had advised the tyrant^ to lay down his government, and disband his guards.
Archytas, who had engaged for Plato*8 safety, when he understood his danger, sent a galley to demand him ; and the tyrant, in order to palliate his enmity, previously to his departure made pom- pous entertainments. At one of them, however, he could not forbear saying; ^^ I suppose, Plato, *^ when you return to your companions in the Aca- " demy, my faults will often be the subject of your ** censure/' " I hope," answered Plato with a smile, ^' we shall never be so much at a loss for sub- ** jects in the Academy, as to mention you at all.** Such are the circumstances, which have been men- tioned concerning Plato's departure, but they are not perfectly consistent with his own account^*,
Dion being offended not only with these things, but with some intelligence, which he had before re- ceived concerning his wife (mysteriously alluded to in Plato's letter to Dionysius), openly declared him- self his enemy. The afiair was as follows : Plato was desired by Dionysius privately to consult Dion, upon his return to Greece, whether or not he would dislike his wife's marrying another man : for there was a report, whether true or the invention of his enemies, that his matrimonial state was not agreeable to him, and that there was a coolness between him and Arete. After Plato had consulted Dion on the affair, he wrote to Dionysius ; and, though he spake in plain terms of other matters, he mentioned this in a manner which could be intelligible only to the king. He told him that he had conversed with Dion on the business, and that he would certainly resent it, if any such attempt should be made ^\
So long as any prospect of an accommodation re-
*■ Ejpist. vii., where he simply states that Dionysius, on Archytas' requisition, victualled a galley for him, and sent him home again.* ^^ Epist. xiii.
C 2
■ so
DION.
inained, Dion^'sius took no farther steps in the af!ulr ; but when that prospect disappeared, and Plato bad once more lelit Sicily in displeasure, he compelled Arete to marry Timocrates : in this instance, failing short even of his father's lenity; for when Philoxenus (who had married Theste, the sister of that prince) was declared his enemy, and fled through fear out of Sicily, Dionysius sent for his sister, and reproached- her with having been privy to her husband's escape,^ without letting him know it. Theste, without fear^ or hesitation, replied ; " Do yon then, Dionysius, *' think me so bad a wife, or so weak a woman, that *' if I had known of my husband's flight, I would •' not have accompanied him, and shared in tiie " worst of his fortunes? Indeed, I was ignorant of " it. And I assure you that I should esteem it. *' a higher honour to be called the wife of Phi- " loxenus the exile, than the sister of Dionysius the *' tyrant." The king, it is said, admired her spirit- ed answer : and the Syracusans honoured her so much, that she retained her princely respect and retinue even after the dissolution of the tyranny ; and the citizens, by public decree, attended the solemnity of her funeral. This is a digression, but it may have it's use.
Dion now thought of nothing but war^'. Plato, however, was against it; partly on account of the hospitality, which he had received from Dionysius, and partly because of the advanced age of Dion "*. Speusippus and the rest of his friends, on the other hand, encouraged him to rescue from slavery his
" B. C. 537.
•< Of Plato, now "1 ■ My the modern editors of Amyot'a French yeraion, arguing from the best MSS. That it could not be Uion^ appears aa weir from Plata's Episk vii, where he obierveg, that on hia first arrival at the Younger Dionysiua' couri (eleven years only prior to this peiiotl) Dion had jiut attained menhood, tu from Cor* noliui Kepo*. who states that at his death (three years, at least, sub. icqucnt ui his arrival in Sicily) he was only fiity-five. He might then now be pronounced, as in the next page, aifiwfkciwt, but hard- ly pt!hap«>ir«..*
)
if
DION. ^1
native Sicily, which stretched forth her hands toward him, and would certainly receive him with every expression of joy. Speusippus, when he attended Plato into Sicily, had mixed more with the people, and learned their sentiments with regard to the government. At first indeed they were reserved^ and suspected him as an emissary of the tyrant's $ but, by degrees, he obtained their confidence. In short, it was the voice and prayer of the people, that Dion would come though without either army or navy to their relief, and lend them only his name and his presence against the tyrant. These repre» sentations encouraged Dion, who the more effectually to conceal his intentions, raised what forces he was able by means of his friends. In this he was assisted by many statesmen and philosophers, among others by Eudemus the Cyprian (upon occasion of whose death, Aristotle wrote his Dialogue on the Soul ^^), and Timonides the Leucadian. These engaged in his interest Miltas the Thessalian, who was skilled in divination, and had been his fellow- Academician.' But of all those whom the tyrant had banished, which were not fewer than a thousand, only twenty^* five gave in their names for the service. The rest, through want of spirit, declined engaging in the cause. The general rendezvous was in the island of Zacynthus '^^^ ; and there, when the little army was assembled, it did not amount to eight hundred men '^ : but they were men, who had signalised them* selves in many a hot engagement ; they were in per- fect discipline, and inured to hardship ; in courage and conduct, they had no superiors in the army : in short, they were men likely to serve Dion's cause,
*i Not now extant.*
*^ Hod. Zante, an island in the Ionian «ea, to the west of the Morea.*
*f Diod. Sie. cxvi. 9, 10. enlarges, with great proprietj, upon the extraordinary spirit of this enterprise, (L.) and the cause of it's SQCcess; a success, which proved that power alone is not the * adamantine ' chain of empire, unless the links have been forged by justice and benevdence.*
nioN.
bv
rousing and animating by their example those,' who sliould flock to his standard in Sicily.
Yet tliesB men, when they understood that they were to be led against Dionysius, were disheartened, and condemned the rash resentment of Dion ; the consequence of which they looked upon as certain ruin. Neither were they less offended with their commanders, and those who had enlisted them, for having concealed the object of the service. But when Dion, in a public speech, after showing them the feeble state of Dionysius' government, told them that be considered them rather as so many officers, whom he carried to head the people of Sicily already pre- pared to revolt, than as private men j and when Atci- inenes, who in birth and reputation was the principal man in Achaia, confirmed this statement and joined in the expedition, they were fully satisfied.
It was now about midsummer, the Etesian winds " prevailed at sea, and the moon was at the full, when Dion prepared a magnificent sacrifice to Apollo, and marched in procession to the temple with his men under arms. After the sacrifice, he gave them a feast in the race-ground of the Zacynthians. They were astonished at the quantity of gold and silver- plate exhibited upon tliis occasion, so far above the ordinary fortunes of a private man ; and naturally concluded, that a person of such opulence would not at a late period of life expose himself to dangers, without a fair prospect of success, and the certain
■-» These v'miB blow regularly at a certain season of the yi Strabo soiuctimt^B colls them East, and gometimes North nindi; but to convey Dion from Zacynlhus to Pachynun, they miwi have blown from uie east. Pliny makes the Etesian the unie as tho North-East wind : AquUo in leslate media mutat nomen, el Etetiai (H. N. wiii. Si.) He informs us, when these winds begin : octavo CaL Aug. Mgypto aquUe occidit metulina, Eleaarum- i/ve prodnmi JlaiM incipiunt (28.): and when they end; Dfcima trxlo Cat. Oct. Mgi/plo Spko,iouam tenet virgo, exontur malutinb, Etaiffifiie rfcsinan* (31). Thus, it seems, tbey last about two months (Pliny elsewhere says forty days, ii. *7.) ; and the relief of Huch gales in that season is plainly providential. Aristotlv account* thr them from the conveicily of the earth.
ain^J
3
DION. 23
and strong support of friends. Afler the usual pray- ers and libations, the moon was eclipsed. This was nothing strange to Dion, who knew the variations of the ecliptic, and that the defection of the moon's light was caused by the interposition of the earth between her and the sun. But as the soldiers were troubled about it, Miltas the soothsayer undertook to give it a proper turn, assuring them that it por*- tended the sudden obscurity of something, which was at present glorious ; and that this glorious ob- ject could be no other than Dionysius, whose lustre would be extinguished on their arrival in Sicily. This interpretation he communicated in as public a manner as possible ; but from the prodigy of the bees^, a swarm of which settled upon the stern of Dion's ship, he intimated to his triends his appre- hensions that the great afiairs, which Dion was then prosecuting, s^er flourishing awhile, would come to nothing. Dionysius, it is likewise said, had many prodigies upon this occasion. An eagle snatched a javelin from one of his guards, and after flying aloft with it, dropped it into the sea. The waters of the sea at the foot of the citadel, as plainly ap- peared to every one who tasted them, were fresh for one entire day. He had pigs farrowed perfect in all their other parts, but without ears. This the soothsayers considered as an omen of rebeUion and revolt : the people, they said, would no longer give ear to the mandates of the sovereign. The fresh- ness of the sea-water imported that the Syracusans, after their harsh and severe treatment, would enjoy milder and better times. The eagle was the mini- ster of Jove, and the javelin an ensign of power and
>9 This superstition prevailed not less among the Romans, than among the (jreeks. See the Life of Brutus. (L.) That the sud- den appearance of a swarm of bees was considered as an inauspicious omen, portentous of slavery, &c., we learn from Cic. Orat de Harusp. Responsis. Was the speedy decay of prosperity, foretold in the ^^ (mquires the former English translator), inferred from Jjbe food of bees, the beautiful but transitory flower? *
government : thus tlie father of the gods had dtt stined the ovetthrow and abolition of the tyrannyJ These things we have from Theopompus. 4
Dion's soldiers were conveyed in two transporti.- These were accompanied by another smaller vessel, and two more of thirty oars. Beside the arms of those who attended him, he took with him two thousand shields, a large quantity of darts and javelins, and a considerable supply of provisions, that nothing might be wanting in the expedition ; for they put off to the main sea, because they did not think it safe to coast along, being informed that Pbilistus was sta- tioned off Japygia^" to watch their motions. Having sailed with a gentle wind about twelve days, on the thirteenth they arrived at Pachynus'*', a promontory in Sicily. There the pilot advised Dion to land his men immediately ; as if they once doubled the cape, they might continue at sea a long time, before they could have a gale from the south at that season of the year. But Dion, who was afraid of disembark- ing too near the enemy, and chose rather to make good his landing in some remoter part of the island, doubled the cape notwithstanding. They had not sailed far, before a strong gale from the north and a high sea carried them (juite off Sicily. At the same time, there was a violent storm of thunder and light- ning, for it was about the rising ofArcturus; and it was accompanied with such dreadful rains, and the weather was in every respect so tempestuous, that the affrighted sailors knew not where they were, till they found themselves driven by the violence of the storm to Ccrcina on the coast of Africa. Here, from the dangerous rocks which surrounded this craggy island, they narrowly escaped being dashed to pieces i but by working hard with their poles
*" This teena to have been ApuUa, or Cal^ria ; and henre aroM |1itnnniu ol' the N, W. windJapyx, which wM fevourablu tn luch ■ were uiling frondtaly W Greece. (Sec Hor. Od. I . iii. ♦.. 4cO '
Acra Japui i> Hod.
i^ia orPlin., H. N. iii. 11., is the nwdeni C. dl Lcuca.*
dion: 15
they kept clear, with much difficulty^ till the ^torm abated. They were then informed by a vessel, which accidentally came up with them, that they were at the head of what is called the Great Syrtis^^ In this horrible situation, they were farther disheartened by finding themselves becalmed ; but, after beating about for some time, a gale sprung up suddenly from the south. On this unexpected change, as the wind increased upon them, they made all their sail, and imploring the assistance of the gods, once more put to sea in quest of Sicily. After an easy passage of five days^ they arrived at Minoa, a small town in Sicily ^% belonging to the Carthaginians. Synalus^^ a friend of Dion's, was then governor of the place $ and, as he did not know that this little fleet belonged to Dion, he attempted to prevent the landing of his men. The soldiers leaped out of the vessels in arms, but killed none that opposed them ; for Dion, on account of his friendship with Synalus, had forbid* den them. They ran however in one body with the fugitives into the town, and thus made themselves masters of it. When Dion and the governor met, mutual salutations passed between them, and the former restored to the latter his town unhurt. S3rna- lus in return entertained his soldiers, and supplied him with necessaries.
It happened that Dionysius, a little before this, had sailed with eighty ships for Italy, and his absence gave them no small encouragement : so that, when Dion invited his men to refresh themselves for some time after their &tigue8 at sea, they thought of no^ thing but making a proper use of the present mo« ment, and with one voice called upon him to lead them to Syracuse. He, therefore, left his useless
'* Not far from Tripoli. There was also a smaller Syrtis, and' both were bays fiill of rocks and quicksands, occasioning a danger^ ous ineauallty in the motion of the waters.*
)3 Called also Heraclea, on the southern coast between Agrit ^ntum, ho(L Girffenti, and Lilybieum, hod. Cape Boco^
^* Diodonis calui him * Pyralus.'
7
arms and baggage with Synalus, and having engaged ' him to transmit them to him at a proper opportunity, set oft' on his march for that place. Two hundred of the Agrigentine cavalry, who inhabited the country about P-cnomus, immediately revolted and joined him in his march, and these were followed by the inhabitants of Gela".
The news of his arrival soon reaching Syracuse, Timocrates. who had married Dion's wife, and who was appointed regent in Diooysius' absence, imme- diately despatched letters to apprise the tyrant of the event. In the mean while, he applied Iiimself to prevent all tumults in the city ; for the people were greatly animated by the report of Dion's arrival, though their uncertainty and alarm for a time kept them quiet. A singular accident happened to the courier, who had been sent with the letters for Diony- sius. Upon his landing in Italy, as he was passing through the territory of Rhegium to Caulonia, where the tyrant then was, he met an acquaintance of his returning home with a newly-offcred sacrifice, and having received from liim a little of the flesh for his own use'*, he made the best of his way. At night, however, he found it necessary to take a little rest, and retired to sleep in a wood by the road-side. A wolf, allured by the smell of the flesh, came up while . he was asleep, and carried it off, together with the ' bag of letters to which it was fastened. When the i courier awoke, he sought a long time to no purpose for his dispatches, and being afraid to face Dionysius without them, absconded. 'JTius it was a considerable ' time afterward, and from other sources, that Diony- sius was informed of Dion's arrival in Sicily.
Dion, on his marcii, was joined by the C'ama- rinieans, and many revolters from the territory of Syracuse. The Leontines and Campanians, who
T Agrieentum.' part of the victur
" Wllich ftUB IICBI Jlgl •>•■»»•"■■ ,
^* To cnm- home part of the victim, and to give part of it to anf fWnon that tne bearer met, were acti of rcligioa.
DION. 27
with Timocrates guarded the Epipols ^\ being mis- led by a report (designedly propagated by Dion) that he intended to attack their cities first, quitted their present station, and set off to take care of their own concerns. Dion, being informed of this while he lay near Acrae, decamped in the night, and came to the river Anapus, which is at the distance of ten furlongs from the city. There he halted, and sacrificed by the river, addressing his prayers to the rising sun. The soothsayers informed him that the gods gave a promise of victory, and as he had himself assumed a garland at the sacrifice, all who were present imme- diately did the same. He was now joined by about five thousand, who were ill-furnished indeed with arms, but their courage supplied that deficiency ^^. When he gave orders to march, the parole was ^ Liberty/ and they rushed forward with the loudest acclama? tions of joy. The most eminent and powerful citi* zens of Syracuse, dressed in white, met him at the gates. The populace, in the mean while, fell with great fury upon Dionysius' party ; but in particular they seized his spies, a set of wretches hated by gods and men, who went prying about the city to collect the sentiments and expressions of the inhabitants, in order to report them to the tyrant These were the first that suffered, being knocked down wherever they were met. When Timocrates found that he could not join the garrison in the citadel, he fled on horseback out of the city, and spread a general terror and dismay wherever he passed ; magnifying all the while the forces of Dion, that it might not appear a slight effort, against whipb he was unable to defend the place,
3' Sec the Life of Timoleon, II. 253., not. (31.) Camarina was a city on the southern, and Acne (mentioned below) on the eastern coast of Sicily. Of the Campanians, not Catanians (as some would read), who were Italian settlers in Sicily^ see a full account in Dlod. §ic.xiv. 8. 15.58. xvi. 82.*
3^ Diodoruj says, he was sqoq joined by 20,000, and that wheii ^e reached Syracuse^ he had not iewer than 50,000 m^
Dion now made his public entry into the town,
dressefl in a magnificent suit of armour, his brother
Megacles marching on the right hand, and Callip-
pu3 the Athenian on the left, with garlands upon
their heads. He was followed by a hundred fbreiga;
'Wldiers, who were his body-guard; and after thes*
f marched the rest of the army in proper order, undef
r the conduct of their respective officers. This pro*
* cession the Syracusans regarded as sacred. The^
' considered it as the triumphal entry of Liberty,
' which would once more establish the popular goveru-
ment. after a suppression of forty-eight years.
When Dion entered at the Menitidiangate, silence ■was commanded by sound of trumpet, and he order- ed freedom to be proclaimed to the Syracusans and the rest of the Sicilians, in the name of Dion and Megacles, who came to abolish tyranny. Being de- sirous to address the people in a speech, he marched tip to the Achradina. As he passed through the streets, the people prepared their victims on tables
f laced be/bie their doors, scattered flowers on his ead, and offered up their prayers to him as their tutelar deity. At the foot of the citadel, under the ' Pentapylae, stoo<1 a lofty sun-dial "^ which had been
E laced there by Dionysius. From the top of this nilding he addressed the citizens, and exhorted I them earnestly to assert their freedom. The people rin their turn nominated Dion and his brother priB- "ors of the city, and on their wish and request ap- •ointed them twenty coUegues, half of whom were ' Selected from Dion's brother-exiles.
At first it was considered by the soothsayers as a
food omen that Dion, when he addressed tlie people, ad under his feet the stately edifice which Diony- sius had erected ; but upon reflecting that this edi-
'♦ Pherecydes wm the first, who invented dials to mark the hour of tile day, about three hundred year* after Homer. But t ^» time the Phienicians had contrired a dial in the iaic of S which described tbesolaticcB.
But betbrv J ! of ScyroS) I
DION. S9
fice^ on which he had been declared general, was a sun-dial, they became apprehensive that his present power would fall into speedy decline^
Dion in the next place took the castle of Epipolaei^ released the prisoners who were confined there, and invested it with a strong wall. Seven days after this event, Dionysius arrived from Italy, and entered the citadel from the sea. Dion at the same time received from Synalus the arms and ammunition^ which he had left with him. These he distributed among the citizens, as £ir as they would go : the rest armed themselves, as well as they were able ; and all expressed the utmost alacrity for the service* Dionysius, at first sent agents in a private manner to Dion, to try what terms might be made with him : but Dion refused to receive any overtures in private* The Syracuisans, he told the envoys, were now a free people ; and what they had to offer, must be addressed to them in public. Upon this, they made specious proposals to the citizens, and promised tnem an abatement of their taxes, and an exemption from serving in the wars, even though those wars should be undertaken with their own approbation. These proposals the Syracusans held in dension ; and Dion answered, that it would be in vain for Diony- sius to propose terms, without resigning in the first place the regal government ; if he took this measure^ however, he added, he might depend upon all the good offices in his power, at least with regard to every thing reasonable, from the remembrance of their relationship. Dionysius seeming to consent to these terms, sent back his agents, to desire that a deputation of the Syracusans might attend him in the citadel, in order to settle articles by mutual con-« cessions for the public tranquillity. Dion, therefore^ selected a number of the citizens for this deputation; and the general report from the citadel was, that Dionysius would voluntarily resign his authority.
This, however, was only a crafty stratagem to amuse the Syracusans. The deputies no soonet
amved, thm they were imprisoned ; and early tM ■cxt mormog, after he had plied the mercenaries »-ith viae, he ordered them tu sally out and attack' tbe waU which had been built by Dion. This un- expected assault was carried on with great vigour* br the barbarians. They broke through the works, and fiUling with extreme impetuosity and loud shouts- vpon the Syracusans, quickly put them to flight.' Dion's foreign troops took the alarm, and hastened'- to their relief; but the cries and blunders of the citizens mixing and rushing forward with them dis» ordered their ranks, and rendered it difficult for them' to hear orders, or give any effectual assistance. Dion, perceiving that in this tumult his orders could BOt be heard, instructed them by his example, and charged the thickest of the enemy. The battle, where he fought in person, was tierce and bloody. He was known to the enemy, as well as to his owa party ; and they rushed toward him with the utmost liiry. His age, indeed, rendered him unfit for such an engagement ; but he maintuined the Aght with great vigt>ur, and cut in pieces many of the enemy (hat attacked him. At length, he wa? wounded in tbe head with a lance ; his shield was pierced through ID many places with the darts and spears, levelled .- against him ; and his armour no longer resisting ' tbe blows which he received in this close engage- ^■nent, befell to the ground. He was immediately [ carried off by his soldiers, and leaving the command f to Timonides, rode about the city to rally the fugi- tives. Soon afterward he brought a detachment of fcreign soldiers, which he had lefl to guard the Achradina.as a fresh reser\'e against the enemy. This, however, was unnecessary : they had placed their vhole hopes of retaking tlie city in their first sally, and finding so powcrflil a resistance, fatigued with the action lliey retreated into the citadel. As sooa as they began to fall back, the Greek soldiers bore hard upon them, and pursued them up to the wall. Ip this action Dion loet seventy-four men, -and an
DION. ai
iunnense number of the enemy perished. The vie* tory was so important, that the Syracusans rewarded each of the foreign soldiers with a hundred mine, and Dion was presented by his army with a crown of gold.
Soon after this, messengers came from Dionysius; with letters to Dion from the women of his fiimily. Beside these, there was one inscribed, * Hipparinus (this was the name of Dion's son) to his father Dion/ Timseus says, indeed, that he was called Aretseus from his mother Arete ; but I think credit is rather to be given to Timonides, who was bis friend and fellow-soldier. The rest of the letters, which were read openly before the Syracusans, contained vari- ous solicitations and entreaties from the women. That, which appeared to come from Hipparinus, the people out of respect to the father wished not to be opened in public ; but Dion insisted, that it should. It proved to be a letter from Dionysius himself, directed indeed to Dion^ but in reality addressed to the people of Syracuse ; for, though it carried the air of request and apology, it had an obvious ten- dency to render Dion obnoxious to the citizens. He reminded him of the zeal, which he had formerly shown for his service ; he threatened him througn his dearest connexions, his sister, his son, and his wife ; and his menaces were followed by the most passionate entreaties, and the most abject lamenta- tions. But the most tiring part of his address was that, where he besougnt Dion not to destroy the government, and give that freedom to his inveterate enemies^ by means of which they would prosecute him to death ; but to retain the regal power himself, for the protection of his family and friends.
This letter did not produce those sentiments in the people, which it should naturally have done. Instead of exciting admiration of the noble firmness and magnanimity, which could prefer the public, utility to the tenderest private connexions, it occa- sioned jealousies and fears. The people saw^ or
thought they saw, tliat Dion was under an absolute necessity of being &vourablc to Dionysius. The already began (o wish for another general, and was with peculiar satisfaction they heard of the a rival of Heraclides. This Heraclides, who had beedj banished by the tyrant, had once hehl a distinguisl^ ed command in tije army, and was a manof conside^ able raihtary abilities ; but he was an irresolute clt^ racter, and particularly unsteady when he had . collegue in command. He had, some time befori had a difference with Dion in Peloponnesui therefore resolved upon his own strength to maki war against Dionysius. On reaching Syracnse, iyji^ found the tyrant closely besieged, and the Syracusan% elated with their success. His first object, therefor^* was to court the people, and for this purpose he haofl all the necessary talents ; an insinuating address, an^l that kind of flattery, which is so acceptable to tho f multitude. This business was the more easy to him, 1 as the forbidding gravity of Dion was thought toal haughty for a popular state : besides, the Syracusana^T already insolent with success, claimed the court 1 usually paid to a free people, though they had not ' in reality recovered their freedom. Thus they con- ' vened themselves without any summons, and ap- 1 pointed Heraclides their admiral. When Dion ii>* / deed remonstrated against their procedure, and I showed them that by thus constituting Heraclides ' admiral they had stiperseded the office of generali which they had previously conferred upon himself^ ihey with some reluctance annulled the commission. This affair settled, Dion invited Heraclides to his house, and gently expostulated with him on the im- propriety of insisting upon a punctilio of honour, at a time when the least inattention to the common cause might be the ruin of the whole. He then called an assembly, appointed Heraclides admiral, and prevailed upon the citizens to allow him such a guard, as they had before granted lo himself. He-^ raclides treated Diou with the utmost appearance of J
DION. S5
tesptcti acknowledged bis obligations to him^ and seemed attentive to his comnbands ; but in jirivate he corrupted the people, and encouraged a spirit; of mutiny and dissatisfaction, so that Dion was involved in-continual disturbances and . disquiet . If he te- commended, that Dionysius should be permitted to make his retreat in safety, he was censure^, .as de^ signing to favour and protect him : And. if in ofdei to avoid those suspicions, he advised the continiiance of the siege, he waa accused of protracting the wan that he might the longer retain his command, and bold the citizens in subjection.
There was in the city one Sosis, a fellow, in&mous for his insolence and villainy, who thought the per-S fection of liberty was the licentiousness of speech; This wretch openly attacked Dion^ and told the people at a public meeting, that they had, only changed the inattention of a drunken and dissolute Urrant for the crafty vigilance of a sober master. Immediately after this he left the assembly, and was seen the next day running naked through the streets^ as if from somebody that pursued him^ with his bead and face covered with blood. In this condition he burst into. the market-place, and told the people that he had been assaulted by Dion's foreign. ; sdl-* diers ; at the same time showing them a wound in his head, which he said they had given him. Dion upon this was generally condemned, and accused of silencing the people by sanguinary methods. H6 came however before this irregular and tumultuous assembly in his own vindication, and made it appear that this Sosis was brother to one of Dionysius* guards, and had been engaged by him to raise a tumult in the city; the only resource, which the tyrant had now left, being that of exciting factions and dissensions among the people. The surgeons also, who examined the wound, found that it was not occasioned by any violent blow. The wounds made by weapons are generally deepest in the middle; whereas this was entirely superficial, and
VOL. VI. D
I
being discontinuous did not appear to have bei the effect of one incision, but to have been made . different uines as the pain gave him leave. At thi same lime others deposed, that seeing Sosis running naked and wounded, and hearing him exclaim that he was flying from the pursuit of Dion's foreign soldiers, who had just then wounded him, the^ hastened to take tlie pursuers: that however they could meet with no such persons, but found a rasa# lying under a hollow stone near the place, whcncf they had observed him come. All these circuni* stances pressed strongly against him : but when bat own servants gave evidence, that he went out of his house alone before day-light with a rasor in his hand, Dion's accusers were silenced. The people unani* mously condemned Sosis to die, and were once more econciled to D ion. i
Nevertheless, their jealousy of his soldiers r©« mained. And as the war was now principally caN lied on by sea, PhiUstus being come to Dionysiu»f support with a considerable fleet from Japygia, thef did not see the necessity of retaining in tiicir servic* those Greeks who were no seamen, and who must depend for protection on the naval force. That confidence in their own strength was likewise greatly increased by an advantage gained at sea agaiosl Philistus, whom they used in a very barbarous man* ner. Ephorus states that, after his ship was takenj he slew himself. But Timonides, who attended Dion from the beginning of the war, writing to Speusippus the philosopher, relates the story a| follows : Philistus' galley having run aground, btf was taken prisoner alive; and atler being disarmed and stripped was exposed naked, though an old man, to every kind of insult. They then cut off hit head, and ordered their children to drag his body through tlie Achradina, and throw it into the quarry. Timffius represents the indignity, offered to his re* mains, as having been slill greater. The boys, be Mys, tied a rope about his lame leg, and so dragged
moK $$
him through the dty; the Syracusans in the while insulting over his carcase, when they saw fas* tened by the leg him, who liad said ; ^^ It would ill ** become Diouysius to trust to his horses* heels for ^ his escape fh>m a throne, which he ought neve^ ^ to quit, till he was dragged from it by his own ^•** Philistus however informs us^ that this was not said to Dionysius by himself^ but by another. It is plain at the same timet that Timasus seizes every occasion, from Philistus' zealous adherence to arbitrary power, of loading him with the keenest reproaches. Those whom he injured are in some degree excusable, if in their resentment they treated him with indignities after death. But wherefore should bis bii^aphers, whom he never injured, and who lutve had the benefit of his works* exhibit him Irith all iht ex* aggeration of scurrility iti those scenes of distress* to which fortune sometimes reduces the beat of men? Ephorus, on the other hand> is tio less ex- travagant in his encomiums on Philistus. Be knows well how to throw into shades the foibles of the human character, and to give an Air of plausiU- lity to the most indefensible conduct ; but, with all his eloquence and art, he cannot rescue Philistus from the imposition of having been the most strenu-^ ous assertor of despotism^ and the fondest folloY^er and admirer of the lu^tury, the power, the magni& cence, and the alliance of tyrantSi Upon the whole, he who neither defends the principles of Philistus, nor insults over his misfortunes, m^ill best dischai^ge the duty of the historian.
After the death of Philistus, Dionysius ofered to. snrrender the citadel to Dion, together with the armst provisions, and soldiers, and an advance of five months' pay, on condition that he might be pet* mitted to retire into Italr^ and there enjoy the reve- nues of Gyata, a ftuitxul tract of country in thd territory of* Syracuse, reaching ftom the sea to the
«• DiodL Sic xiT. a 02
36 I>ION.
middle of the country. Dion, still refusing to ne^^ tiate on his own account, referred tiie embassadors to tlie .S_yracusans-, and these, as they expected that Dionysius would shortly come alive into their hands, dismissed them without audience. Upon this the tyrant, leaving his eldest son Apollocrates to defend the citadel, embarked with his most valuable treasures and a few select friends, and setting sail with a fair wind, eluded the admiral's observation.
The tyrant's escape having greatly exasperated the people against Iiciaclides, in order to appease Ihein, he proposed by Hippo, one of the orators, that there should be an equal division of lands ; alleging, that equality was the lirst foundation of civil liberty, and that poverty and slavery were syno- nymous terms. Thus, while he supported Hippo in the promotion of this scheme, he encouraged the faction against Dion, who opposed it. At length he prevailed with the people not only to pass this law, but also to direct the pay of the foreign soldiera to be stopped, and new commanders chosen, that they might no longer be subject to the severe discipline of Dion. Thus like the patient, who after a linger- ing sickness makes too rash a use of the first returns of health, and rejects the gradual and sober regimen of his physician, the citizens from their long slavery took too precipitate steps to freedom, and refused the salutary counsels of their deliverer.
It was about the middle of summer, when the assembly was summoned for the election of new officers ; and for the space of fifteen days there were the most dreadful thunders, and the most alarming prodigies. The religious fears, which these prodi- gies excited, made the people decline the choosing of officers. When the weather grew more serene, the orators again exhorted them to proceed to the business; but no sooner had they begun than a draught-ox, whicti could not have been terrified by the crowds and noise to which he had been. (
■
DION. S7
tomed, suddenly in a fit of irritation against his driver broke from his yoke, and running furiously into the assembly, scattered the people in great dis- order before him ; thence, throwing down all that stood in his way, he carried confusion throughout that part of the city, which afterward fell into the enemy's hands. The Syracusans however, regard*^ less of these things, elected five-and-twenty officers^ among whom was Heraclides. At the same time, they privately endeavoured to draw off Dion's men ; promising, if they would desert him, to make them citizens of Syracuse. But the soldiers were faithful to their general, and taking and placing him in the middle of a battalion, marched out of the city. They did not indeed^ upon this occasion, offer any violence to the inhabitants; but they severely re-
?roached them for their baseness and ingratitude. ^he comparative smallness of their number, and their declining to act offensively, induced the Syra- cusans to attempt cutting them off, before they escaped out of the city; and, with this design, th^ fell upon their rear. Dion was now in a great diffi- culty and dilemma ; finding himself under the neces- sity either of fighting against his countrymen, or of suffering himself and his faithful soldiers to be cut in pieces. He entreated the Syracusans, therefore, to desist; stretching forth his hands to them, and
Eointing to the citadel full of soldiers, who were appy in being spectators of these dissensions among their enemies. But the torrent of the populace, impelled by the seditious breath of the orators, was not to be stopped by persuasion. He therefore commanded his men to advance with shouts, and clashing of arms, but not to attack them. The Syracusans upon this fled immediately through the streets, though no one pursued them, for Dion retreated with his men into the territories of the Leontines. The very women ridiculed the new officers for
this cowardly Sight; and the latter, to recover their reputation, ordered Uie citizens to arms, pursued Dion, and came up with him as he was crossing s river. A skirmish began between the cavalry ; but when they found Dion no longer disposed to bear these todignities with bis usual paternal patieace, and observed liim with all the eagerness of resent- ment drawing up his forces for battle, they once ■ more turned their backs, and with the loss of some few men fled to the ciiy in a more cowardly manner than before.
The Leontines received Dion most honourably, jfave money to his soldiers, and made them free of their city. They also despatched messengers to Syracuse with requisitions, that his men might have justice done them, and receive their pay. The Syracusans, in return, despatched messengers with impeachments against Dion : but, when the matter was debated at Leontimn in a full assembly of the allies, they evidently appeared to be in faulti They refused, nevertheless, to stand to the award of this assembly ; for the recent recovery of their liberties had rendered them insolent, and the popu* |ar power was without control, their very com- manders being no more than servUe dependents upon the multitude.
About this time, Dlonysius sent a fleet under N}'p» sius the Neapohtan, with provisions and pay tor the garrison in the citadel. The Syracusans overcame him, and took four of his ships ^ but they made an ill use of their success. Destitute of all discipline, they celebrated the victory witli the must riotouf extravagance ; and, at the very time when they thought themselves secure of taking the citadel, they lost the city. Nypsius observing their disorder, their night-revels and debauches, in which their com- manders (either from inclination, or through fear of giving offence by issuing orders to a drunken rabble) Here as deeply engaged as themselves, availed hiaj-
d
DION. SB
tstlf of the opportuDity, broke through their waUs^ and subjected the city to the violence and depreda* tion of his soldiers.
The Syracusaos at once perceived their folly, and their misfortune: but the latter, in their present confusion, was not easy to be redressed. The sol- diers made dreadful havock in the city : they demo^ lished the fortifications, put the men to the sword, and dragged the women and children shrieking to the citadel. The Syracusan officers being unable to separate the citizens from the enemy, or to draw them up in any order, gave up all for lost. So cir« cumstanced, whUe the Achradina itself was in danger of being taken, they naturally turned their thoughts upon Dion ; but none had tne courage to mention a man, whom all had injured. In this emergency a voice was heard from the cavalry and the allies, crying, '^ Send for Dion and his Peloponnesians *^ from Leontiura.'' His name was no sooner once mentioned, than the people shouted for joy. With tears they implored, that he might once more be placed at their head : they remembered his promp- titude and intrepidity in the most trying dangers : the courage which he himself had always displayed, and the confidence which he inspired, whenever he led them against the enemy. Archonides and Telesides from the auxiliaries, and Hellanicus with four more from the cavalry, were immediately de- spatched to Leontium ; where, making the best of their way, they arrived in the close of the evening. There, instantly throwing themselves at Dion's feet, they related with tears the deplorable condition of the Syracusans. The Leontines and Peloponnesians soon gathered about them, conjecturing from their haste, and the manner of their address, that their business had something extraordinary in it.
Dion immediately summoned an assembly, and the people being soon collected, Archonides and Hella- nicus briefly stated the distress of the Syracusans,
eatreated the /brdgn soldiers to forget the injuries which tber had odered tbGm,and once more to assist that unfortunate people, already more heavily pu- nished for their ingratitude, than even they whom tbey had injured would have wished. When they had tiius spoken, a protound silence ensued j upon which Dion arose, and attempted to address them ; but he was prevented by his tears. His soldiers, deeply aflected by their general's sorrow, besought faim to moderate his grief, and to proceed. After fce bad recovered himself a little, he spake to the following purpose : " Peloponnesians and confede- f* rates, J have called you together, that you may " consult upon your respective affairs. My mea- " sures are taken : I cannot hesitate what to do, '* when Syracuse is perishing. If I cannot save it, " I will at least hasten thither, and bury myself " beneath the ruins of my country. For you, if " jou can yet persuade yourselve'5 to assist the most '■* unfortunate and inconsiderate of men, it may be ? in your power to save from destruction a city,
* which was the work of your own hands*'. But, f if your pity for the Syracusans be sacrificed to f your resentment, may the gods reward your f fidelity and kindness to Dion ! And remember, F that as he would not desert you when you were !* injured, so neither could he abandon his filing
* country."
He had scarcely ended, when the soldiers signi- 1 their readiness for the service by loud acclama- mons, and called upon him to march directly to the elief of Syracuse. The messenger embraced them. Ehud entreated the gods to shower down their bless- ngs upon Dion and the Peloponnesians. As soon U the tumult subsided, Dion gave orders that the nen should repair to their quarters, and at\er taking
>' Straho say*, that SyrncuRe was built Ol. ici.2. by Arcliiu, on« •f ihc IIcraclidR, who uinte troin Corinth to jjjmcuac.
DION. 41
the necessary refreshments assemble in the same place completely armed ; as he intended to march that very night.
Dionysius' soldiers, after having ravaged the city during the whole day, retired at night with the loss of a few men into the citadel. This small respite once more encoliraged the demagogues of the city> who presuming that the enemy would not repeat their hostilities, dissuaded the people from admitting Dion and his foreign soldiers ; advising them not to resign the honour of saving the city to strangi^rs, but to defend their liberty themselves. Upon this, the generals despatched fresh messengers to Dfon^ to countermand his march ; while on the other hand, the cavahry, and many of the principal citizens, sent to request that he would hasten it. Thus invited by one party and rejected by another, he advanced but slowly ; and, at night, the faction which op» posed him set a guard upon the gates, to prevent his entering.
Nypsius now made a fresh sally from the citadel, with still more fury, and greater numbers of merce- naries than before ; and after having totally demo- lished the remaining part of the fortifications, began to ravage the city. The slaughter was dreadral: men, women, and children fell indiscriminately by the sword ; for the object of the enemy was not 30 much plunder, as destruction. Dionysius de- spared of regaining his lost empire, and in his mortal hatred of the Syracusans, determined to bury it in the ruins of their city **. It was resolved therefore that, before Dion's succours could arrive, they should destroy it the quickest way, by laying it in ashes. Accordingly, they set fire to the nearer parts by brands and iorches, and to those which were more remote, by shooting flaming arrows. The citizens, in the utmost consternation, fled every where before
^ Such might have been his orders to Nypsius, but he was not BOW at Syracuse himself^*
I ibem. Those who, to order to avoid the fire, faa4 il
I deserted their houses, were put to the sword in the 1
I streets; and they, who sought for refuge in their
I bouses, ''■ere again driven out by tlie flames: many
I were burned to death, and many perished beneath i
I the Jailing habitations. '
I This terrible distress by universal consent, opened
^ |he gates for Dion. Atter learning that the enemy '
I bad retreated into the citadel, he had made no great t
I haste. But, early in the morning, some horsemen
I carried him the news of this fresii assault. These
I ipere followed by others, even of those who had
recently opposed his coming, but who now implored
. bim to Hy to their relief. As the calamity in-
I creased, Heraclides despatched his brother, and
I ftfter him his uncle Tbeodotes, to entreat Dion's
[ iwsistance ; for they were now no longer in a
capacity of opposing the enemy ; he was himself
[ iKHiiided, and a considerable part of the city had
[ been destroyed and laid in ashes.
I ^\'hen Dion received this intelligence, he was
■bout sixty fiirlongs from the city. After he had
i acquainted his soldiers with the dreadful exigency,
I und exhorted tliem to behave with resolution, they
r pD longer marched, but ran ; and in their way they
[ vere met by numbers in succession, who besought
f tbera if possible to go still faster. By the eager and
vigorous speed of the soldiers Dion quickly arrived
I' fet the city ; and entering by the part called Hcca-
I lompedon, he ordered his light troops immediately
I to charge the enemy, that the Syracusans might take
' courage at the sight of them. In the mean while he
drew up his hcavy.arnied men, with such of the
citizens as had joined him, and divided them into
Mveral small bodies of greater depth tlian breadth,
Ibat he might intimidate the eoemv by attacking
ihcm in several quarters at once, tie himself nd>
I vanced to the engagement at the head of his men,
I fimidst a confused noise of shouts, plaudits, prayers,
\ and vows, which the Syracusans otfered up for their
dion: 4»
ddiverer, their tutelary deity; for so they now termed him, and his foreign soldiers they called ^ their brethren and fellow-citizens.** At this time perhaps there was not a single wretch so selfishly fond of life, as not to hold Dion's safety dearer than his own, or than that of all his fellow-citizens; while they saw him advancing first in the front of danger, through blood and fire^ and over heaps of the slain.
There was indeed something terrible in the ap- pearance of the enemvy who animated by rage and de^air had posted tnemselves in the ruins of the ramparts, so that it was extremely dangerous and difficult to approach them. But the apprehensions of fire discouraged Dion's men the most, and dis- tressed them in their march. They were surrounded by flames, raging on every side; and while thej walked over burning fragments, through clouds of ashes and smoke, they were every moment in danger of being overwhelmed by the fall of half-consumed buildings. In all these difficulties they took infinite pains to keep close together, and to maintain their ranks. When they came up to the enemy, a few only could engage at a time^ on account of the nar- rawness and inequality of the ground. They fought however with the utmost bravery, and encouraged by the acclamations of the citizens, at length routed Nypsius, most of whose men escaped into the citadel near at hand. Such of them as were dispersed, and could not efiect an entrance, were pursued and put to the sword. The present deplorable state of the city affi^rded neither time nor propriety for the joy- fill congratulations, which usually fi^llow victory. All were busy in saving the remains of the confla- gration ; but, though they laboured hard throughout the whole night, it was with great difficulty that the fire was extinguished.
Not one orator of the popular faction durst any longer remain in the city. By their flight they at once confisssed their guilt, and avoided punishment
• fc DWK
HeracUdes however, and Theodotes, surrendered themselves to Dion, acknowledging their error, and entreafing tdat lie would not imitate them in the cruel ireatment which they had shown him. Thev Sorgot not to add, how much it would be for his booour, unequalled as he was iu other virtues, to restnuo his resentment; and by forgiving the un- grsteful, to testily that superiority of spirit, for which they had contended with him. His friends, however, advised him by no means to pardon these &ctious and invidious men, but to give them up to his soldiers aod to rid the commonwealth of the ambition of the demagogues, an evil not less destruct- ive than that of tyrants. Dion, on the other hand, endeavoured to mitigate their resentment : " Other "generals," said he, "employ themselves chiefly ** in military studies; but. by being long conver- " sant in the .'\cademy, I have learned to subdue ** rav pAs^ons, and to restrain the impulses of all ** enw, enmity, and anger. To prove that I have ** reaftv gained such a victor^' over niyselfi it is not ^ sufficient merely to be kind to men of virtue, but ** to be indulgent and reconcilcable to the injurious. " If I hive excelled Heraclides in military and po- ** litical abilities, 1 am resolvetl not to be inferior to " him in justice and clemency ; since to have the " advantage in those, is the first degree of excel- " lence. The honours of conquest are never wholly ** our own ; for. though the conqueror may stand " unrivalled, Ibrtunc will claim her share in his suc- ** cess '^. Heraclides may be treacherous, invi- *' dious iind malicious; but must Dion, therclbrct " sully his glories by the indulgence of rescnt- " ment**? The laws, indeeil. allow the revenge of " au iiyury to be more justifiable than the commis-
lai (Orui. jiro
e,Jortuitn ti'
*■ This U aearly the iiin^uage of Cicero I MbtccH. 2.) : MatioMm vc'v partem, quasi ti
r crediublo
a, thmieh highly crt
pftiwcwiywlmatTcchBiqroftt
JDION. 4i
^^ sion of it ; but both proceed originally from the '^ infirmity of human nature. Besides, there is. hardly ^^ any malignity so inveterate, that it may not be ^^ overcome by kindness, and softened by repeated <^ favours/' Agreeably to these sentiments, Dion pardoned Heraclides, and! dismissed him.
His first object was to repair the wall, with which he had'formerly enclosed the citadel; and for this purpose, he ordered each of the citizens to furnish a
Ealisado, and to bring it to the works. When 'they ad done this, he sent them to their repose, and em- ployed his own men the whole night in drawing a line of circumvallation round the citadel, which both the enemy and the citizens were aston£ihed to find completed the next morning. •
Afler the dead were buried, and the prisoners to the amount of two thousand ransomed, he sum- moned an assembly. Heradides moved, that Dion should be declared commander-in-chief both at sea and landk This motion was approved by the nobi- lity, and the commons were desired to confirm it ; but the sailors and artificers tumultuously opposed it« They were unwilling, that Heradides should lose his command at sea ; for though they had no high opinion of his principles, they knew that he would be more indulgent than Dion, and more ready to gratify their inclinations. Dion therefore gave up the point, and agreed that Heradides should con- tinue admiral. But when the equal distribution of lands was moved for, he opposed it, and repealed all the decrees formerly passed with regard to that measure, by which he once more incurred the dis- pleasure of the people. Heradides again made his advantage of this, and harangued the <^Idiers and sailors at Messana, accusing Dion of a design to make himself absolute. At the same time, he pri-
Ooipcl : ' I say onto you^ love your enemies, bicat them thai curse you, do good to them that hate you,' &c. (Matth. ▼. 44.)
The conclusion of the speech will remind the ( 'hri>tian reader of Rom. xii. 19. (quoted from Prov. xxv. 22.): upon which see Pol Synop«. Crit. V. 278., and Wolf. Cur. PhiL et Crit. IIL 25S.*
■wlely corresponded with Dionysius, by means of Pharax a Spartan. When the nobility received' intelh'gence of this, there was a sedition in tfafr array, and the city was greatly distressed by waiA of provisions. Dion was now at a loss what me*S sures to pursue; and all his friends condeinne^f him, for having strengthened the hands of so per- verse and invidious a wretch as Heraclides. i' Pharax was encamped at Neapolis, in the territory of Agrigentum ; and Dion led out the SyracusanH, but not with a view of engaging him, till he found m- convenient opportunity. Tliis gave Heraclides an^ his seamen an occasion of exclaiming, that he d^ layed fighting only to continue the longer in comL mand. Thus he was forced to action contrary to hifc inclinations, and was beaten. His loss indeed wa* small, and his defeat was owing rather to a misutt^ derstanding in his own army, than to the superior cou* rage of the enemy : he, therefore, resolved to renew the engagement, and af\er animating and encourage ing his men to redeem their lost credit, drew theni up in form of battle. In the evening however he was informed that Heraclides was sailing for Syracuse* with an intent to possess himself of the city, and td shut him out. Upon this he selected the braveit and most active of the cavaliy, and rode with such expedition, that he reached the city by nine o'clock in the morning, after a march of seven hundred fur* longs'*^. Heraclides, though he had made all thtt' sail he could, was too late ; and he therefore tacked about, and stood out to sea. While he was unde- termined what conrse to steer, he met Gajsylus th« Spartan, who told him that he was sent to command' in chief in Sicily, as Gylippus had done bclbre. Heraclides immediately accepted him, and boasted to his allies, that he hud found in this Spartan ao antidote to Dion's power : at the same time, he do«
*' Is thi« pouible? askn M. Ricard ; auil leaves it to militai|r men to detemune the quertion.* .X*
k
DION. 47
{patched a herald to Syracuse, ordering the citizens to receive Gssyhis Hot their general. Bion replied, that the Syracusuis had already a sufficient number of generals ; and that, if it were necessary for them to have a Spartan, he was himself a citizen of Sparta.
Gassy 1 us having now no hopes of the command, waited upon Dion, and by his mediation reconciled V him to Heraelides. This reconciliation was con- firmed by tiie most solemn oaths, und Gsesylus him- setf was guarantee of the treaty^ and undertook to panish Heradides, on the event of any future breach of fiuth. The Syracusans upon this discharged their navy, deriving no advantages from it equal to the expenses of keeping it on foot, and to those inconve* niences which it brought upon them, as a continual source of seditions among their chiefs. At the same time, they continued the siege of the citadel, and in- vested it with another wail. As the besieged were cut off from fiurther supplic^ when provisions fidled, the soldiers begt^n to mutiny : so tnat ApoUocrates was obliged to come to terms with Dion ; and o& fiered to deliver up to him the citadel with all the arms and stores, on condition that he might have five galleys, and be permitted to retire in ssdfety with his mother and sisters. Dion granted his request, and with these he sailed to Dionysius.
He was no sooner under sail, than the whole city of Syracuse assembled to behold the joyful sight. Their hearts were so full of this interesting event, that they even expressed their anger against those who were absent, and could not be witnesses with what glory the sun that day rose upon Sjrracuse, de- livered at last from the chains of slavery. As this fl^t of Dionvsius' connexions^ was one of the most memorable vicissitudes of fortune recorded in hsstory, and as no t3rranny had ever been more e£ factually established than his, how great must their
<<^ B. C. Sff7.
joy and their self-complacency have been, after thai bad destroyed it by such inconsiderable means! u When Apollocrates was gone, and Dion procecdei to tdke possession of the citadel, the women couli not wait till he entered, but ran to meet him at thi gate. Aiistomache came first, leading Dion's s and Arete followed her in tears, apprehensive i meeting and addressing her husband, after she ha* been so long in the possession of another. Dion fira embraced his sister, then his son : after whid Aristomache presented Arete to him, and said^^ " Your banishment, Dion, made us ail equaUtt " miserable. Your return, and your success, havo I " made us all happy -, except her, whom I had ttu^J " misfortune to see by cruel compulsion given tq " another, while you were v**!t alive. We are non " entirely in your disposal. But how will you de- " terminc concerning this unhappy woman? And>l " bow must she salute you ? as her uncle, or as ha " husband ? " Dion was affected by this lender intei cession, and wept. He embraced Arete willi greafrv aHectiou, put his son into her hands, and desired heo f to retire tu his own house, where he purposed tA i reside ; for the city he immediately delivered up ta I the Syracusans. > (
All things had now succeeded to his wish ; but fac-^ by no means sought to reap for himself the first ad vantages of his good fortune. His foremost object i was to gratify his friends, to reward bis allies, aod.| to give his fellow citizens and his foreign soldiera' j proper marks of his favour, in which his muiii^cence i even exceeded his abilities. As to himself, he lived ( in a plain and frugal manner, which upon this occa^ ^ sion in particular was universally admired. For i while tiie lame of his actions and the reputation of 4 his valour was spread throughout Sicily and Greece i he seemed rather to live with Plato in the sparii^ ! simplicity of the Academic life, than among soldiers^ J who looked upon the daily indulgences of luxury as I a compensation fur the toils and dangers of >
DION. 49
Though Plato himself wrote to him *% that the eyei* of the whole world were upon him, he seems not to have carried his attentions beyond one particnlar part of OUQ city, the Academy. His judges in that society, he knew, would not regard so much the greatness of his performances, his courage, or his victories, as the temper of mind with which he bore - prosperity, and the moderation with which he sus- tained his happier fortunes. ^ He did not, therefore, in the least relax in the severity of his manners ; but kept the same reserve toward the people, though condescension was at this time politically necessary, and though Plato (as we have already observed) had expostulated with him upon this account, and told him that austerity was the companion of solitude ^* He had, certainly, a natural antipathy to complais-* ance ; and he had moreover a design, by his own example, to reform the manners of the Syracusans, which were become dissolute and immodest.
Heraclides now once more began to oppose him. Dion sent for him to attend at the council ; but he replied, that he would not attend in any other capa- city, than as a private citizen at a public assem-^ bly^^ Soon after this, he charged Dion with having declined to demolish the citadel, and prevented the people from opening Dionysius' tomb, and dragging out the body. He accused him likewise of having, in contempt of his fellow-citizens, sent for counsel-' lors and ministers to Corinth. And it is true, that he had engaged some Corinthians to assist him in settling his plan of government. His intention was to restrain the unlimited power of the popular admi- nistration (which cannot indeed properly be called a government, but rather, as Plato terms it, * a ware- nouse of governments^^'), and to establish the con- stitution on the Lacedaemonian and Cretan plan.
^» Epitt. iv. *« See p. 9.
^' Tnus making his court to the people, bj insinuating that the council was too aristocratical in it's nature.* *^ De Rep. viii.
VOL. VI. E
50 DION.
This was a mixture of tiie regal and popular govern- ments, or rather an aristocracy. Dion knew, that the Corintliians were governed chiefly by the nobi- lity ; and that the influence of the people rarely in- terfered. He foresaw, however, that Heraclides would be no inconsiderable impediment to his scheme : he knew him to be iactious, turbulent, and inconstant; and he therefore gave him op to those, who advised to kill him, though he had before saved him out of their hands. Accordingly, they broke into his house, and murthered him. His death was, at first, deeply resented by the citizens ; but when Dion bestowed upon him a magnificent funeral, at- tended the dead body with his soldiers, and pro- nounced an oration to the people, their resentment went off". They were indeed setisible that, so long as the competition of Dion and Heraclides subsisted, the city would never be at peace.
Dion had a friend named Callippus, an Athenian, with whom he had first become acquainted, not on account of his literary merit, but (according to Plato * ) because he happened to be introduced by him to some religious Alysteries j who had always attended him in the army, and stood high in his esteem. He was the first of his friends, who marched along with him into Syracuse with a garland upon his head, and he had subsequently much distin- guished himself in every action. This man, finding that Dion's chief friends had fallen in the war, that since the death of Heraclides )he popular party was without a leader, and that he himself stood in great fiivour with the army, tbrmed an execrable design against the life of his benefactor. His object was certainly the supreme command in Sicily, though some say he was bribed to it by twenty talents. For this purpose, he drew several of the soldiers into a conspiracy agayist Dion, and his plot was conducted in a most arti'iil manner. He constantly informed
■ E^. «ii.
M
DION. 51
Dion of what he heard, or pretended to have heard^ alleged against him in the army. By these means he obtained such confidence, that he was allowed to converse privately with whomsoever he thought proper, and to apeak with the utmost freedom against Dion, in order to discover his secret enemies. Thus in a short time he found out, and drew together, all the seditious and discontented citizens; and, if any one of difierent principles informed Dion that his integrity had been tried, he gave himself no concern about it, as that point had already been settled with Calh'ppus.
While this conspiracy was on foot, Dion had a monstrous and dreadful apparition. As he was me* ditating one evening alone in the portico before his house, he heard a sudden noise, and turning about perceived (for it was not yet dark) a woman of gi« gantic size at the end of the portico, in the form of one of the Furies, aa they are represented on the theatre, sweeping the floor with a broom. In his terror and amazement he sent for some of his friends, and informing them of this prodigy^ desired they would stay with him during tne night ; as his mind was in the utmost disorder, and he was apprehen- sive, if they left him, that the spectre would again make it's appearance : but he saw it no more. Soon after this his only son, who was now almost grown up to manhood, upon some childish displeasure or frivolous affront, threw himself from the top of the house, and was killed upon the spot ^\
While Dion was in this distress, Callippus was for- warding the conspiracy; and for this purpose he propagated a report in Syracuse that Dion, being now childless, had determined to adopt Dionysius' son ApoUocrates, who was nephew to his wife and
** ThiB^ Plutarch would eeem to insinuate, was connected wiA the story of tlie apparition, whidi was now beginning to < sweep ' off the inhabitants of his house. But Cornelius Nepos simply re- presents the dissipated youne mapy as having leaped out or the window to escape from his fi&e/s severity.
DION.
grandson to his sister. The plot hovevcr was now suspected both by Dion, his wife, and his sister, and accounts of it were brought to him from all quarters. Dion, who liad stained his honour and tarnished his glories by the nmrther of Hera- chdes, had (as we may suppose) his distresses and anxieties on that account; and frequently declared, that rather than hve not only in fear of his enemies but in su^ipicion of his friends, he would die a thousand deaths, and freely open his bosom to the assassin.
When Callippus found the women inquisitive and suspicious, he was afraid of the consequence, and as- serted with tears his own integrity, offering to give them any pledge of his fidelity they might desire. They required that he would take the Great Oath, the form of which is as follows : the person who takes it goes down into the temple of the Thesmo- phori**, where after the performance of some reli- gious ceremonies, he puts on the purple robe of Proserpine, and holding a flaming torch in his hand,
Eroceeds to the oath. All this Callippus did without csitation, and to show in what contempt he held the goddess, he appointed the day of her festival for the execution of his conspiracy. He could hardly think indeed that even this would enhance his guilt, or render him more obnoxious to the goddess, when he was the very person, who had before initiated Dion in iier sacred Mysteries.
The conspiracy was now supported by numbers ; and as Dion was surrounded by his friends, in the apartment where he usually entertained them, the conspirators invested the house, some securing the doors and others the windows. The assassins, who were Zacyntliians, entered in their ordinary dress unarmed. Those, who remained without, fiistened the doors. The Zacynthians then seized Dion, and endeavoured to strangle him; but, not succeeding in this, they called for a sword. No one however
' Ceres and Prowrpinc*
DION. S9
durst open the door, as Dion had many friends about him ; yet they had in effect nothing to fear from them, each of them concluding, that by giving up Dion he should consult his own safety. When they had waited some time, Lycon, a Syracusan,
Eut a short sword through the window into the ands of a Zacynthian ; who fell upon Dion, al- ready stunned and senseless, and cut his throat like a victim at the altar. His sister, and his wife who was pregnant, the^ imprisoned. In this unhappy situa- tion she fell in labour, and was delivered of a son, whom they ventured to preserve ; Callippus being too much embroiled by his own aifairs to attend to them, and the keepers of the prison having been prevailed upon to connive at it.
After Dion was cut off, and Callippus had the whole government of Syracuse in his hands, he had the presumptiou to write to the Athenians, whom next to the gods he ought of all others to have dreaded, polluted as he was with the murther of his benefactor. But it has been observed with great truth of that state> that it's good men are the best, and it*s bad men the worst in the world ; as it's soil produces the finest honey ^, and the most fatal poi- sons. Callippus' success, however, did not long reproach the indulgence of the gods : he soon re- ceived the punishment, which he deserved. For, in* attempting to take Catana, he lost Syracuse ; upon which occasion he said, that he had lost a city, and gained a cheese-grater^^. Afterward, at the siege of Messana, most of his men were cut off, and among the rest Dion's murtherers. As he was re- fused admission by every city in Sicily, and univer- sally hated and despised, he passed into Italy, and made himself master of Rhegium ; where being no longer able to maintain his soldiers, he was slain by
^4 On mount Hymettut.*
'* But the Greek word tignifying ' a cheese-crater ' is not CatanCf but PatanCy which might however be vulgany pronounced the oUier.
M DION.
Leptines and Polyperchon, with the very sword with which Dion had been assassinated, for it was known by it's size (being short, like the Spartan swords)^ and by it's cudous workmanship. Thus Callippua received the punishment due to his crimes.
When Aristomache and Arete were released out ofprison, they were received by Icetes a Syracusan^ a mend of Dion's, who for some time entertained them with hospitality and good faith. Aflerward however, being prevailed upon by Dion's enemies^ be put Uiem on board a vessel, under pretence of sending them to Peloponnesus ; but giving private orders at the same time to the sailors to assassinate them in the passage, and throw their bodies over* lK>ard. Others say, that they and the infant were thrown alive into' the sea. This wretch, likewise, paid the forfeit of his villainy : for he was put to oeath by Timoleon ; and the Syracusans, to revenge Dion, slew his two daughters^ of which I have made more particular mention in the Life of Timoleon.
58 BRUTUS,
in despair, lajireto their dty. The moderation of Brutui gaiju him teveml olher citie*. He puis to death Theodotus, who had recoamended the murther of Pompey in E(;ifpi. Quarrel* with Castiut. Adventure of Favoiiius. Brutus' rigour in leeing the Ami fulfiled. He offhiiU Camus. Apparition, and Casiiu^ speech upon it. fke^/ march againtt Cceiar and Aatonif, at Phi' lippi- Cassius, rao^d by some prodigies, xuishes to defer the en- gagement, but Brutus refutes. Their conversation before the battle. The right ta'ng, under Brutus, gainsa coiuiderabU advan- tage ; but the leji, under Cassius, is entirety defeated. A fatal mistake. Cassius surrounded: his troops disperse. He arden hisjreedman lo kill him. Brutus* lamentation over his body. He eeiUdt his scattered forces ; but is distressed by the disposition of tbesoldiery: deviates, in one instance, from his accustomed jut- tiee, Cietar and Antony hatard a second battle. The spectre re- appears to Brutus ; xvho is defeated. Luciiius offers Himself to the pursuers as Brutus, and it carried to Antony. Brutus sends Slat ilius to visit his camp: tills himself. Honours paid by Antony to hit remains. Death ofPorda.
± HE great progenitor of Marcus Brutus was that Junius Brutus, to wbom the ancient Romans erected a statue of brass, and placed it in the Capitol among their kings. He was represented with a drawn sword in his hand, to signify the spirit and firmness, with which he vanquished the Tarquins : but hard-tempered like the steel of which that sword was composed, and in no degree humanised by edu- cation, the same obdurate severity which impelled him against the tyrant, shut up his natural affection from his children, when he found them conspiring for the support of tyranny. On the contrary that Brutus, whose Life we are now writing, had all the advantages arising from the cultivation of philoso- phy. To his spirit, which was naturally sedate and mild, he gave activity by constant application. Upon the whole, he seems to have been happily formed to virtu?, flvcn the partisans of Ciesar ascribed to hiw
1
BBUTOS. 57
«very thing, which had the appearance of honour or generosity in the conspiracy, whereas all that was of a contrary complexion was laid t6 the charge of Cassius ; who was indeed the friend and relation of Brutus, but by no means resembled him in the pu- rity and simplicity of his manners. It is universally allowed, that his mother Servilia was descended from Servilius Ahala, who when Spurius Mslius sedi- tiously aspired to the monarchy, went up to him in the Forum under a pretence of business, and as Maelius inclined his head to hear what he would say, stabbed him with a dagger which he had concealed for that purpose \ But those, who were ill affected toward him on account of his participation in Cae- sar's murther, would not allow that he was descended from Junius Brutus, whose family they said was ex- tinct with his two sons^. Marcus Brutus (according to them) was a plebeian, descended from one Bm^ tus, a steward of mean extraction ; and the family had but lately risen to any dignity in the state. On the contrary, Posidonius the philosopher agrees with those historians, who state that Junius Brutus had a third son, an infant when his brothers were put to death, and that from him Marcus Brutus was descended. He &rther informs us, that there were several illustrious persons of that family in his time, with whom he was well acquainted, and who very
' Livy (iv. 14.) and other historians relate this affiur in a diffierent pnanner. Some of them confidently assert, that Servilius, who was then general of the horse, put Msiiqs to death by order of Cindn- natus the dictator.
* Of this number is Dio, xliv. 14^ and Dionj^iis of Halicar* nassus, v. 3. The latter adduces the plebeianship of M. Brutus, here mentioned, as a satisfactory proof. But from Suet. (Aug. 2.) It appears that patrician families, e. f;. the Octavian, sometimes became plebeian. The authority of Cicero is less valuable (Bmt. l^., and Philipp. i. 6.)f as his reverence for Brutus nearly amount* ed to idolatry, an/k he would naturaDy assign him the most iOas- ^ous extraction he could.
Tunc Ucet d Pico numeru genus. (Juv. viiL ISl.)*
BRUTUS.
Linuch resembled the statue of Junius Brutus \ But ■(Wiough upon this subject.
Cato the philosopher was brother to Servilia, the
mother of Brutus, who greatly admired and imitated
'! uncle's virtues, and married his daughter Porcia.
Brutus was acquainted with ail the sects of the
Breek philosophers, and understood their doctrines ;
'tit the Platonists ranked highest in his esteem. He
Kid no fevourable opinion either of the New, or of
he Middle Academy ; but applied himself wholly to
he studies of the Old one*. Antiochus of Ascalon
|Aris therefore his favourite, and he entertained his
■other Ariston in his own house ; a man who,
ibou^ inferior to some of the philosophers in learn-
iog, was equal to the first of them in modesty,
tadence, and gentleness of manners. Empytus,
frho likewise lived with Brutus (as we tind from his
«n Epistles, and in those of his friends), was an
prator, and left a short but well-written narrative of
he death of Desar, entitled ' Brutus.*
Brutus spoke with great ability in Latin, both in
^llhe Held and at the bar. In Greek, he affected the
cntentious and laconic way : of this there are several
(Stances in his Epistles. Thus, in the beginning of
; war, he wrote to the Pergamenians ; " I hear
llyou have given money to Dolabella. If you gave
*it willingly, you must own that you injured me;
e were several dUtingubhed persons of this family, A,U. C. IS : some of whom opposed ihe abrogation of the Oppimn law, bd were besieged by the Roman women in their hoiucs. (Li». ■■Ttiv, (., Val. Max. ix. I. 3.) • The Old AcudcniVi instituted properly by Socr»te», was suc- ■ ^Cnively governed by Plato, his nephew Sipeusippus, Xenocrues, " ' pQleino. Tie Second, or Middle, owed it's oriein to Arcesilas, was trufceeded by l.acydcs, Evander, Hegesinus, and Car- .ides. By this la£t was founded that called the New ; and he h'oi llowed by Clilomitchus, Philo, nnd Antiochus of Ascalon. For " e acctiunt of the Intler. see the Life of Cicero, Vol. V.; and for brother, Cic. Acad. i. Ti., Brut. 97. The three jointly reach th« time of Socrates down to that of Augustus, and Gotnpr6< upward of three hundred ycart.'
BRUTU& 59
*^ if unwillingly, prove it by giving willingly to me/' And again, upon another occasion, to the Samians; ^ Your deliberations are tedious, your actions slow: ^^ what, think you, will be the consequence?'' Of the Patareans ^ thus ; ^^ The Xanthians rejected my *^ kindness, and desperately made their country their *^ grave. The Patareans confided in me, and re^ *^ tained their liberty. It is in your own choice to *^ imitate the prudence of the Patareans, or to suffer ** the fate of the Xanthians." And such is the stile of his most remarkable letters.
While he was yet very young, he accompanied Cato to Cyprus, in the expedition against l^oIemy\ After Ptolemy had killed himself, Cato, being de> tained by business in the isle of Rhodes, sent CaniniuB to secure the king's treasure; but 8n»> pecting his fidelity, he wrote to Brutus to sail im>- mediately to Cyprus from Pamphylia, where after a fit of sickness he was then staying for the re-esta- blishment of his health. This order he obeyed with reluctance, both out of respect to Caninius, wh6 was thus superseded with disgrace, and becauae hi tliought the employment servile and illiberal, and by no means proper for a young man engaged hi the pursuit of philosophy. Nevertheless, he executed the commission with snch diligence, that he obtained Cato's approbation ; and, having converted Ptolemy'^ effects into ready money, he brought the greatest part of it to Rome.
When Home was divided into two factions, and Pompey and Csssar were in arms against each other^ it was generally believed that Brutus would joiA
^ Patarea was a dty of Lvcia, on the northern coast of Asia Minor, afad to the east of the mouth of the Xanthus* Ptolemr Philadelphits, by whom it was cofisiderably aug^mented, caHed ft * Arsinoe of Lycia,' after the niuue <if hb wift ; bat the dd dettoi^ minatioii was soon restored. (Strabo, xivi) Xanthns, the ci^ mentioned below, stood higher up on the other side.*
^ See the Life of Cato, V. 85. In that Life, Caninius is always called Canidiiis.*
60 BRUTUS.
Cffisar, because his father had been put to death b^ Pompey'. Brutus however thought it liis duty to sacrifice his resentments to the interest of his coun- try, and judging Porapey's to be the better cause, joined his party; though before he would not even salute that general when he met him, esteeming it a ci"ime to hold any conversation with the raurtherer of his father. But he now regarded him as the head of the commonwealth; and therefore, listing under his banner, he sailed for Sicily as lieutenant to Sestius, who was governor of the island. There, however, he found no opportunity of distinguishing himself; and being informed that Pompey and Csesar were encamped near each other, and preparing for the battle which was to decide the fate of the empire, he hastened into Macedon to take his share in the dan- ger. This measure, it is said, so much surprised and delighted Pompey, that he rose to embrace hjm in the presence of his guards, and treated him with as much respect as if he had been his superior. During the time that he was in camp, those hours which he did not spend with Pompey, he employed io reading and study ; and thus he passed the day be- fore the battle oi Pharsalia. It was the middle of summer, the heats were intense, the marshy situation of the camp disagreeable, and his tent-bearers were long in coming. Nevertheless, though extremely harassed and fatigued, he did not anoint himself till noon ; and then taking a morsel of bread, while others were at rest, or musing on the event of the ensuing day, he employed himself till the evening in writing an epitome of Polybius.
Csesar, it is recorded, had so high an esteem for him, that he ordered his officers by alt means to spare him, if he chose to surrender himself; and, if he refused, to let him escape with his life. Some have placed this kindness to the account of his mother
^ See the Ufe of Pompey, IV. 1*3.
i
BRUTUS. ei
Servilia, with whom Caesar had bad connexions of a tender nature in the early part of bis life \ Besides^ as this amour was at its acm^ about the time when Brutus was born, Cassar had some reason to believe that be might be his son. The intrigue was noto- rious. When the senate was debating upon thtf dangerous conspiracy of Catiline, Cato and Cassar^ who took different sides of the question, happened to sit near each other. In the midst of the business, a note was brought to Caesar from without, which he read silently to himself: upon this, Cato loudly accused Caesar of receiving letters from the enemies of the commonwealth ; and Cassar, finding that it had occasioned a disturbance in the senate, delivered the note to Cato as he had received it. Cato, wheo he found it to be nothing but a lewd letter from his own sister Servilia, threw it back again to Caesar : ** Take it, you sot,** said he, and went on with the public business.
After the battle of Pharsalia, when Pompey had fled toward the sea and Caesar was storming tbt camp, Brutus escaped through one of the gates, and fled into a watery marsh, where he hid himself among the reeds. Thence he ventured out in the night, and got safe to Larissa ^ From Larissa he wrote to Caesar, who expressed the greatest pleasure in hear* ing of his safety, sent for him, and entertained him among the first of his friends. When no one could give any account which way Pompey was fled, Caesar walked for some time alone with Brutus, to explore his opinion ; and finding that he supposed it was to Egypt, he disregarded the suggestions of the rest, and directed his march for that country. Pompey
* Th^e coDnexions were well known. C«esar made her a pre- sent, upon a certain occasion, of a pearl which cost him neariy ^,0001. In the civil wars, he assigned to her a confiscated estate for a mere trifle ; and when the people expressed their surprise al it*B cheapness, Cicero said hwnorously. Quo mdnU empiam scuUis, tertia deduda e$i. Tertia was a daughter of Serrilia'sy and deduOa was a term in the procuring business.
• A citjr in Thessaly.*
63 BRUTrS.
bad indeed taken the route of Hgypti as Brutus coat jectured, bat he had already met his fate. \
Brutus had so much iufluence with Csaar, that hit> reconciled him to his friend Cassius ; and when hi. spoke in behalf of the king of Africa, though then* were many impeachments against him, he obtained for him a considerable part of his kingdom '". Ob opening his speech upon this occasion, Caasarsaidf *' I know not what this young man intends, bidl " whatever it is, he intends it strongly." His minA was steady, and not easily moved by cntrcalieg. principles were reason and honour, and the ends which these directed him he prosecuted with so much vigour, that he seldom failed uf success. No flatterii (»uli) induce him to attend to unjust petitions; ana though that ductility of mind, which may be wroughi upon by the impudence of importunity, is by soms called good-nature, he considered it us the greatest disgrace. He used to say, that he suspected thosOi who could refuse no favours, had not very honestl' employed the flower of theii' youth.
Cffisar, previously to his expedition into Africa against Cato and Scipio, appointed Brutus to the government of Cisalpine Gaul : and this was vera Ibrtunste for that particular province. For, while the inhabitants of other provinces were oppressed and treated like slaves by the violence and rapacitj of their governors, Brutus behaved with so much kindness to the people under his jurisdiction, that they were in some measure indemnified for their former sufferings. Yet he ascribed every thing to tha goodness of Cssar; and it was no small gratiticatioik to the latter to find, upon his return through Italy, not only Brutus himself, but all tlie cities under his command, ready to attend his progress and industri- ous to do him honour.
As there were several proctorships vacant, it wai
'" Pluurch must ticre be mistaken. It was Deiotarus, king of Galatia, and not the king ol' .\tiica, for whom Bnitm pleaded. Sat Cic. Ep. ad Att i». (.
■
BRUTU& &
the general opinion that the chief of them^ the pi torship of the cUy, would be conferred upon either Brutus or Casatos* Some say, that this competition heightened the variancet which had already taken place between them ; for such there was, thou^ Cassius waa allied to Brutus by having married his sister Junia. Others however affirm, that thi^ com- petition was a political manoMivre of Ca»ar's, who by privately favouring both their hopes, had en* couraged their mutual hostility. Be that as it may, Brutus had little more than the reputation of ma virtue to set against the gallant actions, which had been achieved by Cassius in the Parthian war. Cassar weighed the merits of each ; and after consulting with his friends, *^ Cassius,^' said he, ^^ has the better ^^ title to the first praetorship ; but Brutus must have ^^ it, notwithstanding/' Another praetorship was therefore given to Cassius ; but he was less obliged by this, than offended by the loss of the first.
Brutus had, or at least might have had, equal in« fluence with Caesar in every thing else: hemLgfat have stood the first in interest with him, if he had. not been drawn off and turned aside by Cassius* party. Not that he was perfectly reconciled to Cassius, since their competition for the praetorial ap» pointments ; but he listened to his friends, who were perpetually advising him, instead of being soothed or cajoled by Cssar, to reject the civilities of a tyrant, whose object was not to reward but to disarm his virtue. On the other hand, Caesar had his sus- picions, and Brutus his accusers; yet the former thought he had less to fear from his spirit, his autho- rity, and his connexions, than he had to hope from his honesty. When he was told, that Antony and Dolabella had some dangerous conspiracy on footi *^ It is not," said he, ^* the sleek and fat men that I ^ fear, but the pale and the lean * ;** meaning Brotuf and Cassius. Afterward, when be was advised t0
• Sm tlM Life of Antony, Vol. V.«
(j+ BRUTUS. 1
beware of Brutus, he laid his hand upon his breasQF and said ; " Don't you think, then, that Brutus will " wait, till I have done with this poor body i"' as if he thought Brutus the only proper person to succeed him in his immense power. It is extremely probable indeed that Brutus would have been the first man in Rome, could he have had patience to remain awhile the second, and have stayed till time had wasted the power of Caesar, and dimmed the lustre of his great actions. ButCassius, a man of violent passions, and an enemy to Ctesar rather fi-om personal than political hatred, still urged him against the dictator. It was universally observed, that Brutus hated the imperial power, and Cassius the emperor, Cassius, indeed, pretended that Ctesar had injured him: he com- plained, that the lions which he had procured when he was nominated a;dile, and which he had sent to Megara, CiEsar had converted to his own use, having found them in that city when it was taken by Calanus. Those lions, it is stated, were very fatal to the in- habitants ; for as soon as their city was taken, they opened their dens and unchained them in the streets, tq stop the irruption of the foe ; instead of which, they fell upon the citizens, and tore them so dread- fully, that their \evy enemies were struck with pity. Some affirm, that this was the principal motive with Cassius for conspiring against Ciesar; but they are strangely mistaken. Cassius had a natural hatred of the whole race of tyrants, which he showed even when he was at school with Faustus the son of Sylla. As Faustus was one day boasting among the boys of the unlimited power of his father, Cassius rose and struck him on the face. The friends and tutors of Faustus would have taken upon themselves to punish the insult; but Pompey prevented it, and sending for the boys examined them himself. Upon which Cassius said, " Come along, Faustus! and repeat, if *' you dare, before Pompey the expressions wliick " provoked me, that I may again strike you on tlu •* face." Such was the disposition of Cassius.
BRUTU& 65
But Brutus was animated to this undertaking by the persuasion of his friends, by private intimations^ and by anonymous letters. Under the statue of his ancestor, who destroyed the Tarquins, was placed a paper with these words : '^ O that we had a Brutus now ! ". And " O that Brutus were now alive ! '* His own tribunal, upon which he sat as praetor, was continually filled with such inscriptions as these : ^^ Brutus thou sleepest ! thou art not a true Brutus ! '^ Caesar's sycophants were the occasion of this ; for^ amon^ other invidious distinctions which they paid him, they crowned his statues by night, that the people might salute hira king instead of dictator^ This however, as I have shown more at large in the Life: of Caesar, had a contrary effect.
When Cassius solicited his friends to engage in the conspiracy, they all consented, on condition that Brutus would take the lead; concluding, that it was not strength of hands or resolution which they wanted, but the countenance of a maa pf reputation like him to preside at this sacrifice, and, <by his very participation to justify the deed. They were sensi- ble, that without bim they should neither proceed with spirit, nor escape suspicion when they had effected their purpose: as the world, they knew^ would infer that if the action had been honourable* Brutus would not have refused to be concerned in iu Cassius, having considered these things, determined to pay Brutus the first visit, after the quarrel that had been between them ; and when the coaipUmenta of reconciliation were over, he asked him, whether he intended to be in the senate on the calends of March.; as ** it was reported,'* he said, ** that ^' Caesar's friends designed to move, that he should ^' be declared king.'* Brutus answered, he should not be there : upon which Cassius demanded, " But ** what, if they should send for us ? *' " It woul4 ** then," replied Brutus, " be my duty, not only to «' speak against it, but to sacrifice my life for the '* liberties of Kome.". Cassius, encouraged by this,
VOL. VI. F
«C BRUTUS.
proceeded; " But what Roman witt twar to sec ji "die? Don't you know yourself, Brutus f Think ** you that those inscriptions, which you found oo " your tril>uiial, were placed there by weavers and " victuallers, ami not by the first and greatest men « in Rome f From other prsetors they look for prc- " sents and shows, and gladiators; but from you •* they claim the abolition of tyranny, as a debt * which your family has entailed upon you. They "we ri'ady to suffer every thing on your account, ** if you are really what you ought to be, and what " ihey expect you to be." After this he embraced him, and oeing perfectly reconciled, they retired to their lespeciive friends.
In Pompey's party there was one Quintus Ligarius whom Csesar had pardoned, though he had borne arms against him. This man, less grateful for the pardon which he had received, than offended at the power which had made htm stand in need of it, hated Cffisar, but was the intimate friend of Brutus. The latter one day visited him, and finding liim unwell, said, " O Lig;ariu3 ! what a time is this to be sick ? " Upon which he raised himself on his elbow, and taking Brutus by the hand, answered ; " If Brutus *' has any design worthy of himself, Ligarius is well." They now sounded the inclinations of all whom they could trust, and took into the conspiracy not only their ^miliai' friends, but stich as they knew to be brave and above theftar of death. For thin reason, though they had the highest regard for Cicero, and, the utmost confidence in his principles ss a re-
Kablican, they concealed ti>e conspiracy from him.j tst his natnral timidity, increased by the wariness of age", and estimating every indKidutU step with a vie* to the gwatest possibfe security, should retard those measures which required the most resolute despatdi.
Brutus likewise thoupht'propicr toleanre his friendi
" He wu »ttw «i*ty-tliree jtan of *ge, "B. G. 44.*
J
BRUTUa f7
Statilins and Favonius, the follower of Cato, out ^of the coQtpiracy. He had tried their senttineiits under the colour of a philosophical dispute, m which FaTonius observed, that the worst absolute government was preferable to a civil war ; and Sta- tiiius added, that it did not become a wise or sensible man to expose himself to fear and danf^, on account of the faults and follies of others. But L^beo, who was present, contradicted both : and Brutus, though he was silent at that time^ as if the dispute had beea difficult to determine, communicated the design subsequently to Labeo, who readily concurred in it It was then agreed to gain over the other Brtitus, surnamed Albinus, who though not distinguished by his personal courage or activity, derived considerable importance firom the number of gladiators whom be bred for the public shows, and the entire confidence that Csesar reposed in him. To the solicitations of Cassius and Labeo, however, he made no answer*; but when he came privately to Brutus, and firand that he was at the head of the conspiracy, he made no scruple of joining tliem. The name of Bmtos drew in many more of the moat eminent persons of the state; and though they had entered into no oath of secrecy, they kept the conspiracy so close, that notwithstanding the gods themselves denounced the event by visions and a variety of other prodigies, no one would give any credit to it.
Brutus now felt his consequence lie heavy upon him. The safety of some of the principal men in Rome depended upon his conduct, and he ooold not think of the danger, which they were about to en- eounter, without anxiety. In public, indeed, he suppressed his uneasiness ; but at home, and espe- cially by night, be was not the same num. Some* times, he would start from his sleep ; at others, he was totally immersed in thought. From these and similar circumstances it was obvious to his wife, aa they slept together, that he was full of unusual cares» and was xevoUiqg in his mind aome difiealt and
v9
68
BRUTUS.
dangerous enteqirise. Porcia, as we before observ was the daughter of Cato. She had been married to her cousin Brutus very young, though she was then a widow, and had a son named Bihulus after his father. There is a smali tract of his still extant, called ' Memoirs of Brutus.' Porcia to the aftection of a wife added the prudence of a woman, wlio was not unacquainted with philosophy ; and she resolved to forbear inquiring into her Iiusband's secrets, before she had made the following trial uf her own firmness : She ordered all her attendants out of her apartmeot, and with a small knite gave herself a deep wound in the thigh. This occasioned a great ctl'usion of blood, violent pain, and a lever in consequence. While Brutus, who was extremely afflicted ibr her, was attending her in the height of her suffering, she thus spoke to him : *' When you married Cato's daughter, " Brutus, you did not 1 presume consider bet merely ** as a female companion, but as the partner of alt *' your fortunes. You, indeed, have given mc no " reason to repent my marriage : but what proof, ■• eitlier of affection or fidelity, can you receive fiom *• me, if I am to share neither in your secret griefs ** nor in your private counsels i 1 am sendble, that '* secrecy is not the characteristic virtue of my sex : *' but surely our natural weakness may be streiigth- *' encd by a virtuous education, and by honourable " connexions ; and Porcia can boast that she is the ** daughter of Cato, and the wife of Brutus. Yet *• even in these distinctions I placed no absolute " confidence, till I had made an e.\periment, and " found that I was proof against pain." When she had said this, she showed him her wound, and in- formed him of her motives : upon which Brutus was so much surprised, that with lifted hands lie entreated the gods to favour his enterprise, and enable him to approve himself M'orthy of Porcia. He then took cv(.'ry means to cure her wound, and to restore her to health. ' A meeting of the senate being appointed, at which
J
BRUTUS. 89
Ceesar was expected to attend, that was thought a proper time for the execution of their design. For then they could not only appear together without suspicion, but as some of the most considerable persons in the commonwealth would be present, they flattered themselves that as soon as the deed was done, these would join in asserting the coromon liberty. The place too, where the senate was to meet, seemed providentially favourable for their purpose. It was a portico adjoining to the theatre, and in the midst of a saloon furnished with benches stood a statue of Pompey, which had been erected to him by the commonwealth, when he adorned that part of the city with these buildings. Here the senate was convened on the ides of March ; and it seemed, as if some god was bringing Cassar to this place, in order to avenge upon him Pompey 's death. When the day came, Brutus went out, and took with him a dagger, which last circumstance was known only to his wife. The rest met at Cassiua' house, and conducted bis son, who was that day to put on the Toga Virilis, to the Forum ; whence they proceeded to Pompey's portico, and waited ior Caesar. Any one, who had been privy to the desigfki of the conspirators, would now have been astonished at their tranquil and consistent firmness. Many of them were praetors, and obliged by their office to hear and determine causes. These they heard with so much calmness, and decided with so much ac* curacy, that no one could have supposed there had been any thing else upon their minds : and, when a certain person appealed with great clamour from the judgement of Brutus to Cassar, Brutus looking round upon the assembly said ; *' Caesar neither does, nor *^ shall, hinder me from acting agreeably to the " laws.** Nevertheless, they were disturbed by many accidents. Though the day was far spent, still Caesar did not arrive, being detained by his wife and the soothsayers on account of defects in the sacrifices, (n the mean time a person came up to Casca, one of
70 BRUTUS.
the conspirators, and taking him by the hand, " Yow *' concealed the thing frora me," said he, " bufrl "Brutus has told me all." Casca expressed h»I surprise ; upon which the other said, laughing! " How came you to be so rich of a sudden, as I4 *• stand for the aedileship?" So nearly was the frreaitl Kcret blown, by the ambif;uity of this man's di^l course ! At the same time Popilius Lena a senaloiv | after saluting Brutus and Cassiiis in a very obliging | manner, said in a whisper; " My best wishes arc « ** with you : but make no delay, for it is now no •' secret." Upon which, he immediately went away, and left (hem in the utmost consternation, as thej concluded that every thing was discovered. Soon after this, a messenger came running from Brutus' house, and told him that his wife was dying. Porcia had been under extreme anxiety, and in great igitation about the event. At every little noise or voice she started up and ran to (lie door, like one of the frantic priestesses of Bacchus, demanding of every one who came from the Forum, what Brutus was doing. She despatclied messenger after messen-
f;er, to make the same in(|niries; and, unable any 6nger to support the agony of her mind, at length Bunk and fainted away. She had not time to retire to her chamber. As she sat in the middle of thft house, her spirits failed, her colour changed, and she lost her senses and her speech. Her women siiricked, ■ the neighbours ran to their assistance, and a report iras soon spread through the city that Porcia was dead. By the care of those about her, however, in a short time she recovered. Brutus was naturally much distressed on the intelligence, but his private grief gave way to the public concern ; for it was now reported, that Cffisar was coming on a litter. The ill omen of hts sacrifices had deterred him from entering upon business of importance, and he pro- posed to defer it under a pretence of indisposition. As soon as he had lefl the litter, Popilius La;na, who j^Jittle before hac{ wished Brutus success, went up
and spoke, to bJm for g considerable t)mQ, Gnsar all the while standing and seeming very attentive, ThQ conspirators (for so let them be stiled) not beiiigabto to hear what he said» suspected from what had paM- ed between him and Brutus, that he was now mak- ing a disdosure of their design. This disconcertedt them extremely^ and looking upon each other they agreed by the silent language of the countenance* that they would not stay to be taken, but despatch themselves. With this intent, Cassius and some others were just about to draw their daggers from under their robes; when Brutus having inferi'e4 from I/BBoa's looks and gestures, that he was peti* tioning and not accusing, encouraged Cassius by the cheerfulness of his countenance. This was the only way, in which he could communicate his sentiments, being surrounded by many that were strangers to the conspiracy. Losna, atler a little while, kissed Caesar's hand and left him ; and it plainly appearedt upon the whole, that he had been speaking about bis own private affairs.
The senate was already ieated, and the conspira^ tors, under pretence of preferring a suit to him, had crowded round Cassar's chair. Cassius turned his face to Pompey*3 statue, and invoked it^ as if it had been sensible of his prayers* Trebonios ^^ detained Antony in conversation without the court. An4 now Caesar entered, and the whole senate rose to salute him. The conspirators clustered al)out him, and set Tullius Cimber, one of their number, to solicit the recal of his brother who had been banished. In this solicitation they all united, clasping Caesar's band, and kissing his head and his breast. He re- jected their applications, however, and finding that they would not desist, at length rose from his seat in anger. Tullius upon this laid hold of his robe,
*^ Thifiy though different from Plutarch's former fuuuHint in the L4fe of Caesar, TV. ^S^. (in which he informs us, that Antony was detained by Brutus Albinus), is the more accurate statement. See Cic Philipp. it., and xiii.t
72 BRUTUS,
and pulled it from his shoulders. Casca, who stood beliind, gave him the first (though but a slight) wound with his dagger, near the shoulder. C?esar caught the handle of the dagger, and said in Latin, "Villain! Casca! What dost thou mean ?" Casca, in Greek, called his brother to Ins assistance- Ccesar was wounded by numbers almost at the same instant, and looked round him for some way to escape ; but when he saw Brutus' dagger pointed against him, he let go Casca's hand, and covering his head with his robe, resigned himself to their swords. The con- spirators pressed so eagerly to stab him, that they even wounded each other. Brutus, in attempting to have his share in the sacrifice, received a cut in his hand, and all of them were covered with blood.
Cicsar thus slain, Brutus stepped forward into the middle of the senate-house, and proposing to make a speech, desired the senators to stay. They fled however with the utmost precipitation, though no one pursued, the conspirators having no design upon any life:, but that of Ctcsar : that taken away, they invited the rest to liberty. All but Brutus indeed were of opinion, that Antony ought to fall with CfBsar i as an insolent man, who in his principles favoured monarchy, and who had rendered himself popular in the army. Moreover, beside his natural disposition to despotism, he had at this time the con- sular power, and was Cicsar's coUegue. Brutus, on the other hand, alleged the injustice of such a mea- sure, and suggested the possibility of Antony'a change of principle. He thought it far from impro- bable that, after the destruction of Cte^ar, a man so passionately fond of glory would be inspired by an emulation to join in restoring the commonwealth. Thus Antony was saved ; though, in the general consternation, he had fled in the disguise of a ple- beian. Brutus and his party betook themselves to the Capitol, and showing their bloody hands and naked swords, proclaimed liberty to the people as they passed. At first all was lamentation, distrac<
tliey passed.
BRtFtUa 7S
tion, and' anarchy : but as no farther violence was committed, the senators and people recovered their apprehensions, and went in a body to the conspira- tors in the Capitol. Brutus made a popular speech adapted to the occasion ; and, this being well re- ceived, his party were encouraged to come down into the Forum. The rest were undistinguished; but persons of the first quality attended Brutus, conducted him with great honour from the Capitol, and placed him in the Rostrum. At the sight of Brutus the populace, though disposed to tumult, were struck with reverence ; and, when he began to speak, they attended with silence. It soon ap- peared however that it was not the action, but the man, that they respected ; for when Cinna spoke and accused Caesar, they loaded him with the most oppro- brious language, and became so outrageous, that the conspirators thought proper once more to retire into the Capitol. Brutus now expected to be be- sieged, and therefore dismissed the principal people that attended him ; as he thought it unreasonabl6 that they, who had had no concern in the action, should be exposed to the danger connected with it Next day, the senate assembled in the temple of Telliis ; and Antony, Plancus, and Cicero, in their respective speeches, persuaded and prevailed upon the people to consent to an amnesty. Accordingly, not only the conspirators were pardoned, but it was decreed that the consul should take into considera- tion what honours were proper to be conferred upon them. After this, the senate broke up ; and Antony having sent his son as a hostage to the Capitol, Bru- tus and his party came down, and mutual compli- ments passed between them. Cassius was invited to sup with Antony, and Brutus with Lepidus, and the rest were entertained by their respective friends. Early the following morning the senate re-assem- bled, and voted thanks to Antony for having pre- vented a civil war, as well as to Brutus and bis party for their services to the commonwealth* The mter
tar
m
ire*
K
BRxrru&
ti^id, also, provinces distributed among them. Cret* alloited to Brutus^ Africa to Cassius, Asia to 'rcbooius, Bithvola to Cimber, and tlie other Brii> bad that part of Gaul which borders on the Po. Cesar's will, and his funeral, came next in ques- Antony proposed, that the will should be imd in public ; and that the funeral shouM not be private, or without proper magnificence, lest such treatment should exasperate the people. This, Cas- cius strongly opposed ; but Brutus agreed to it* and ire he fell into a second error. His preservation so great and formidable an enemy to the con- itracy as Antony was a gross mistake, but his giv> up the management of the funeral to him was iparable. The publication of the will had an itnediale tendency to inspire the people with a passionate regret for Cs^^ar's death ; fur he had left to each Konian citizen seventy-6ve drachmas, beside the public use of his gardens beyond the Tiber, where now the temple of Fortune stands. When the body was brought into the Forum, and Antony spoke the usiFal funeral eulogJura, as he perceived the people affected by his speech, he endeavoured still more to work upon ttieir passions, by unfolding the bIoo<ly g^trmenl of Cssar; showing them iu how naay places it had been pierced, and pointing out the nnmt>er of his wounds. This threw every ttiinj; into confusion. Some called aloud to kill the mur- therers; others, as had formerly been done in the case of the seditious demagogue Clodius'^ snatched the benches and tables from the neighbouring shops, and erected a pile lor the body in the midst of con- secrate<l places, and surrounding temples. As soon as the pile was in flames, the people crowding from parts suatched the hall-burnt brands, and ran
- *• S«t> (be Life of Cicwo, Vol. V. To ihU Cicero alludn. in hU Or«, pro Milone. 1 ^ ; and a farther account of it is giveo by Ai- « Fcdi«nu», in lii« Argunicnl to that ipeech. iTie whole of nmy unpUfied by our own Shakspeare, la
Antoo,
>nv'« aditrcM is ndmirabiy unpUfied by our o '•""«• C««ar. iiL « •
BBUTU& 75
round tKe city to set on fire the houses of the coih spirators : but they were on their guard against such an assault, and prevented the effects.
There was a poet named Cinna ^^, who had had no concern in the conspiracy, but was rather a friend of Caesar's. This inan dreamed, that Cs^^ar invited him to supper ; and that on his declining the invita- tion, he took him by the hand, and constrained hioa to follow him into a dark and deep place, which be entered with the utmost horror. The agitation of his spirits threw him into a fever, which lasted the remaining part of the night. In the morning how* ever, when Cssar was to be interred, he was asham- ed of absenting himself from the solemnity : he there- fore mingled with the multitude, recently inflamed as it was by Antony's speech ; and being unforta* nately mistaken for that Cinna, who bad before in«» veighed against Csesar, he was torn to pieces. This ipore than any thing, except Antony's change of conduct, alarmed Brutus and his party. They now thought it necessary to consult their safety, and re^ tired to Antium ^\ Here they sat down, with aa intent to return as soon as the popular fury should have subsided ; and for this, considering the caprice and inconstancy of the multitude, they concluded that they should not have long to wait. The senate^ moreover, was in their interest ; and though they did not punish Cinna's murtherers, they had causea strict inquiry to be made after those, who had at^ tempted to burn the houses of the conspirators. An^ tony, likewise, became obnoxious to the people; for they suspected him of seeking to erect another kind of monarchy. The return of Brutus was, coq? sequently, much desired ; and, as he was Co exhibil shows and games in his capacity of praetor, it wai
>« Helvius Cinna, at that time tribune of the pecf le (Dip, jjjgn 50.), and mistaken for Cornelius Cinna the praetor, who was aa accomplice in the plot.*
*i A city near the sea, hod. Anzo Rovinato in the Caapifna di Roma.*
76
BRUTUS.
expected. Brutiis, however, had received infefff jjence that several of Ca?sar's old soldiers, to whom lie had distributed lands and colonies, had stolen by email parties into Rome, and there lay in wait for him : he, tlierefore, did not think proper to come himself. Notwithstanding this, the shows exhibited on his account were extremely magnificent ; for he had bought a considerable number of wild beasts, and ordered tha( they should all be reserved without exception tor that jiiirpose. He went himself as far as Naples, to collect a number of comedians ; and being informed of one Canutius, who was mucli ad- mired upon the stage, he requested his friends to use all their interest to bring him to Rome. (_anu- tias was a Grecian, and Brutus therefore thought that no compulsion ought to be used. He wrote likewise to Cicero, and begged that he would by all means be present at the public shows.
.Such was the situation of his affairs, when upon Octavius' arrival at Rome things took a different turn. He was son to the sister"" of Caesar, who had adopted and appointed him his heir; and was pur- suing his studies at Apollonio, with the expectation of meeting his uncle there on his intended expedi- tion agttinst the Parthians, at the time of his death. Upon bearing of this event, he immediately came to Rome, and in order to ingratiate himself with the people, assumed the name ol'Cffisnr. Bv punctually distributing among the citizens the money, which had been bequeathed to them, he soon gained the ascendency over Antony ; and, by his liberality t(» the soldiers, he attracted to his party the greatest number of those, who had served under Cffisar. Cicero likewise, who hated Antony, joined his in- tercst : and this was so much resented by Brutus, thai in his letters he reproached him in the severest terms. " He perceivc<l," he said, " that Cicero was tame enough to bear a tyrant, and was only
■■ lluhn- • the uiecv.' See Utc Lae of Ciccto, Vd. V. tutu (VJU.)*
BRUTUS. 77
afraid of the. tyrant who hated him ; and that his compliments to Octavius were meant to purchase.an easy slavery : but our ancestors/* said Brutus, " scorned to bear even a gentle master. As to the measure of peace or war/* he added, " he himself was undetermined ; but upon one thing he had firmly resolved, which was, never to be a slaye/* He then expressed his surprise, " That Cicero shoyld prefer an infamous accommodation even to the dan- gers of civil war ; and that the only fruits, which hfe expected from destroying the tyranny of Antony, should be the establishment of a new tyrant in Oc- tavius ^^^ Such was the spirit of his first letters. . • The city was now divided into two factions : som^ joined Csesar, others remained with Antony, and the army was sold to the best bidder. Brutus, of course^ despaired of any desirable event ; and resolving to leave Italy, went by land to Lucania, and came to the maritime town of Elea. Porcia, being to return thence to Rome, endeavoured as well as possible to conceal the sorrow that oppressed her ; but notwithstanding her magnanimity, a picture which she found there be- trayed her distress. The subject was, the parting of Hector and Andromache. He was represented de- livering his son Astyanax into her arms, and the eyes of Andromache were fixed upon him. The re- semblance, which this picture bore to her own disr tress, made her bnrst into tears the moment she be- held it ; and frequently every day she visited the melancholy emblem, to weep over it Upon this occasion Acilius, one of Brutus' friends, repeated the passage in Homer, where Andromache says ;
Yet while my Hector still survives, I see My father, mother, brethren, all in thee "•
To which Brutus replied with a smile, *^ But I
*' See Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 16, 17.» '« Pope. Horn. 11. vi. 429., &€.•
** must not answer Porcia, as Hector did Aodi ** mache j
" Uuten to thy taski at home,
** There guide the spindie, and direct ibe loom ".
** She has not personal strength, indeed, to sustai " the toils which we undergo; but her spirit Is Da " less active in the cause of her country." ''^" anecdote we have from Bibulus, Porcia's son.
From Elea firutus sailed for Athens, where he was received with high applause, and invested with public honours. There he took up his residence witfa a particular friend, and attended the lectures of Theomnestus the Academic, and Ciatippus the Pe- ripatetic'*, devoting himself wholly to literary pur- suits. Yet, in this unsuspected state, he was private^ ^1 ly preparing for war. He despatched Herostratiu H into Slacedon, to gain the principal officers in thu " province ; and by his kindness lie secured all the young Romans who were then students at Athens. Among these was the son of Cicero, upon whom he bestowed the highest encomiums ; declaring, that he could never cease admiring the spirit of that young man, who bore such a mortal hatred to tyrants.
At length, be began to act more publicly ; and hearing that some of the Roman ships laden with money were reluming from Asia, under the com- mand of a man uf honour, a friend of liis, he met bim at Carystus a city of Euba;a. There he had u con- ference with him, and retincsled that he would sur- render to him the Nhijis. It happened to be his own birth-day, upon which occasion he gave a splendid entertain meat, and while they were drinking* Vic- tory to Brutus and Liberty to Rome,' to encourage
'» Pope. Horn 11 vi. +!)!.•
" For tomv account »f ilii* f>hilocoph«r bm Cic. OS. i. 1., Ep. ■d Fmj. xvi. 21.. tuKi De Di». i. »■■
BKDTO& 7i
the cause) be called for a larger bowL As he held it in his hand, without any visible relation to the aubject they were upon, he pronounced this verse :
My M WW doom'd by Phcebua and by Fate *'.
Some historians affirm, that ^Apollo' was the.
Earole issued to his soldiers in the last battle at Phi- ppi, and of course conclude^ that this exclamalion was a presage of his defeat. Antistius, the cotn- mander of the ships, gave him five hundred thousand drachmas of the money, which he was carrying to Italy. The remains of Pompey's army, that were Scattered about Thessaly, readily joined bis standard ; and be^de these he took five hundred horse, whom Cinna was conducting to Dolabella in Asia. He then sailed to Demetrias ^, and seized a large quantity of arms, which Julius Caesar had provided for the Par- thian war,, and which were now to be sent to Antony. Macedon was delivered up to him by Hortensius the praHor, and idl the neighbouring princes readily aSbted their assistance. When inK>rroation wais brought that Caius, the brother of Antony, had tra- versed Ii9ly to join the forces under Gafoinius in Dyrrachiumand ApoIIonia, Brutus determined loseize them before he arrived, and made a forced mairii with such troops as were at hand. The road was rugged, aed the snow deqp ; but he moved with such expedition, that his suttlers were left a long way be* hind. When he had almost reached Dyrrachium, lie was seised with a disorder called ^ Bulimia ' (or violent hunger), occasioned by cold and fatigue. This disorder aflfects both men and cattle after fii- tigues in the snow ; whether it be that, perspiration being prevented by the extreme cold, tlie vital heatia confined, and more immediately consumes the ali- ment ; or that a keen and subtile vapour rising from the melted snow penetrates the body, and destroys
tt
A line spoken by Patrodus to Hector, Horn. IL xvL S49.* A town m Thnwaly^ withe hand of the baj of Fwffmt.^
the heat by expelling it through the pores : for the sweatings seem lo arise from the heat contending with the cold, which being repelled by the latter, the vapoury steam is diffused over the surface of the body. But of this I have treated more largely in another place. Biutus growing very faint, and having no provisions, his servants were forced to go to the enemy's gates, and beg bread from the sen- tinels. These, on learning Brutus' distress, brought him meat and drink in their own hands ; and in re- turn for their humanity, when he had taken the city, he showed kindness both to them and to the rest of the inhabitants.
When Caius arrived in Apollonta, he summoned the soldiers quartered near the city to join him ; but finding that tliey were all with Brutus, and suspect- ing tliat those in Apollonia favoured the same party, he proceeded to Butlirotus'". Brutus, however, fbtmd means to destroy three of his cohorts in their march. Caius after this attempted to seize some posts near Byllis, but was routed in a set battle by young Cicero, to whom Brutus had given the com- mand of the army upon that occasion, and to whose generalship he was frequently indelitcd for success. Caius was soon afterward surprised in a marsh, whence he had no means to escape ; and Brutus finding him in his power, surrounded him witli his cavalry, and gave orders that none of his men should be killed ; expecting, that they would quickly join him of their own accord. His expectation was justified by the event. They surrendered both them- selves and their general ; so that Brutus had now a very respectable army. He treated Caius for a long time with all possible respect ; not divesting him ffl any of ihe ensigns of dignity wliich be bore, though he received letters (it is said) fiom several persons at
'■ Butbrotus (lind. Butrinto) was a city of £pini», icatcd in k pcniiiiuln upposiiL- Coriu, anil licld tiy n Roman colony. Byllia, ini' lit ion 111 bulow, was a marilimc; city iulllyrta, fuutulcd by tlic Myrmidona under Neoptuleniui. (Stcph. de Utb.)*
BRUTU& Si
tlonie, and particularly from Cicero, advising him to put him to death. At length however, when he found that he was secretly intriguing with his officers and exciting seditions among the troops, he put him on board a ship, and kept him close prisoner. The soldiers whom he had corrupted retired into ApoU lonia^ whence they sent to Brutus, that if he would visit them there, they would return to their duty. Brutus replied, " That this was not the custom of *^ the Romans ; but that those who had offended^ ^* should come in person to their general, and solicit ^* his forgiveness/' They did so, and were par- doned.
He was now preparing to pass over into Asia, when he was informed of a change in affiiirs at Rome. Young Ca^ar, abetted by the senate, had gained the ascendency over Antony and driven faim out of Italy, but at the same time he began to be not less formidable himself; for he solicited the consulship contrary to law, and kept in pay an unnecessary army. The senate consequently, though they had at first supported, were now dissatisfied with bis mea* sures : and as they began to cast their eyes on Bra* tus, and decreed or confirmed several provinces to him, CflBsar was under some apprehensions. He therefore despatched messengers to Antony, and de- sired that a reconciliation might take place. After this he drew up hb army round the city, and carried the consulship though but a boy, as he himself in- forms us in his Memoirs, in his twentieth year. He was no sooner consul, than he ordered a judicial process to issue against Brutus and his accoicplicef^ for having without trial or condemnation morthered the first magistrate in Rome. Lucius Comificius was appointed to accuse Brutus, and Marcus Agrip. pa, Cassius ; and as neither of them appeared, the judges were obliged to pass sentence against botlu It b said that when the crier, as usual, cit^ Brotus to appear, the people could not supprew their iigbs ; and persons of the first distinction heard it in siiez^t
VOL. vr. G
82 BRUTUS.
dejection. Publius Silicius'* %vas observed to burst into tears j and this was the cause, why he was after- ward proscribed. The triumvirs, Ctesar, Antony, and Lepidus, being now reconciled, divided the pro- vinces among them ; and settled that list of assassi- natJon, in which two hundred citizens, and Cicero among the rest, were proscribed.
Wlien tlie report nf these proceedings was brought into Macedon, Brutus found himself under a ne- cessity of despatching orders to Hortensius to kill Caius, the brother of Antony, in revenge of the deaths of Cicero his friend, and Brutus Albinus his kinsman. This was the reason why Antony, when he had taken Hortensius at the battle of Philippic slew him upon his brother's tomb. Brutus sayg, that he was more ashamed of the cause of Cicero's death, than grieved at the event ; while he saw Rome enslaved rather by her own fault, than by that of her tyranta, and continuing a tame spectator of scenes, which ought not to have been heard of icithout horror.
Brutus' army was now considerable, and he or- dered it's route into Asia, while a fleet was prepar- ing in Bithynia and at Cyzicum. As he marched by land, he settled the affairs of the cities, and gave audience to the princes of the couniiies throu^ which he passed. He sent directions likewise to Cassius, who was in Syria, lo abandon his intended journey into Egypt, and join him. Upon this occa- sion he tells him, that their collecting forces to de. stroy the tyrants was (or the purpose, not of secur- ing an empire to themselves, but of delivering their fellow-citizens; that they should theretbre never forget this prime object of their undertaking, but^ adhering to their flrst intentions, keep Italy trs- their eye, and hasten to rescue their country froir^ oppression. ' Cassius accordingly sent out to join him, uic3l
** 8«« Dion, xtti.ta.,*hottiiwoHt him SiliriuiCorwa>.«'' ■■
Brntos at the same xixne z:i2Jdn2 ^ose proerm to meet hiai, tiieir interrisTr yxk pLios ^z Sxjma. Till this ■Citing, tiier and roc i«;en each ov.^^ «.:r:ce they parted at the Hrstr? oi A:r.es;s xhsr. ri.«2rj* sent out ftr Syria and Br-ri« r.:r Man^.n. Tr.e IbrceSp whacll tbey feari rcsp^crse'y i«.-rr:j"'-*.*fL »¥« them great joy. aod sa^ie ijuku ir-rriderr, or v-.cest From Italr
k^ied
* 5Ciitar7 ex:.*:*- -■.-.r.ctn:
town ther fimnd
Yet saw. vitir:: in u:. j.-": a tJr.e, ^r .-•:!:% izri vjrt. ir-rl :a a
:^i niA 'jut fAtl'zr zz^r.. xrA
lit':::'!"': :c .1:51 ':m* "via r»: ia ii.4 ".^j.-ij:*:.:. i.^ xx*? ir^ irjl
1'- — '
T.an r if* :.i:: :.:'":*: .it-n 1 af jr. 5» Alii lan i.i.:pr. -ir.iiir .v::in x
thirst of power, than an attachment to the liberties of Koine. The former diaturbera of the comtnon- wealtli, Cinna, and Marius, and Carbo, evidently set iheir country as a stake for the winner, and hardly scrupled to own that they fought for empire. But the very enemies of Brutus never charge him with this. Even Antony bas been heard to say, that Brutus was the only one of the conspirators, who had the sense of honour and justice for his motive, and that the rest were wholly actuated by malice or envy. It is clear likewise, from what Brutus him- self remarks, that he finally and principally relied upon his own virtue. Thus he writes to Atticus, immediately before the engagement, ''That his affairs were in the most desirable situation imagin- able ; as he should either conquer and restore liberty to Home, or die and be free from slavery ; that every thing else was reduced to certainty ; and that ihis only remained a question. Whether they should live or die freemen T He adds, that '* Mark Antony was properly punished for his tolly ; who, when lie might have ranked him with the Bruti, the Cassii, and the Catos, chose rather to be the underling of Ocla- vius : and that, if he did not fall in the approach- ing battle, tliey would very soon be at variance with each other." In which he seems to have been a true prophet.
While Ihey were at Smyrna, Brutus desired Cas- tius to let him have part of the immense treasure which he had collected, because his own had been chiefly expended in equipping a Jleet, to jjain the superiority at sea. But (i-om this the (iiends ot" Casslus dissuaded him, alleging that it would be ab> surd to give Brutus money saved with so much fru- gality, and acquired with so much envy, merely to enable him lo increase his popularily, by distributing it among tl>e soldiers. Cassius, however, gave him a third of what he had, and they then separated to their respective commands. Cassius behaved with great severity on the taking of Kbodes : thougjt
BRUTU& US
when he first entered the city, and was saluted with the title of king and master, he answered ; ^^ That he was neither their king nor their master, but the chastiser and destroyer of him who would ^^ have been both." Brutus demanded supplies ci( men and money from the Lycians; but Naucrates, a demagogue, persuaded the cities to rebel, and some of the inhabitants posted themselves on the hills with an intention of opposing his passage. Bru- tus at first despatched a party of horse, which sur* prised them at dinner, and killed six hundred of them. But afterward when he had taken the adja- cent towns and villages, he gave up the prisoners without ransom, hoping to gain them to his party by clemency. Their former sufferings however made them reject his humanity, and those that still resisted, being driven into the city of Xanthus, were there besieged. As a river ran close by the town, several attempted to escape by swimming and diving ; but they were prevented by nets let down for that pur- pose, which had little bells at the top, to give notice when any one was taken. After this the Xanthians made a sally in the night and set fire to several of the battering-engines ; but they were perceived and T-epulsed by the Romans, and at the same time the violence of the winds drove the fiames against the city, so that several houses near the battlements took fire. Brutus, apprehensive that the whole city would be destroyed, sent his own soldiers to assist the inhabitants in quenching the fire. But the Ly- cians were seized with an incredible despair, a kind of phrensy, which can no otherwise be described than by calling it a longing for death ! Womej;i and children, freemen and slaves, people of all ages and conditions, strove to drive back the soldiers as they came to their assistance from the walls. With their own hands they collected wood, and reeds, and all kinds of combustibles, in order to spread the fire throughout the city, and encouraged it's progress by all the means in tlieir power. Thus assisted, the
2
80 BRUTUS.
flames flew over the whole with dreadful rapidity | while Brutus, extremely shocked at the disaster, rtide round the walls, and stretching forth hi» hands to the inhabitants, implored them to spare themselves and their city ; but, regardless of his entreaties, th^ strenuously persisted in putting an end to their livesi Men, women, and even children, with hideous cries leaped into the flames. Some threw themselves headlong from the walls, and others fell upon the swords of their parents, opening their breasts and begging to be slain.
When the city was nearly reduced to ashes a woman was found, who had hanged liersclf with her young cliild fastened to her neck, and the torcb in her hand with which she had set fire to her house. This deplorable object so much afiected Brutus, that he wept when he was told of it, and proclaimed a reward to any soldier who could save a Xanthian, It is said, however, that not more than a hundred and fifty were preserved, and those against their "will. Thus the Xanthians, as if fate had appointed certain periods for their destruction, after a long course of years sunk into (he same deplorable ruin, in which a similar impulse of rash despair had involved their ancestors in the Persian war j for they also burned their city, and destroyed themselves.
After this, when the Patareans likewise made resistance, Brutus was under great anxiety about besieging them ; for he was afraid, they should fol> low the desperate measures of the Xanthians. Hav- ing some of their women however, whom he had taken prisoners, he dismissed tiicm without ransom ; and those returning to their husbands and parents, who happened to be people of the first distinction, BO much extolled his justice and moderation, that they prevailed upon them to submit and surrender their city into his hands. The adjacent cities fol- lowed their example, and found that his humanity exceeded their hopes. Cassius had compelled every Rhodian to give up all the gold aod silver in hu
I
B&UTUSk t|
posdessioni by which he amassed eight thouwid talents, and yet he laid the public under a fine a^ five hundred talents more; but Brutus took only a hundred and fifty talents from the Lycians, and without offering them any other injury, led his army into Ionia.
BrutuSi in the course of this expedition, did maaj acts of justice ; and was vigilant in the dispensatioa of rewards and punishments. An instance of this. I shall relate, because both he himself, and tvetj honest Roman, w*as particularly pleased with it: When Pompey the Great, after his overthrow at Fharsalia, fled into £g3rpt, and landed near Feiusiuaib the tutors and ministers of young Ptolemy consulted what measures tliey should take upon the occaaoa. But they differed in their opinions : some were fiir receiving him, others for shutting him out of Egypt* Theodotus, a Chian by birth and a teacher of rhe* toric by profession, who then attended tlie king m that capacity, was for want oi abler mioiuers ad- mitted to the council. This man insisted, that they were all in the wrong ; both those who wcie for admitting, and those who were ibr exdudio^ Pompey. The best measure which they couJd adopts he said, would be to put him to death; and he closed his speech with the pro%'erb, ' Dead men do not bite */ To this the council agreed ; and Pompey the Great, an example of the incre^* dible mutability of fortune, fell a sacrifice to the eloquent arguments of a sophist, as that K>phist lived subsequently to boast. Not long aften^ard^ upon Ca^ar's arrival in Egypt, some of the mur* therers received their proper reward, and were put to death : but Theodotus made his escape. Yet, though for a while he gained from fortune the poor privilege of a wandering and de^'cable existence; ne fell at last into the hands of Brutu^, as be was passing through Asia; and, by paying the forfeit €ff
• See the Life of Pompej, IV.2a&*
88 BRUTUS.
his baseness, became more memorablo from Iiis deathj than from any thing in his life.
About tiiis time, Brutus sent (or Cassius to Sardis, and went with his friends to meet him. The whole army, being drawn up, saluted both the leaders with the title ot'lmperaior. But as it usually happens in important affairs, where many Cricnds and many officers are engaged, mutual complaints and suspi- cions arose between the two chieflains. To settle these more properly, they retired into an apartment by themselves. Expostulations, debates, and accu- sations ensued ; and that to so high a degree, that they burst into tears. Tlieir friends without were Mirprised at the loudness and asperity of the con- ference ; but though they wei-e apprehensive of the consequence, they durst not interfere, because they had been expressly forbidden to enter. Favonius however, an imitator of C;ito, but rather enthusiastic than rational in his philosophy, attempted to go in. The servants in waiting endeavoured to prevent him, but it was not easy to stop his impetuosity. He was headstrong and violent in his whole conduct, and valued himselfless upon his dignity as a senator, than upon a kind of cynical freedom in saying what* ever he pleased ; a character not unentertaining to those, who could bear with his impertinence. This man broke through the door, and rushed into the apartment, pronouncing io a theatrical tone wbaf Nestor says ia Hopier,
Young men, be ruled; I'm older ihnn you both".
Cassius laughed : But Brutus thrust him out, telling him that he pretended to be a cynic, but was in reality a dog". This however terminated the dift- pute, and for that time they parted. Casstus gave an entertainment in the evening, to which Brutus
*' From ■'Mir, ' s dog,' is derived the appcUuion of that claw of tnarliog phitowphiiOi.*
BRUTua at
invited his friends. When they were seated, Favo- nius came in from bathing. Brutus called aloud to him, telling him he was not invited, and bade him go to the end of the table. Favonius notwithstand* ing thrust himself in, and sat down in the middle^. Upon that occasion, there was much learning and good humour in the conversation.
The day following one Lucius Pella, who had been praetor and employed in offices of trust, being charged by the Sardians with having embezzled tliue public money, was disgraced and condemned by Brutus. This was extremely mortifying to " as a little while before he had acquitted two of own friends accused of the same crime, and contents ing himself with giving them a private reproof, con- tinued them in office. Of course, he charged Brutht with too rigid and scrupulous an exertion of the lawt^ at ^ time when lenity was much more politic. Bm* lus on the other hand reminded him of the ides of March, the day when they had killed Caesar, who was not (personally speaking) the scourge of man* kind, but only abetted with his power those that were so. He bade him consider, that if the neglect of justice were in any case to be connived at, it should have been done before ; and that they had better have borne with the oppressions of Caesar's friends, than suffer the mal-practices of their own to pass with impunity : ^^ For then,"' continued he, ^^ we could have been blamed only for cowardice ; " but now, after all we have undergone, we shall lie ** under the imputation of injustice." Such were
the principles of Brutus.
•
*^ The Romans had three couches, holding three each, at the table, upon which the guesU reclined. Of these the middle one was the most respectable, and the middle place upon it the place of honour. The locus consuiaru^ however, where ttic consul wbo^ present was placed, was the lowest on the middle couch, as he could there most coaveniently receive any messages ; and next to him the host reclined, at the top of the lowest couch. The imi conviva lecti (Hor. Sat. II. viii. io.) were often his parastes, and fumble friends**
When tUey were about to leave Asia, Brutus (it i#' said) had an extraordinary apparition. Naturally watchful, sparing in his diet, and assiduous in busi- ness, he allowed himself but little time for sleep. In the day, he never slept at all ; nor in the niglit, till all business was over, and his friends had retired, and left him nobody to converse with. But at this time, involved as he was in the operations of war, and solicitous for the event, he only slumbered a little after supper, and spent the rest of the right in ordering his most urgent afiairs. When these were despatched, he employed himself in read- ing till the third watch '', at which time the tribunes and centurions came to him for orders. In (his manner, a little before he left Asia, be was sitting alone in his tent, by a dim light and at a late hour. The whole army lay in dead silence, when the gene- ral, wrapped in deep meditation, thought he per. ceived something enter his tent ; and turning toward the door, saw a horrible and monstrous spectre standing stilly by his side. " What art thou?" said be boldly ; " Art thou god, or man ? And what is *' thy business with me ? " The spectre answered, " I am thy evil genius, Brutus ! Thou wilt see tne " at Philippi." To which he calmly replied, " I'll *• meet thee there." As soon as the apparition was gone, he called his servants, who told him they had neither heard any noise, nor seen any vision. That night he did not lie down to rest, but went early in the morning to Cassius, and told him what had hap- pened. Cassius, who was of the school of Epicurus, and used fiequentty to dispute with Brutus upon these subjects, answered him thus: " It is the opinion " of our sect, that not every thing which we see is " real ; for matter is evasive, and sense deceitful. " Besides, the visual impressions are by the quick " and subtile iofiuence of itnagiuation tlirown into a
" Or midnight. There were four waldiCB of throe koura cacW commcacing at 6 P. M., in the Koman discipline.*
]
BRUTUS M
*^ variety of forms, many of which have no ardie^ types in nature ; and this the imagination effecta^ as easily as we make an impression on wax. The mind of man, having in itself the plastic poweis and the component parts, can fashion and vary it*t objects at pleasure. This is clear from the sud* den transition of dreams, in which the imagimu ^' tion can educe from the slightest principles such ^' an amazing variety of forms, and call into exei«- *^ cise all the passions of the souL The mind h perpetually in motion, and that motion is ima§^ nation or thought. But when the body, as IE your case, is fatigued with labour, it naturally suspends or perverts the regular functions of the mind. Upon the whole, it is highly improbable^ ^^ that there should be any such beings as dsemoM ^' or spirits : or that, if there were such, they should '^ assume a human shape or voice, or have any power <« to affect us. At tne same time, I own I could ^^ wish there were such beings, that we might not '^ rely on fleets and armies, but find the concurrence ^^ of the gods in this our sacred and glorious entefv ^^ prise.'* Such were the arguments, which he used to tranquillise Brutus.
When the army began to march, two eagles perched upon the two first standards, and accompa- nied them as far as Philippi, being constantly fed by the soldiers; but, the day before the battle, they flew away. Brutus had already reduced most of the nations in these parts; nevertheless, he traversed the sea-coast opposite to Thasus, that if any hostile power remained, he might bring it into subjection. Norbanus, who was encamped in the straits near Symbolum^®, they surrounded in such a manner, that they obliged him to quit the place. He nar- rowly escaped losing his whole army indeed, which would certainly have been the case, had not AntOQj come to his relief with such astonishing expeditioOy
»• See Dion, xlviL M.*
K BRUTUS.
that Brutus could not believe it possible. CssarJ ■who had been detained by sickness, joined liis army about ten days afterward. Brutus was encamped over-against him, and Cassius was opposite to Antony. The space between the two armies, the Romans called ' the plains of Philippi.' Two armies of Romans, equal in numbers to these, had never before met to engage each other. Cassar's was some- what superior in numbers, but in the splendour of arms and equipage it was far exceeded by that of Brutus; for most of their arms were of gold and sil- ver, whicli their general had liberally bestowed upon them. In other things, Brutus had accustomed his officers to frugality ; but the riches which his soldiers carried about with them would at once, he thought, add to the spirit of the ambitious, and stimulate the covetous to the defence of their arms, the principal part of their wealth ''K
Cfesar made a lustration of his army within the camp, and gave each private man a little corn and iive drachmas only for the sacrifice. But Brutus, in order to show his contempt of the poverty or the avarice of CiBsar, made a public lustration of his army in the field ; and not only distributed cattle to each cohort for the sacrifice, but gave fifty drachmas upon the occasion to each private man. Of course he was more beloved by his soldiers, and they were more ready to fight for him. It is reported that, during the lustration, an unlucky omen happened to Cassius. The garland, which he was to wear at the sacrifice, was presented to him the wrong side outward. At a solemn procession likewise some
*9 This irw likewise J. CR«ar's notion (see Suet. Jul. Isvii,); anil Scrtorius, as we leant from hin Life, acted upon Ute same principle. It was not however tlie universal creed, as appears both from what is related of Mithrldates, io the Lire of LuciiDus, III. 298., and from a fine passage in Li»y, ix. 40. That Acricola indeed was of Hrutiu' opinion, may be inferred from Galgiicus' M>eech to his Britons. (Tac, Vit. Agr. xxxii.) But the epic wrilert, llonier and Virgil, Rcem lo deride er "icnt it Bs often tutal to it
1 eaudiness of arms, and rcprv' 11. ii.872., JEa. ' "" ' '
. \i. 76S., 4c* «
BRUTUS 99
time before, the person who bore the golden image of Victory before Cassius, it was said, happened to stumble ^9 and the image fell to the ground. Several birds of prey hovered daily about tlie camp, and swarms of bees ''^ were seen within the trenches; Upoh which, the soothsayers ordered the part where they appeared to be shut up; for Cassius^ with all his Epicurean philosophy, began to be superstitious, and the soldiers were extremely dis* heartened.
For this reason Cassius wa9 inclined to protract the war, arid unwilling to hazard the whole of.thd event upon the ensuing engagement. What farther recommended this measure was, that they were stronger in money and provisions, but inferior in numbers. Brutus, on the other hand, was as usual for an instant decision ; that he might either give^ liberty to his country, or rescue his fellow- citizens from the toils and expenses and dangers of war. He was encouraged likewise by the success, which his cavalry had met with in several skirmishes, and some instances of desertion and mutiny in the camp brought over many of Cassius' friends to his opinion* There was one Atellius however, a friend of bis;; who still opposed his project, and advised to put it off till the next winter. When Brutus asked him^ what advantages he expected thence, he replied; " If I gain nothing else, I shall at least live so much
the longer/' Both Cassius and the rest of the officers were displeased with this answer, and it was determined to give battle the day following. . Brutus, that night, expressed great confidence and cheerfulness ; and having passed the hour of supper in philosophical conversation, retired to rest. Mes- sala says, that Cassius supped in private with some of his most intimate friends ; and that, contrary to
s* Dion (xlviL 40.) simply mentions the fact, without statilig either that the image was of gold, or borne before Cassius.* '« See the Life of Dion, p. 23^ not. 29*
Si BRUTUS.
his usual manner, he was pensive and silent. Aftd supper, he adds, he took him by the hand, and press, ing it close, said courteousi)' in Greek (the language, which he used upon such occasions), " Bear witness, " Messala. that I am reduced to the same necessity " with Pompey the Great, of hazarding the hberty " of my country upon one battle. Yet I have con- *• fidence in our good-fortune, upon which we ought " still to rely, though our measures be indiscreet." These, Mcssala informs us, were the last words that Cassius spoke, before he bade him farewell ; and the following day, being his birtii-day'% he invited Cas- sius to sup with him.
Next morning as soon as it was light, the scarlet robe, whicli was the signal for battle, was hung out in the tents of Brutus and Cassius ; and they them- selves met on the plain between the two armies. Upon tiiis occasion, Cassius thus addressed himself to Brutus ; *' May the gods, Brulus, make this day " successful, that we may pass the rest of our days *' together In prosperity! But as the most im- *' portant of human events are the most uncertain, ** and as we may never see each other more, if *' we are unfortunate upon this occasion, tell me '* what is your resolution concerning flight and "death?"
To this Brutus replied, *' In the younger and " less experitmced part of my life I was led, upon *' philosophical prinriples, to condemn the conduct " of Cato in killing himself. I thought it at once *' impious and unmanly to sink beneath the stroke *' of fortune, and to refuse the tot that had befallen *' us. In my present situation, however, 1 am of a
" Mcs«ala'E, as M. Iticaril rightly tupposca; if indeed it had beenCoMius' (according lo our Shutstifan.', Jul. Cirs. ▼. 1.; influ- enced undoubtedly liy Nortli's trHnslation I'rom the French of Ainyot), he would' havi* supplied on addiiiunal insUncc of a i^c.-it Kmn'a djing, like Fonipcy Qiid Atbtlua and Shakinoarc himRrlf, on hisbinh-day; and, h>' e'ulIi, ttould hardly have ticcn omitted in Plutorch'i Lit : tve the Life of Camiltiis, L 380.
BRUTUa M
^ different opinion. So that if heaven should now *^ be unfitvourable to our ^^ishes, I will no longer *^ solicit my hopes or my fortune, but die contented ^^ with it, such as it is. On the ides of March, I ** devoted my life to my country ; and since tha^ ** time, I have lived in liberty and glory/* At these words Cassius smiled, and embracing Brutus said, ^^ Let us march then against the enemy : for with ^' these resolutions, though we should not conquer, ** we have nothing to fear." They then consulted with their friends concerning the order of battle. Brutus desired, that he mi^ht command the right wing, though that post was thought more proper fbv Cassius on account of his experience : Cassius how* ever gave it up to him, and placed Messala, with the best of his legions, in the same wing. Brutus immediately drew out his cavalry, which were equips ped with great magnificence, and the foot followed close behind.
Antony's troops were at this time employed ia making a trench from the marsh, where they were encamped, in order to cut off Cassius' communica* tion with the sea. Caesar, confined by sickness^ laj^ still in his tent. His soldiers were far from expect* ing, that the enemy would hazard a pitched battle* They supposed, that they were only making excur* sions to harass the trench-diggers with their light arms ; and, not perceiving that they were pouring in upon them, they were astonished at the tumul* tuous and loud outcry which they heard from the trenches. Brutus in the mean time sent tickets ta the several officers with the word of battle, and rode through the ranks to encourage his men. But ther^ were few, who had patience to wait for the word« The chief part, before it could reach them, fell with loud shouts upon the enemy. This precipitate onset threw the army into confusion, and separated tb^ legions. Messala*s legion first turned the left wiog of Cffisar, and was followed by those who were sta* tioned near him. In their way, they disorder^
86
BRUTUS.
some of the outmost ranks, and killed a few of tlio enemy : but their chief oliject wa3 to fall upon Caesar's camp, and, liiey pushed dirtctly up to it. t'Esar him.seJtj as he informs us in his MccDoiis, had but just before been conveyed ont of his tent ; in conse- quence of a vision of his friend ArtoriuR, which commanded that he should be carried out of the camp. This gave currency to a report, that he was slain ; for the soldiers hud pierced his empty litter in many places with darts. Tho<'e that were taken in the camp were put to the sword, among whom were two thousand Lacedajmonian " auxiliaries. The of the forces, who attacked Caesar's legions in front» easily put them to the rout, and cut three legions iQ pieces. After this, borne forward with the impctu. osity of victory, they rushed into the camp along with the fugitives, and Brutus was in the midst c^; them. The flank of Brutus' army «as now left uiw guarded, by tlie separation of the right wing, which had advanced too far in the pursuit ; and the enemv perceiving this, endeavoured to take advantage of it. They accordingly attacked it with great fury, . but could make no impre<^ston upon the main body, which received theui with the utmost firmness. The left wing, however [under the command of Cassius] was soon routed ; for the men were in disorder, and knew nothing of what had passed in the right. The enemy pursued them into the camp, which they plundered and destroyed, though neither of tlieir generals were present. Antony, it is said, to avoid the fury of the first onset, had retired into the ad- joining marsh ; and C;L'sar, who had been carried lick out of the camp, was no where to be fiiund. Nay, some of the soldiers would have persuaded Brutus that they had killed Cccsar, describing his
■ " For ■ LacedtcmonUn,* M. Dscier pi auiiblj- suggests ' Mac«- diHiiiui ' nuxltinrieK. The laltcr were certainly nearer llie scene of ■ctiuii than the fonncr, and hail liki'»'i»e more conncxiun with Sonic-. Tile ' LacedtciTion' alui, mentioned below, u x doubttu! f ^rxKJ Bpon the sune ucoount.*
m
BRUTUS. 07
age and person, and showing him their bloodf swords.
The main body of Brutus* army had now made prodigious havock of the enemy ; and Brutus in hit quarter was no less absolutely conqueror, than Cas* si us was conquered. The want of knowing this was the ruin of their affiiirs. Brutus neglected to relieve Cassius, thinking that he as well as himsdf was victorious ; and Cassius did not expect relief from Brutus^ thinking that he as well as himself was overcome.
When Brutus had destroyed Caesar's camp, and was returning from the pursuit, he was surprised that he could neither perceive Cassius' tent as usual above the rest, nor any of those that were about it ; for they had been demolished by the enemy, on their first entering the camp. Some, that were of quicker sight than the rest, told him they could per- ceive a motion of shining helmets and silver targets in Cassius' camp; and supposed, from their num- bers and their armour, that they could not be those, who had been left to guard the camp : though at the same time there was a less appearance of dead bo* dies, than there must have been after the defeat of so many legions. This gave Brutus the first duspi* cion of Cassius' misfortune ; and leaving a sufficient guard in the enemy's camp, he called off the re- mainder from the pursuit, and led them to his friend's relief.
The case of Cassius was as follows : Chagrined at first by the irregular conduct of Brutus' soldiers, who had begun the attack without waiting for their general's orders, and afterward by their alacrity to plunder, rather than to surround and cut off the enemy ; he trifled, instead of showing vigour and alacrity, with his command, and through want of vigilance suffered himself to be hemmed in by the enemy^s right wing ; upon which his cavalnr quitted their post, and fled toward the sea* The foot, like- wise, began to give way ; and though he exerted
VOL. vr. H
himself to tiie utmost to stop their fliglit, and snatch- ing an ensign from the hand of one of the fugitives fixed it at his feet, he was scarcely able to keep even his own pr^torian hand together : so that he was at length obliged to retire, with a very small number, to a hill which overlooked the plain. Yet here he could discover nothing; for he was short-sighted, and it was with some difficulty that he could perceive his own camp plundered. His companions however saw a large detachment of horse, which Brutus had sent to their rehef, making up to them. These Cassius concluded to be the enemy, that were in pursuit of him ; notwithstanding which, he detaclied Titinius to reconnoitre them. When Brutus' cavalry saw this faithful friend of Cassius approach, they shouted for joy. His acquaintances leaped from their horses to embrace him, and the rest rode round him with clashing of arms, and all the clamorous ex- pressionsof immoderate gladness. This circumstance nad a fatal effect. Cassius took it for granted, that Titinius was seized by the enemy ; and regretted that through a weak desiic of life, he had suffered his friend to fall into their hands. When he had ex- pressed himself to this purport, he retired into an empty tent, accompanied only by his freedman Pin- darus, whom ever since Crassus' defeat he had re- tained for a particular object. In that defeat, he had escaped out of the hands of the Parthian j ; but now wrapping his robe about his fixce, he laid bare his neck, and comnnmded Pindarus to cut off his head. This was done ; for his head was found se- vered from his body : but whether Pindarus did it by his master's command or not, has been suspected, because he never afterward appeared. It was quickly discovered who the cavalry were j and Titinius, crowned with garlands, came to the place where he had left Cassius. The lamentations of his friends informing him of his general's unhappy fate, he se- verely reproached himself for the tardiness which had occasioned it, and fell upon his sword. 3
BRUTUS. 9»
Brutus, as soon as he was assured of Cassius* de- feat, made all possible haste to his relief; but he knew nothing of his death, till he came up to his camp. There he wept over his body, and called him ^ the last of Romans ;' intimating, that Rome would never produce another man of equal spirit. His funeral he ordered to be celebrated at Thasus, that it might not occasion any disorder in the camp. His dispersed and dejected soldiers he collected, and encouraged ; and as they had been stripped of every thing by the enemy, he promised them two thou- sand drachmas a man. This munificence at once encouraged, and surprised them : they attended him at his departure with loud acclamations, and com- plimented him as the only general of the four, who had not been beaten. Brutus was confident of vic- tory, and the event justified his hopes ; for with a few legions he overcame all that opposed him, and if most of his soldiers had not passed the enemy in pursuit of plunder, the battle must have been deci* sive in his favour. He lost eight thousand men, including the servants, whom he called * Briges/ The enemy, Messala says he supposes, lost more than twice that number. They were, consequently, more discouraged than Brutus ; till Demetrius, a servant of Cassius, went over to Antony in the even- ing, and carried him his master's robe and sword, which he had taken from the dead body. This so effectually encouraged them, that they were drawn up in form of battle by break of day. Both camps in the occupation of Brutus involved him in difficul- ties. His own, full of prisoners, required a strong guard. At the same time, many of Cassius' soldiers murmured at their change of master, and the van- quished were naturally envious and jealous of the victors. He therefore thought proper to draw up his army, but not to fight.
All the slaves, whom he had taken prisoners, being found practising with his soldiers, were put to the sword, but most of the freemen and citizens be
H 2
100 BRUTUS.
diiimisged ; telling them at the same time, that " They were more truly prisoners in the hands of tbi *' enemy, than in his : with them," he said, " thevj *' were slaves indeed, but with him freemen an _ ** citizens of Itome." He was obliged, however, te""! dismiss them privately ; for they had implacablft I enemies among his own friends and officers. Amongi I the prisoners were Volumnius a mimic, and Saculioi I a buffoon ; of whom Brutus took no notice, till thef»j were brought before him, and accused of continuing even in their captivity, their scurrilous language and abusive jests. Yet still, engaged in more important concerns, he paid no regard to the accusation ; Messala Corvinus however was of opinion, that they ouglit to be publicly whipped and sent naked to the enemy, as proper associates and comrades for such generals. Some were entertained by the idea, and laughed ; but Publius Casca, the first who wounded Ctesar, observed that it was indecent to celebrate the obsequies of Cassius with jesting and laughter: *' As for you, Brutus," said he, " it will be seen *' what esteem you have for the memory of that " general, when you shall have either punished or " pardoned those, who ridicule and revile him." Brutus, resenting this expostulation, replied ; " Why " do you apply to me, Casca, instead of acting upon " your own ideas ?" This answer was considered as an assent to their death ; so the poor wretches were led away, and executed.
He now distributed the proniisetl rewards to hi.s Koldiers; and, atier gently rebuking them for hav- ing begun the assault without waiting for the word of battle, promised that if tliey acquitted ihemselve-- to his satisfaction in the next engagement, he would give them up the cities of Lacedit>mon and Thessa- lonica to plumler. This is the only circumstance in his life, which baffles all a[X>h>gy. For though An- tony and (.';eHar Bubsecjucnlly acted with more un- bounded cruelty in rewarding their soldiers, having driven most ot' the ancient inhabiunts ot' Italy from
^
BRUTUB. 101
their lands, and bestowed them upon those vfho had no title to them ; yet they acted consistently wiA their first object, which was the acquisition of em- pire and arbitrary power. But Brutus maintained such a reputation for virtue, that he was neither allowed to conquer, nor even to save himself, ex« cept upon the strictest principles of honour and justice : more particularly, since the death of Caa- sius, who was generally supposed to have influenced Brutus in any unusual act of violence. As sailors however, when their rudder is broken in a storm, substitute some other piece of wood in it's place, and though they are not able to steer so well as be- fore, do the best they can in their necessity; sd Brutus, at the head of such an immense army and such important affairs, unassisted by any officer equal to the charge, was obliged to make use of suck advisers as he had : and he generally followed the counsel of those, who proposed any thing that might bring Cassius' soldiers to order* For these were now become extremely untractable ; insolent in the camp from their want of a commander, though cowardly in the field from the remembrance of their defeat.
The afiairs of Cassar and Antony were not in a much better condition. Provisions were scarce, and the marshy situation of their camp made them dread a toilsome winter. The autumnal rains indeed had fallen heavy after the battle, and filled their tentd with mire and water, which from the coldness of the weather immediately froze. In this situation they received intelligence of their loss at sea. Their fleet, on it's way from Italy with a large supply of soldiers, had been met by that of Brutus, and so totally de- feated, that the few who escaped were reduced by famine to eat the sails and tackle of the ships, it was now determined upon Caesar's side, that they should come to battle before Brutus was apprised or his success. The fights, it appears, by sea and land had taken place on the same day ; but by some acci- dent, rather than the fiiult of the officers,' Brutus
102 BRUTUS,
heard nothing of his victory till twenty days after-" ward. Had he been informed of it, he would cer- tainly never have hasarded a second battle ; as lie had provisions sufficient tor a considerable length ot time, and his army was so advantageously posted, that it was safe both from the injuries of the weather and the incursions of the enemy. Besides, knowing that he was wholly master at sea and partly victo- rious by land, he would have had every thing ima- ginable to encourage him, and could not have been urged to any dangerous measures by despair.
But the republican form of government, it ^eems, was no longer to subsist in Rome: it nece-'^aiily re- quired a monarchy ; and Providence in oidrr to re- move the only man, who could oppose it's destined master, kept from him the knowledge of his victory till it was too late. And yet, how nearly had he received the intelligence ! The very evening before the engagement a deserter named Clodius came over from the enemy to tell him, that Caesar had learnt the loss of his fleet, and that this was the reason of his hastening the battle. The deserter, however, was considered either as designing or ill-informed : his communication was disregarded, and he was not even admitted into Brutus' presence.
That night, they say, the spectre re-appeared to Brutus, and assumed it's former figure, but vanished without speaking. Yet Publius Volumnius a philo- sophical man, who had borne arms with Brutua throughout the whole war, makes no mention of this prodigy ; though he says, that the (irst standard was covered with a swarm of bees ", and that the arm of one of the officers incessantly perspired oil of roses, though often wiped and rubbed off". He adds like- wise, that immediately before the battle, two eagles fought in the space between the two armies ; and that an incredible silence and attention prevailed in tlic licld, till that on the side of Brutus was beaten
* 8MKboye,.9,_SS,.nM.C^.)
BRtJTU& lot
and flew away. The story of the Ethiopian is well known, who meeting the standard-bearer opening the gate of the camp, was cut in pieces by the 8(£ diers ; for that they interpreted as an ill omen.
When Brutus had drawn up his army in form of battle, he paused some time before he gave the word. While he was visiting the ranks, he had sus- picions of some, and heard accusations of others. The cavalry he found had no ardour for the attack^ but seemed waiting to see what the foot would do. Besides, Camulatus a soldier in the highest estima- tion for valour rode close by Brutus, and went over to the enemy in his sight. This hurt him inexpres- sibly ; and partly from anger, partly from fear of farther desertion and treachery, he led his forces against the enemy about three in the afternoon. Where he himself fought in person, he was still suc- cessful. He charged the enemy's left wing, and the cavalry following the impression which the foot had made, it was put to the rout. But when his other wing was ordered to advance, the inferiority of their numbers made them apprehensive that they should be surrounded. For this reason they extended their ranks, in order to cover more ground j by which means the centre of the wing was so much weak- ened ^% that it could not sustain the shock of the enemy, but fled at the first onset. After their dis* persion the enemy surrounded Brutus, who did every thing that the bravest and most expert general could do in his situation, and whose conduct at least entitled him to victory. But what seemed an advantage in the first engagement, proved a dis- advantage in the second. In the former battle, the conquered wing of the enemy was totally cut ofl^ while most of the men in the conquered wing of Cassius were saved ^^. This, at the time, might ap-
3^ This appears to have determined the issue of the fatal dajr oC Austerlitz.'*^
3^ There is no defect in the original, as the former translator imagines. He supposed the defeat of Casiius' soldiers to be k die
£Iei zh&m wilh rad rinngbthe
1 ictrnm amidst
^ armc anevaRBilT jcst ao accoont 31 ■^-"■Miu- vmr wKaDitefT picaseu me JHC 9t 3IISSS aaoL Manv others 3wr ^ocTi sktt Bratos was brought L ar see ais ; mne pitjing his mis- ;2caKB accsaed him of an inglorious Tin^ ikK Hifacd the love of life to k (^ hsads of barbarians. On his I AnCOBT vas deliberating in what leieiic him» Lucilius first ad- aad vith the utmost intrepidity said ; AatooT, that Brutus neither is, nor he, taken bj an enemy. F(»rbid it, heaven, Mtime siioiild have such a triumph over vir- Whether he be found alive or dead, he will be Biaad in a state becoming Brutus. I have
MC k die foffiser battle. This led him into the diffi^ ', whidi he iccraaed bj Utmslating rAiw irxf, ' victory/ in*
« 9ec the lift ef Aatoqri Vd. V.«
BRUTUa lot
^^ imposed upon your soldiers, and am prepared to *^ suffer the worst which you can inflict/' Thus spoke Lucilius, to the astonishment of those that were present. When Antony, addressing himself to those who brought him, said; ^^ I perceivOf ^^ fellow-soldiers, that you are angry at this imposi- ^' tion of Lucilius : but you have really gotten a <^ better booty, than you intended. You sought an ^^ enemy, but you have secured me a friend. I know ^^ not how I should have treated Brutus, had you ^^ brought him alive ; but I am sure, that it is better ^^ to have such a man as Lucilius for a friend, than ^^ for an enemy/' Upon this, he embraced Luciliui^ recommending him to the care of one of his compa- nions : and he ever afterward found him faSthful to his interests.
Brutus, attended by a few of his officers and friendtf having passed a brook overhung with cliffi and shaded with trees, and being overtaken by night, stopped in a cavity under a large rock. There cast^ ing his eyes upon the heavens, which were covered with stars, he repeated two verses, one of whidi (Volumnius informs us) was this;
Forgire not, Jore, the caufe of this distress '^«
The other, he says, had escaped his memory. Upon enumerating the several friends, slain before his eyea in the battle, he sighed deeply at the mention of Flavins and Labeo ; the latter of whom was his lteu« tenant, and the former the master of his band oi artificers. In the mean while one of his attendanta beiog thirsty, and observing Brutus in the same con- dition, took his helmet, and went (o the brook for water. At the same time a noise was heard on tho opposite bank, and Volumnius and Dardanus the armour-bearer went to see what it was. In a short time they returned, and asked for the water ; ** It is
)< Eurip. Med. S3S. The oae forgottea was to the pvport of Non in re, ted in verbo tantikm^ €$$e virtuiem. (por. i?. 7.) 8ef Dion. xlTii.,«id Hor. Ep. I. xrn. 41.*
106 BRUTUS.
" all drunk up," said Brutus with a emilc, " but " anotliei' liel met- full shall be fetched." The man, who had brought the first, was therefore sent again ; but he was wounded by the enemy, and with diffi- culty made his escape.
As Brutus supposed, that he had not lost many men in the battle, StaLilius undertook to pass through the enemy (for there was no other way) and see in what condition their camp was. If things were safe there, he was to hold up a torch as a signal, and re-' turn. He got safe to tlie camp, for the torch waff held up; but a long time elapsed, and he did not return. " If Statihus were alive," said Brutus, " he " would be here." On his return, it appears, he fell into the enemy's hands, and was slain.
The night was now far spent ; when Brutus, leaning his head toward his servant Clitus, whispered something in his ear. Clitus made no answer, but burst into tears. After that he took his armour- bearer Dardanus aside, and said something to him in private. At last addressing himself to V'oluninius in Greek, he entreated him, in memory of their com- mon studies and exercises, to put his hand to his sword, and help him to give the thrust. Volumnius, as well as several others, refused ; and one of them observing, that they must necessarily fly, " We must " fly, indeed," said Brutus rising hastily, *' not *' however with our feet, but with our hands." He then took each of them by the hand, and spoke with great appearance of cheerfidness to the following purpose : *' It is an infinite satisfaction to me, that " all my friends have been faithful. If I am angry " with Fortune, it is for the sake of my country. " Myself I esteem more happy than the conquerors, *' not only in respect of my past, but also my pre- '* sent situation- I shall leave behind me that ** reputation for virtue, which they with ail their "* wealth and power will never acquire. For pos- ' terity will not scruple to believe, that they were ' " an abandoned and worthless set of men, who ' destroyed the good and the virtuous, for the sake
i
BRUTU& 107
^' of unjust empire.** After this^ he implored them severally to provide for their own safety, and with- drew with only two or three of his most intimate friends. One of these was Strato^ with whom he had first become acquainted, when they studied rhe- toric. This friend he placed next to himself; and laying hold of the hilt of his sword with both hi» hands, he fell upon the point, and died. Some say that Strato, at Brutus' earnest request, turned aside his head, and held the sword ; . upon which he threw himself with such violence, that entering at hi$ breast it passed quite through his body, and he ioir mediately expired.
Messala the friend of Brutus, after he was recon* ciled to Caesar, took occasion to recommend Strato to his favour : " This," said he with tears, " is the ^^ man, who did the last kind ofiice for my dear *' Brutus/* Caesar received him with kindness ; and he was one of those brave Greeks, who after- ward attended him at the battle of Actium. In that engagement, Caesar observing, that he had been not less zealous in his service, than he had been against him at Philippi, he is said to have replied, '^ I have '^ always taken the best and justest side.'' When Antony found the body of Brutus, he ordered it to be covered with the richest robe he had ; and, that being stolen, he put the thief to death*. His ashes he sent to his mother Servilia.
With regard to Porcia his wife, Nicolaiis^ the philosopher and Valerius Maximus **® inform us, that
• See the Life of Antony, Vol. V.
)^ Damascenus, a friend of Augustus, and a leader of the Peripap tetic school. It was he, who used to send the emperor those celebrated dates, mentioned bj PHn. H. N. xiii. 4., and Theopfar. Hist. Plant, ii. 8. He was the author of an Universal History in one hundred and fort^ books, beside tragedies, comedies, &c; and ' had attempted, as Suidas informs us, almost every species of cook position. See Fabr. Bibl. Gnec.*
3* Tuos quoque castissimos ignes^ Porcia^ M. Catonis Jilia^ cunda secida debiid admiratione prosequentur ; qiuB cum apud Phiiippo$ victum et inierempium virum tuum Brutum cognotcereSf jfuiajerrum non dabatur^ araenUi ore carhonet haunre iwn duUUmi^ muliebri
108 BRUTUS.
being preserved by the constant vigilance of her friends from the death she courted, she snatched some burning coals from the fire, and shut them close in her moutli till siie was suffocated. There is a letter however from Brutus to his friends still ex- tant% in which he laments the loss of Foicia, and complains that their neglect of her must have made her prefer death to tlie continuance of her illness. So that Nicolaiis appears to have been mistaken, in the time at least, if this epistle be authentic ; for it describes Porcia's distemper, her conjugal aflection, and the manner of her decease.
w
DION AND BRUTUS
COUPAUKD.
VHAT is principally to be admired in tlie lives of Dion and Brutus, is their having risen to such importance from inconsiderable beginnings. But here Dion has the advantage; for, in the career of glory, he had no co-adjutor ; whereas Cassius went hand in hand with Brutus, and though in the repu< tation of virtue and honour by no means his etjuat, in mihtary experience, resolution, and activity, he was not his interior. Some have ascribed to lilm the origin of the whole enterprise, and have asserted, that Brutus would never otherwise have engaged in it. But Dion, at the same time that he made the whole military preparations himself, engaged also the friends and associates of his design. He did not, like Brutus, derive power and riches from the war ; but be employed that wealth, upon which lie was to subsist as an exile in a foreign country, in restoring the liberties of his own. When Brutus and Cassius fied from Home, and found no asyhim from
mrilu virilem palrii fxitum Mtata. S«it nemo an hoe forihis, q«oJ ule ufitnto, i» nnw gtnerc "lortj'j ahntmpta ea I (Val. Max. iv. 6.) » Not al prweiit.*
110 DION AND BRUTUS COMPARED, had interceded. He had been treated as his friend, and distinguished by particular marks of honour ; and yet he embnied his hands in his blood. Dion stands clear of any charge like this. As a relation of Dionysius, he assisted and was useful to him in the administration, so that his services were equal to his honours: and when he was driven into exile, and deprived of his wife and fortune, he had every just and legitimate molive to take up arms against him,
Yet, if this circumstance be considered in another light, Brutus will have the advantage. The greatest glory of both consists in their abhorrence of tyrants, and tyrannical measures. This, in Brutus, was un- blended with any other motive. He had no quarrel ■with CVsar, but exposed his life tor the liberty of his country. But Dion, had he not been injured, would never have fought. This is obvious from Plato's lipistles^; where it appears, that he was banished from Dionysius' court, and in consequence of that banishment made war upon him. For the good of the community Brutus, though an enemy to Pompey, became his friend ; and, though a friend to Cffisar, became his enemy. His enmity and his friendship in both instances arose fi-om the same principle, justice. But Dion, while in favour, em- ployed his services for Dionysius; and it was not till he was disgraced, that he armed against him. His Iricnds, of course, were not quite satisfied with his enterprise. They were apprehensive that, when he had destroyed the tyrant, he might seize the govern- ment himself, and amuse the people with some softer title than that of tyranny. On the other hand, the very enemies of Brutus acknowledge that he was the onl V conspirator, who had no other view than that of restoring the ancient form of government.
Besides, the enterprise against Dionysius cannot be ])ldced in competition with that against Cssar. The loruQcr had rendered himself contemptible by his
* See rpidt. vii.
KOK AND BRUTUd COMPARED. Ill
low manners, his drunkenness, and his debaucheryi But to meditate tlie subversion of Coesar without trembling at his dignity, fortune, or power, or shrinking at that name which disturbed the slumbers of Parthian and Indian kings ; this evinced a supe^ riority of soul, upon which fear could have no in- fluence. Dion was no sooner seen in Sicily, than he was joined by thousands : whereas the authority of Cassar was so formidable in Rome, that it supported liis friends even after his death ; and a simple bo^ rose to the highest eminence merely by adopting bis name, which served as a charm against the envy and the power of Antony. Should it be objected, that Dion had the sharpest conflicts in expelling the tyrant, but that Cassar fell naked and unguarded beneath the sword of Brutus ; it will argue at least a consummate management and prudence, to have been able to come at a man of his power naked and unguarded. Particularly, when it is considered that the blow was not sudden, nor the work of one or of a few; but meditated, and communicated to many, not one of whom deceived their leader : for either he had the power of distinguishing honest men at the first view, or such as he chose he made honest by the confidence which he reposed in them. But, Dion confided in men of bad principles ; so that he must either have been injudicious in his choice, or if his people grew worse after their appointments, unskilful in his conduct. Neither of these can be consistent with the character of a wise man ; and Plato accordingly blames him in his letters, for having made choice of such friends, as in the end proved his ruin.
Dion found no one to avenge his death, whereas Brutus received an honourable interment even from his enemy Antony ; and Csesar, as it appears from the following circumstance, tolerated the public re* spect which was paid to his memory. A statue of brass had been erected to him at Milan, in Cisalpine Gaul, which was a fine performance and a striung
113 DION AMD BRUTUS COMPARED.
likeness. Caesar, as he passed through the town, took notice of it ; and after a short halt, summoning the magistrates, told them in the presence of his attendants, that they had broken the league by hav* ing harboured one of his enemies. The magistrates, IS it may well be supposed, denied it ; and stared at each other, profoundly ignorant what enemy he could mean. He then turned toward the statue, tad knitting his brows said, '' Is not this my enemy, ^ that stands here ? '* The poor Milanese were struck dumb with astonishment ; but Caesar added with a itnile, that he was pleased to find them faithful to their friends in adversity, and ordered that the statue should continue where they had placed it.
THE
LIFE
0»
ARTAXERXES-
SUMMARY.
His birth and character. He is declared Darius* successor. Hi$ coronation. His brother Cyrus prefects a revolt, Artaxerxti liberality. Cyrus demands assistance of the Lacedcemonians ; ami begins his march against the Ung. Ariaxerxes marches to me^ him. Surprise of the rebels on his appearance. Clearchus thi cause of Cyrw? defeat. Cyrus kills Artagerses. Account ef Cyrus* death given by Dinon and Ctesias. His right-hand and his. head cut qf. Differences bettoeen the story ofXenophon, and those of Dinon and Ctesias, Artaxerxes* presents to those^ toAo had slain or V90unded Cyrus. Folly of the Carian^ Hjoho had tooundedhhn; avenged by Parysatis, Mithridates, toho boasted that Cyrus had fallen by his handy condemned to the punishment cf * the boat.* ■ Parysatis circumvents Artaxerxes^ and gets Presabaies Jlayed alive. Death of ClefirehuSf and some other Grecian qffioert* Parysatis poisons Statira^ and is exiled to Babylon. Agesilaus invades Asia: Ariaxerxes^ by bribing several of the Grecian states, procures his recall. Peace ofAntdlddas, Ismenias and Pelopidat visit his court. Magnificent presents made by that prince to Tima* goras. He is reeoncUed to Parysatis^ and marries Atossa : makes toar upon the Egyptians and Cadusians ; and is extricated from H perilous situation by the address of Tiribazus : Shows himself proof against luxury^ but becomes suspicious and cruel : Declares hsM eldest son Danus his successor. Darius demands Aspasia of hU' father^ vsiho necessarily complies^ but soon takes her avoay^ and makes her a priestes$ of Diana ofEcbatana. Darius^ offended by VOL. VI. I
114 ARTAXERXES.
thit measure, u ttUlJartker eiatperated against Artaierxes hg Tiribaxui, vAo had suffered an injury of nearly the tame kind. They enter into a coittpiracif ogMtist him, ivhieh it detected. Tiri- baiue/alis; Darius is beheaded. Death of Arlatpes i and ^ J Arsames. Death i^ Artaxerxes.
' The first Artaxerxes \ who of all the Persian kings
* was most distinguished for his moderation and greatness of mind, was surnamed ' Longimanus,'
» because his right hand was longer than his left'. He was the son of Xerxes. The second, surnamed ' Mnemon%' whose Life we are now going to write, was son to the daughter of the first. For Darius, by his wife Parysatis, had four sons ; Artaxerxes the eldest, Cyrus the second, and Ostanes and Oxathres the two younger. Cyrus was denominated after the ancient king of that name, as he is said to have been ■ftfter the sun ; for the Persians call the sun ' Cyrus*.*
, Artaxerxes at first was named Arsicas% though Dinon asserts that his original name was Oartes^
' M. Ricord ^ves a uaefal Ubie of the Buccewioo of PeraLm I Ungs from Cyrus downward, which I Gubjoin, inierting (afler Blair) Anabaniu, aud makiog ou the eamc authority a alight correction or - two in the chronology.
* Cttus, B. C. 559. XerxeB 11. (a month), 425. ^ CambvBM, S29. St^anus (7 months), 4St.
SmerdiK, one of the Magi, 5^2. Dariut II. (Notltua),
' Darius, sod of Hyataapcs, 521 Xerxei tht! Great, ArtabanuB (7 months), Anaxerxea Longimanus, ' Strabo, xv., refers thi
Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon), Wi.
■ III. (Ochus), 358.
Arses, 337.
Darius III. (OodomaRntu), 335.* o tht! iengtii of hi* arms, which (be snys) when he ittHMl upright, reached down to bii knee*.* ' On account of hia extraordinary memory. * Tins is Hesychiua' opinion. And from Cynis. M. Dacier thinki r Ac Oreeks, who borrowed mnny of their terms fkim the oriental P languDgcs, dcriiFcd their wtwd nf x."
' Or Arsoccs, a more familiar name tn the Cnit. (Epit. Ctc«. n\.) ' 'XQv>««< DinoDi the fttber «f diMrcbtu uie bitWriu-aM
1
1' ^ov
ARTAXERXE& IIB
But though Ctesias has filled his books i)^ith a number of incredible and extravagant fables, it is not proba- ble that he should be ignorant of the name of a king, at whose court he lived in quality of physician to him, his wife, his mother, and his children.
Cyrus, from his infancy, was of a violent and impetuous temper; but Artaxerxes had a native miidnesB, an innate gentleness in his whole disposi* tion. The latter married a beautiful and virtuous lady, by order of his parents, and kept her even after thej had commanded him to send her away. For the king, having put her brother to death \ designed that she should share his fate. But Arsicas applied to his
ccntemporary with Alexander, composed a History of Persia, to whidi frequent reference is made by both Greek ^nd Latin writers* ( See Voss. de Hi«t. Gr. iv. 8. \ For an account of .Ctesias see Fabr. Bibl. Gr., who gives a list of nls works. Asa writer, he is decried also by Strabo ; but Demetrius Phalereus, ni^ Efp«i»., speaks well of him, as does also Dion. Halic. vff« Svr^sf. Oy«f*. The fragments of him, still extant (Persica et Indica) are usually printed at the end of the editions of Herodotus.*
' Teriteuchmcfi, son of the satrap Hydames and brother of Sta* tira, had been guilty of the complicated crimes of adultery, incesl, and murther; which raised great disturbances in the royal fkmily^ and ended in the ruin of all who were concerned in them. Aite* xerxes, then called Arsaoes, was channed with Statira's beauty, umI married her. At the same time Teriteuchmes married Hamesferii^ one of the daughters o^ Darius and sister of Arsaces ; and had thence interest enongh, upon his father's demise, to get himsdf appointed to bis goremment. But in the mean time he conceivod a passion for his own sister Roxana, who was in no respect inferior in beauty to Statira ; and that he might enjoy her without con- straint, resolved to despatch his wife Hames^is, and light up the flames of rebellion in the kingdom. Darius, apprised othis desigo^ engaged Adriastes, an intimate friend of Teriteuchmes, to kill hmiy and rewarded him with the government of his province. Upoa this, some commotions were raised by the son of Teriteuchmep s bat, the king's forces having the superiority, all the fanuly of Hy* dtfoes were apprehended and delivered to Farysads, that she mi«t execute her revenge upon them for the injury done or intended to her daughter. That cruel princess put them all to death, except Statira, whom at the earnest entreaties of Arsaces, and contrary tp the opinion .of Darius, she spared. But Arsaces was no sooQif settled upon the throne, than Statira prevailed upon him to U^y# Adriastes to her correction, and put him to a death too cruel to bt described. Parysatis, in return, poisoned the son of Teriteo^bySM^' and not long afterward Statira hersel£ (Ctes* in Pcra.)
152
U6
AHTAXERXES.
k
mother -with many tears and entreatieSj and at I&st with much difficulty prevailed upon her, not only to [ spare her life, but to excuse him from divorcing her. [ Yet his mother had the greater affection for Cyrus, [■ And was desirous of raising him to the throne : so I tiiat when he was called from his residence on the I coast, in his father's last sickness, he returned to ! court full of hopes that the queen's interest had ^ established him successor. Farysatis had indeed a [ Specious pretence, of which the ancient Xerxes, on f tue suggestion of Demaratus, had availed himself, L viz. that she had borne him his son Arsicas when he [ was in a private station, but Cyrus after he was king, [ She could not, however, prevail. Darius appointed feis eldest son* his successor, upon which occasion his name was changed to Artaxerxes. Cyrus had I, the government of Lydia, and was to be comraander- \ JD-chief on the coast.
Soon afler Darius' death the new sovereign went to PasargadieS in order to be consecrated (according to custom) by the priests of Persia. In that city jtands the temple of a goddess, who has the affairs of war under her patronage, and may therefore be sup- posed to be Minerva. This temple the prince, about tobeconsccrated.mustenter, and putting off his own robe, take that which was worn by Cyrus the Great before he was king. He must eat a cake of figs, chew some turpentine, and drink a cup of acidulated milk. Whether there are any olher ceremonies is unknown, except to the persons concerned. As Artaxerxes was on the point of going to be conse- crated, Tisaphernes brought him a priest, who had been chief inspector of Cyrus' education in his in- &ncy, and had instructed him in the learning of tho
* By Ilia second wife: but Tor an account of hts whole lUmily and gf thill traniuiction, sec Ilerud- vii. 3.'
V PdMrgodK wusacilv of Persia, whicli had been built by Cyrus t(e Great, on thu loot wliire he had dtfiatid Aatyagra, and endow- cd nith tcvcrnl valuabk- privilt'gtx, nnii here he wai lubiequeiitly iiu-nvO. (Stiob. xf.j Hod. UatalicgcrU.*
ARTAXERXtS. lit
Magi} and might, therefore, be deemed as much concerned as any man in Persia, that his pupil had not been appointed king. Hence, his accusation against Cyrus could not but gain credit. He ac* cused him of a design to lie in wait for the king in the temple, and after he had put off his garment, to attack and kill him. Some affirm, that Cyrus on this information was imnoediately arrested : others, that he slipped into the temple and concealed himself there, but was pointed out by the priest, in conse- quence of which he was doomed to death ; but that his mother at that moment clasped him in her arms, bound the tresses of her hair about him, held his neck to her own, and by her tears and entreaties got him pardoned and remanded to the sea-coast. Never- theless, he was far from being satisfied with his go* vernment. Instead of regarding his brother's favour with gratitude, he remembered only the indignity of his chains; and, in his resentment, aspired more than ever after the sovereignty.
Some indeed state, that he thought the allowance for his table insufficient, and therefore revolted from his king. But this is a foolish pretext. For if he had had no other resource, his mother from her own revenues would have readily supplied him with what- ever he wanted. Besides, nis riches are abundantly evinced by the number of foreign troops in his service, wiich were entertained for him, as we are informed by Xenophon '^, in various parts by his friends and retainers. For the better to conceal his preparations, he did not keep his forces in a body, but had his emissaries in dinerent places, Vbo en- listed foreigners on various pretences. In the mean while his mother, who lived at court, made it her business to remove the king's suspicions : and Cyrus himself always wrote in a lenient stile ;* sometimes entreating a candid interpretation, and sometimes recriminating upon Tisaphernes, as if his contention
118 ARTAXERXES.
had been solely with that grandee. Add to thi*,' that the king had naiurally a diUtury turn of mind, which many took for moderation. At the outset in»^ deed he seemed entirely to imitate the mildne-;a ofthe first Arlaxerxes, whose name he bore, by Ijeliaving with great affability to all that addressed him, and distributing honours and rewards to jiersons of merit with a lavish hand. He took care, that punishment should never be embittered with insult. If he re« ceived presents, he appeared as well pleased astlioso who offered them, or ralhej' as those who received pre- sents from iiim; and, in conferring favours, he always maintained a countenance of benignity and pleasure. There was not any thing, however trifling, sent lo him as a gift, which he did not receive with the ut- most graciousness. Even when one Omisus brought him a pomegranate of uncommon size, he exclaimed ; " By the light of Mithra, this man, if he were made ** governor of a small cily, would soon make it a large ** one' ." "When he was once upon a journey, and people presented him with a varii'ty of things by llie way, a lubouring man having nothing else lo bestow yan to the river, and brought him aome water in hia hands. With this Artaxer\ps was so much delighted, that he sent the man a golden cup, and a thousand Darics. Euclidas the I-acedsemonian having said many insolent things to him, he contented himself with ordering the captain of his guard to give him this answer ; " You may ^ay what you please to the king, •' but the king can boih say and do." One day, an he was hunting, Tiribaziis showed him a rent in bis royal robe ; upon wliieli the king said, " What shall *' I do with it i"' " 'lake another, and give that to " me," said 'I'iribaziis. *' It shall be so," said the king: " I give it thte ; but I charge thee not to ' near it." Tiribazus, ulio though not a bad raaik
" Thaugh ihere is na neccuary union between the raanasemeat of a garden and a governmtiit. j'ct Aristotle (lu the first hooli (ifKia Poillici) hail nprt-si-nted cKcdIence in domeMic (xcononiy aa lb* basis ul'goot! Klalcmiuntliip ,•
I
k
ARTAXEnXES. was^ddy and vain, disregarding the restriction soon put on the robe, and at the same time tricked him- self out with some golden ornaments, fit only for queens. At this the court expressed great indigna- tion, because it was a thing contrary to their laws and customs ; but the king only laughed, and said to him, " I allow thee to wear the trinkets as a woman, " and the robe as a madman."
No one had been admitted in former reigns to the king of Persia's table, except his mother and his wife ; the former sitting above, and the latter below him : Artaxerxes, nevertheless, extended that honour to Ostanes and Oxathres, his younger brothers. But what afforded the Persians the most pleasing spec- tacle, was the queen Statira always riding in her chariot with the curtains open, and admitting the women of the country to approach and salute Iier. These things made his administration popular. Some turbulent and factious men however still contended that the afiairs of Persia required a king of the mag- nificent spirit, military talents, and generous soci- ability of Cyrus ; and that the dignity of so great an empire could not be supported without a prince of high thoughts and noble ambition. It was not there- fore without a confidence in some of the Persians, as well as in the maritime provinces, that Cyrus un- dertook the war.
He wrote also to the Lacedaemonians for assist- ance, promising that to the foot he would give horses, and to the horsemen chariots ; that upon those who had farms he would bestow villages, and upon those who had villages cities. As for their pay, he assured them it should be not counted, but measured out to them. At the same time he spoke in very high terms of himself, assuring them that he had a loftier and more princely heart than his brother ; that he was the better philosopher, having been instructed in the doctrines of the Magi, and that be could drink and bear more wine than his brother. Artaxerxes, he said, was so timorous
ISO
ARTAXERXES.
^nd effeminate a man, that he could not sit a horsa in hunting, nor a chariot in battle. The Lacedae- monians therefore sent tiie Scytale to Clearchus, with directions to obey Cyrus* orders".
Cyrus began his march against the king, with a numerous army of barbarians ", and about thirteen thousand Greek mercenaries'*. He found one pre- tence after another, for having such an armament on foot ; but his real designs did not remain long un- discovered. For Tisaphernes went in person to give information about them to the king.
This communication threw the court into extreme disorder. Parysatis was censured as the principal cause of the war, and her friends were suspected of holding a private intelligence with Cyrus. Statira, in the greatest trouble about the war, occasioned her the most trouble : " Where Is now," she cried, " that " faith, which you pledged ? Where are your inter- '* cessions, by which you saved the man, that was con- *' spiring against his brother ? Have they not brought " war, and all its calamities upon us ?" These expos- tulations fixed in the heart of Parysatis, who was na- turally vindictive and barbarous in her resentment, such a hatred of Statira, that she contrived to take her off. Dinon writes, that this cruel purpose was carried into execution during the war ; but Ctesias assures us, it was afterward. And it is not probable that
" They took care not to mention Artaxerxes, pretending not lo he privy to the designs, which were carrying on against him. This precaution tlicy used, that iu case Artaxerxes should get the better of hii brother, they might justify themselves to him in what they had done. But see Xenoph. ib.
') A hundred thousand.
'* Clearchus, the Lacedsmonian, commanded all the Pelopon- ncsian troops except the Achxans, who were led bv Socrates of Achaia. 'Ihc B<rotians were under Proxenus, a Theban. and the IlieACftlians under Menon. The other nations were commanded by Persian generals, of whom Arieus was the chief. The fleet con- sisted of tliirty-fivc sliips under Pythagoras, a Lacedicm onion, and tweniy-five commanded by Tamos, an Egyptian, who was admiral of the whole. Upon this occaiion, Proxenus presented Xenophgn to Cyrus, who gave him a commission among the Greek naries.
I
I
AkTAXERXE& 191
he, who wad an eye-witness of the transactions of that courts could either be ignorant of the time when the assassination took place, or have any rea- son to misrepresent the date of it : though he often deviates into fictitious tales, and loves to give us in- vention instead of truth. We shall therefore leave this story to the order of time, in which he has placed it.
While Cyrus was upon his march, he had accounts brought him, that the king did not design to try the fortune of the field by giving battle immediately, but intended to wait in Persia till his forces were assembled thither from all parts of his kingdom. And though he had drawn a trench across the plain ten fathom wide, as many deep '^, and four hundred furlongs in length, yet he suffered Cyrus to pass it, and to march almost to Babylon ^^ Tiribazus, we are told, was the first who ventured to remonstrate to the king, that he ought not any longer to avoid an action, or to abandon Media, Babylon, and even Susa to the enemy, and hide himself in Persia ; since he had an army infinitely greater than theirs, and ten thousand satraps and other officers, all of them superior to those of Cyrus both in courage and conduct.
Upon this, he took a resolution to come to action as soon as possible. His sudden appearance with an army of nine hundred thousand men ^% well prepared and accoutred, extremely surprised the rebels ; who, through their confidence in themselves and contempt of their enemy, were marching in great confusion^
'^ Xenophon says, this trench was only five fathom wide, and three deep. It must be observed that the word •pyw* sometiinas signifies a pace only, and if it be so understood here, it will brutt- Plutarch's account more within the bounds of probability.
■^ There was a passage twenty feet wide leu between the trendi and the Euphrates, and Artaxerxes neglected to defend it.
'7 He had four armies of three hundred thousand men eadiy under Tisaphemes, Gobryas, Arbaces, and Abrocomas; bul the last did not arrive till five days after the battle, die had also tax thousand chosen cavalry about his person, and two hundred limed chariots.*
2
IV2 ARTAXERXES.
and even without their arms. Hence it was with the utmost difficulty, that Cyrus reduced them to any order, and he could not at last effect it without much noise and tumult. As the king advanced in silence and at a slow pace, the good discipline of his troops afforded an astonishing spectacle to the Greeks, who expected among such a multitude nothing but irre- gular shouts and motions, and every other instance of distraction and disorder. He displayed his judge- ment, likewise, in placing the strongest of his armed chariots before that part of his phsJanx, which was opposite to the Greeks ; that by the impetuosity of their motion, they might break the enemy's ranks before they came to close combat.
Many historians have described this battle : but Xenophon has done it with such life and energy", that we do not read an account of it ; we see it, and feel all the danger. It would be the height of ab- surdity therefore to attempt any thing after him, ex- cept the mentioning of some material circumstances, which he has omitted.
The place where the battle was fought is called Cunaxa, and is tive hundred furlongs from Babylon. A little before the action, Clearchus advised Cyrus to post himself behind the Macedonians '% and not risk his person ; upon which he is reported to have said, " What advice is this, Clearchus ? Would you- " have me, at the very time wlien I am aiming at a " crown, show myself unworthy of one?" Cyrus, indeed, committed an error, in rushing incautiously into the midst of difficulty and danger ; but Clearchus was guilty of another as great, if not greater, in re- fusing to place his Greeks opposite to the king, and in getting the river upon his right in order to pre- vent his being surrounded. For if safety was his
'' In the first book of hjs nioit inturmling work, ' The Retreat of the Ten Thoiisand.'*
'* 'lliis ia undoubtedly the error of Rome trsnicriber ; and for * Macedoniana ' we Rhould read ' Lacedttnionitins.' The c< of this error is suggested as probable, p. %., not. (33.)*
I neral
L dcDc
ARTAXERXES. 123
firincipal object, and lie was by ail means to avoid osR, he ought to have stayed at home'". Btit volun- tarily to carry his arms ten thousand furlongs from the sea, solely with a view of placing Cyrus upon the throne of Persia ; and then to secure, not a post where he might best defend the prince whose pay he received, but one in which he might act most at ease and with the least hazard, was to behave like a man, who at the sight of present danger abandons the whole enterprise, and forgets the entire purpose of his expedition. For from the course of the action it appears, that if the Greeks had charged those who were posted about the king's person, they would not have stood the shock ; and, after Artaxerxes had been slain or put to flight, the conqueror must have gained the crown without farther interruption. The overthrow, therefore, of Cyrus* aifairs and his death is much rather to be ascribed to the caution of Clearchus, than to his own rashness. For had the king himself assigned a post for the Greeks, where they might do him the least prejudice, he could not have selected a better than that, which was most remote from himself and the troops about him. At the distance at which he was placed from Clearchus, he knew nothing of the defeat of that part of his army near the river; and Cyrus was cut off, before he could avail himself of the advantages gained by the Greeks. Cyrus, indeed, was sensible what dis- position would have been of most service to him, and for that reason ordered Clearchus to charge in the centre ; but Clearchus, notwithstanding his assurances of doing every thing for the best, ruined all. For the Greeks beat the barbarians with ease, and pursued them a considerable way.
In the mean time, Cyrus being mounted on Pasa- cas, a horse of great spirit but at the same time headstrong and unruly, fell in (as Ctesias informs us)
Xenoplion, who was not leia iiliuirious Id the capacity of ge- neral tlian in that of historian, seema to commend Clearchiu' pru- dence upon ihii occosiuu.* , .,, ,.,,,.
I
12* ARTAXEBXES.
with Artagerses, general of the Caduslans^', who met him upon the gallop, and called out to him in these terms: " Most unjust and stupid of men, who ** disgracest the name of Cyrus, the most august of *' all names among the Persians ; thou leadest those " brave'* Greeks a vile way to plunder thy country, ** and to destroy thy brother and thy king, who has " many millions of servants better men than thou. " Try if he has not, and here thou shalt lose thy head, " before thou can'st see the face of the king." So saying, he threw his javelin at him with all his force ; but bis cuirass was of such excellent temper, that he was not wounded, though the violence of the blow shook him in his seat. After which, as Artagerses was turning his horse, Cyrus aimed a stroke at him with his spear, and the point of it entering at his collar-bone, pierced through his neck. That Arta- gerses fell by the hand of Cyrus, almost all historians agree. With regard to the death of Cyrus himself, since Xenophon has given a very short account of it, as he was not on the spot when it iiappencd, per- haps it may not be amiss to relate the manner of it (upon the authority of Dinon and Ctesias)in greater detail.
Dinon informs us, that Cyrus, after he had slain Artagerses, charged the vanguard of Artaxerxes with extreme fury, wounded the king's horse, and dismounted him. Tiribazus immediately mounted him on another horse, and said, " Sir, remember " this day ; for it deserves not to be forgotten." At the second attack, Cyrus spurred his horse against the king, and gave him a wound"; at the third, Artaxerxes in the utmost indignation said to those that were by, " it is better to die, than to
" A people neap the Caspian sea.*
" KaAsi, ihe epithet here given to the Greets, has (TobBbly Keen a miEtiike of the irnnHcriberg Tur ■■■•(. 'ilien it will be, ' Tliaii leadest thoce vile Greeks ■ vile way,' &C.
" Or, ' with the violence of the encounter beat the king from big Iiorsc.' In the original it il, Hnirat rm ian> HrtwtAt to A^*E<|^.
ARTAXERZE& 126
^ suffer all this/' At the same time he pushed for- ward against Cyrus, who was rashly advaucing amidst a shower of darts. The king wounded him with his javelin, and others did the same. Thus fell CyruSy as some say, by the blow which the king gave him ; but according to others by the hand of a Carian soldier, who afterward, as an acknowledgement of his exploit, had the honour of carrying a golden cock at the head of the army on the point of his «pear. For the Persians called the Carians ^ cocks/ on account of the crests, with which they adorned their helmets^.
Ctesias' story is very long, but the purport of k is as follows : When Cyrus had ^lain Artagerses, he spurred his horse up toward the king, and the king advanced against him, both in silence. Ariaeus, one of Cyrus* friends, first aimed a blow at the king, but without effect. The king then threw his javelio at Cyrus, but missed him; the weapon however struck and killed Tisaphernes ^, a man of approved valour, and a faithful servant to Cyrus. It was now Cyrus' turn to try his javelin ; which pierced the . king's cuirass, and going two fingers deep into his breast, brought him from his horse. This occasion- ed such disorder in his troops, that they fled. But the king recovering himself retired with a few of his men, among whom was Ctesias, to an eminence not far off, and there reposed himself. In the mean time Cyrus' horse, grown more furious by the action^ carried him deep among the enemy ; and as night was coming on, they did not know him, and his own men sought for him in vain. Elated however with victory, and naturally daring and impetuous, he con*
*4 This was one of the three inventions ascribed to them by Herod, i. 171. And of this Alcaeus (Strab. xit.) speaks, A^^rt rus0 KMfuu9. Hence, likewise, is the Egyptian oraele explaini^
Herod, ii. 152.* ' I'.i^
*i Tisaphernes is, profeably, an erroneous reading. Weknov of no Tisaphernes, but the grandee of that name, who witt •'* feithful servant' to ArUxerxes. The St. Germaia MS. gives us ' Satiphemes.'
126 ARTAXERXES.
tinned advancing', crying out in the Perfiian language as he went; " Slaves, make way." Upon this they humbled themselves, and opened their ranks; but his tiara happened to fall from his head, and a young Persian, named Mithridates, in passing wounded him with his lance in the temple near his eye, with- out knowing who he was. From this wound such a quantity of blood issued, that he was seized with a giddiness, and fell senseless from his horse. The horse having lost his rider, wandered about the field ; the housing likewise iell off, and the servant of Mithridates, who had given him the wound, took it up all stained with blood.
At last Cyrus, with much difficulty, began to re- cover from his swoon ; and a few eunuchs, who at- tended him, endeavoured to mount him upon an- other liorse, and ttms carry him out of danger. Birt as he was too weak to sit on horseback, he thought it better to walk, and the eunuchs supported him as he went. His head was still heavy, and he tottered at every step; yet he continued to believe himself victorious, because he heard the fugitives calling Cyrus * king," and imploring mercy.
At that instant some Caunians^ of mean condi- tion, who performed the most servile offices for the royal army, happened to mix with the company of Cyrus as friends. They perceived however, though not without difficulty, that the clothing of his people was red, whereas that given by the king their master was white. One of these then ventured to give Cyrus a stroke with his spear behind, but without knowing him to be the prince. The weapon hit his ham, and cut the sinew; upon which he fell, and in falling dashed his wounded temple against a stone, and died upon the spot. Such is Ctesias' story of the death of Cyrus, wliich like a blunt weapon hacks and hews him a long time, and can hardly kill bim at last.
** Caunui waa a dty of Cvik.*
I
I I
J
ARTAXEKXE& ISV
Soon after Cyrus expired, an officer, who was caH- ed ' the King*s Eye^/ passed that way. Artasyras (for that was his real name) knowing the eunuchs, who were mourning over the corpse, addressed the one that appeared most faithful to his master, isird said; ^^ Pariscas, whom art thou lamenting so " much ?*' " O Artasyras!'* answered the eunuch, " don't you see prince Cyrus dead ?** Artasyras was astonished at the event : he desired the eunuch however to compose himself, and take care of the corpse; and instantly rode at full speed to Ar* taxerxes, who had given up all for lost, and was ready to fiunt, both with thirst and with the anguirii of his wound, when the officer joyfully hailed him in these words, " I have seen Cyrus dead." The king, at first, was impatient to view the dead body himsdi^ and commanded Artasyras immediately to condtict him to it. But finding the whole field full of terror from a report that the Greeks, victorious in thehr quarter, were pursuing the fugitives and putting aft to the sword, he thought proper to send out a greater number to reconnoitre the place. Accordingly, thifty men went with flambeaux in their hands. Sttii toe king was almost dying with thirst, and the eunadi Satibarzanes sought every place for water; as -the field itself afforded none, and they were at a eon* siderable distance from the camp. After miieh search, he found that one of those poor Caunfains had about two quarts of bad water in a mean bottle, and took and carried it to the king. After the king had drank it all up, the eunuch asked him, ^* If he ^* did not find it a disagreeable beverage?" Upen which he swore by the gods, ** That he had nevter ** drank the most delicious wine, nor the lightest nd
*7 Of these there were many in Persia, as well as of anodier class called * the King's Ears,' from their respective empKqvMits in denouncing traitors. See Aristotle De Ren. iii. 16. Thsjr ware' onginallj established, in great numbers, by Cyrus the Great (X^umh. K. n. viii.) Th^ did npt, however, escape the ^(ricked wits or those days, Aristoph. Acham. L 2, S.*
1S8 ARTAXERXES.
" clearest water, with so much pleasure. I wish " only," continued he, '* that I could find the man " who gave it thee, that I might bestow upon him *' a recompence. In the mean time, I entreat the *' gods to make him happy and rich."
While he was speaking, the thirty men, whom he bad sent out, returned in great exultation, and con- firmed the news of his unexpected good fortune. Now likewise numbers of his troops again repaired to him, and dismissing his fears he descended from the eminence, with many torches carried before him. When he came to the dead body, according to the law of the Persians, the right hand and the head were cut off; and having ordered the head to be brought to him, he took it by the hair which was long and thick, and showed it to the fugitives, and to such as were still doubtful of the fortune of the day. The sight astonished them, and they prostrated them- selves before him. Seventy thousand men quickly gathered round him, and with them lie returned to his camp. Ctesias informs us, he had led Ibur hun- dred thousand men that day into the field ; but Dinon and Xenophon make the number much larger. As to the number of the slain, Ctesias says, an account of only nine thousand was brought to Artaxerxes j whereas there appeared to himself to have been not fewer than twenty thousand^". That article, therefore, must be left dubious. But nothing can be a more palpable felsity than what Ctesias subjoins, that he was sent embassador to the Greeks in conjunction with Phayllus'^' the Zacynthian, and some others. I'or Xenophon knew, that Ctesias was at the Persian court ; he mentions him in his works, and it is plain that he had met with his books.
** Diod. Sic. xiv. 34. GfitiiHAtea the king's lost at fiDvcn, and iliat ef Cynu at only three thouMnd. Of the Ureeks, he layt ■ingle iiian woi titaiD, and only very few wounded.*
'* He is iiumed by Xenophat) (Anitb. ii.) Phalious; and Uiod. Sic. ib. riialivuus. ZacjiiUnu is Hx iilanU now Zantc.*
I
i
If he Imd been joined in commission therefor^ to* settle such important affairs, he would not ha^e passed him by unnoticed, but would have mentioned' him with Phayllus. Ctestas indeed was a man of unbounded vanity, as well as strong attachment to Clearchus; and for that reason always leaves a place in the story for himself, when he is celebrating the praises of Clearchus and the Lacedaemonians.
After the battle, the king sent great and valuable presents to the son of Artagerses, who had been slain by Cyrus. He rewarded also Ctesias, and others, in' a distinguished manner; and having found the Caunian who gave him the bottle of water, he raised him from indigence and obscurity to riches and ho- nours. There was something likewise of an appro^ priateness in his punishments. One Arbaces^ a* Mede, deserted during the battle to Cyrus, aud after that prince's death returned to his colours. As he perceived that the man had done it rather from weakness and cowardice than with any treasonable' design, he only sentenced him ^to carry about a naked courtesan upon his shoulders a whole day in' the market-place. Another, beside deserting, had bragged that he had killed two of the enemy ; and, for his punishment, he ordered his tongue to be pierced through with three needles.
He himself supposed, and he was desirous of hav- ing it believed by the world, that Cyrus fell bjr his hand. This induced him to send rich presents to Mithridates, who gave hinfi the first wound, and to instruct the messengers to say ; *^ The king does you this honour, because you found the housing of Cyrus' horse, and brought it to him." And when the Carian, who gave Cyrus the stroke in his ham, applied for his reward, he ordered those who gave it to him to state : "The king bestows this '* upon you, because you were the second person " that announced to him good tidings. For Arta- *' syras was the first, and yon the next who brought " him an account of Cyrus* cJeatb.'* Mithridates*
VOL. VI. K
^H ten
I» ARTAXEHXER
went avay in silence, though not withoat concern-^ but the unhappy Carian could not surmount Uie common disease of vanity. Elated with what he thought hU good fortune, and aspiring to thiag> above his station, he would not receive his reward for tidings : but angrily insisted, and called the gods to witness, that he and no other had killed iCyrus, and that it was unjust to rob him of the gloiy.
At this the king was so much incensed, tbat he , dered the man's head to be struck off. But bi» mother Parysatis being present, exclaimed, *' Let " not this villainous Carian get off so easily : leave *' him to me, and he shall have the reward, which " his audacious tongue deserves." Accordingly, the king gave him up to her ; and she delivere<l him to the executioners with orders to torture him for ten days, and then to tear out his eyes, and pour
olten brass into his ears till he expired.
Mithridates also soon afterward, through his own folly, came to a miserable end. Being invited one evening to supper, where both the king's eunticba and those of bis mother were present, he went in a robe embroidered with gold, which he had received ftora the king. During the eritertaiDment, Pary- satis' principal eunuch took occasion to say ; " What •< a beautiful garment is that, Mithridates, which " the king has given you ! How handsome are those *^ bracelets, and that ctiain ! How valuable your S* cimitarl He has certainly made you not only a ~ great, but a happy man." Mithridates, by this
me flushed with wine, replied, " What are these
things, Sparamixes ? I deserved much higher marks f of honour tban these for the services, which 1 5* rendered the king on that day." Upon which Sparamixes, with a smile, observed, " I speak not ** in the least out of envy; but since (according to V the Greek proverb) 'there is truth in wine,* let ne ask you what great matter it is to find a horse's lousing fallen off, and bring it to the king?" lis Ue said, not that be vas iguorant of U^e leal
u
ARTAXEBJdCSi * IM '
state xaf Ae ease; but wishing to lay him ot)eii, and* observiae that the 'wine had made him talkative ahd- thrown : him off his guard, he studied to pique his' vanity* MithridateSy.no longer master of himself' said, ^^ You may talk of what housing and trifles yon please: but I tell you plainly^ it was by this hand* that Cyrus was sllnn. I did not, like ArtagerseSt *^ throw my javelin in vain, but I pierced his tem|de' << near the eye, and brought him from his horse i " and^ of that wound he died." The rest of the company saw the dreadful fate that would befidt Mithridates, and cast their eyes upon the ground |^ but he who gave the entertainment said, ^^ Comciil *^ come, let us mind our eating and drinking ; and *^ adoring the fortune^ of the king, forego sudi " subjects as are two high for us/'
Immediately after the company broke up, the eunuch told rary satis what had been said, and ahp informed the king. Artaxerxes, like one who had been detected, or lost a victory out of his hands. Was enraged at the discovery. For he was desirous of making all the barbarians and Greeks believ^ that in the several encounters he had both given and received blows ; and that, though he was wounded himself^he had killed his adversary. He, therefore condemned Mithridaties to the punishment of ' the boat.' The manner of this is as foUows : they take two boats, which are made to fit each other, and extend the criminal in one of diem in a supine posture* They then invert the second upon it, so that Uie poor wretch's body is covered, the head and hands only being left out at one end, and the feet at the other. He is supplied daily with victuals, and if he refuses to eat, tney compel him bv pricking him in the eyes. After he has eaten they make him drink a mixture of honey and milk, which they pour into his mouth. They spread the same likewise over his
s^" Or, as an English heat would have equivalenUy projpoaed (perhaps wi^h three times three), * drinking a bumper to his mar jest/she|dth;*
x:2
ARTAXERXEa ISS
her skiUy and being &voured besides by the AkSe^ won the eunuch, and pitched upon Mesabates, .whd ivas not of the number excepted. He was of coui^ delivered to her, and before the king suspected any thing of her intentions, she put him into the hands of the executioners, with orders, to flay him alive, to-fo his body upon three stakes, and to stretch out hiB skin by itself. Artaxerxes, highly incensed, ex^ pressed his resentment in strong terms ; but she only said in a laughing ironical way, *^ This is pleasailt '* indeed, that you must be so angry about an old *^ useless eunuch, while I say not one word of niV ^^ loss of a thousand Danes/' The king, tbopgjb much concerned at the trick, held his peace* But Statira, who upon other occasions .openly censut<sd the queen-mottier, complained now of her injustiite and cruelty in sacrificing to Cyrus the eunuchs a^d other faithful siervants of the xin^. .
After Tisaphernes^ had gained possession, pi Clearchus and the other Grecian officers by tretr chery^ and contrary to the treaty, and his oaths put them in chains, Ctesias informs us, that Clearequs made interest with himself for the obtaining ot*' a comb: with the use of which it seems he was ;9d much pleased, that he took his ring from his fing^r^ and gave it him as an evidence of hjs regard .tpt^ shown to his friends and relatione in Laced^oniop^ The device was a dance of the Caryatides "^^ . Ha
» . . ."
^* Tisapheraes, bj promises which he did not mtend to keejfj^ drew Clearchus to an interview in his tent. He went with iour principal officers, Proxenus the BcBotian, Menon the Thessliliin; Agias the Arcadian, and Socrates the Achaean, twenty captakksi an4 aboMt two hundred soldieiB, to wait on the Persian { who Clearchus and the four officers under arrest, and ordered captains to be cut in pieces. Some time afterward the king'poi manded Clearchus, and all the four officers except Menon, to I beheaded. (L.) Him he reserved for a whole year of tortures, at the end of which he likewise was put to deatli. (Xenoph. Anab.ii. ad fin.)*
33 Carya was a town, in Laconia, where there was a temple of Diana. The whole town, indeed, was dedicated to Diana and her nymphs. In the court before die temple stood a statue of X^iaoii
8
p \ ^rw.
plotted
off bir poi*
torn \
. fon the
kHfid wdA danger*
the king^s
and in \mt
tm ks cTon :' He isbwwm^ idbia this ftbuknia tiie, to *> hc»cc7 to Cksckaar BeBOnr. For the CM cam of the other oficers, br Us account, were •om wk pteccs b^ dogs aod fands; bat a storm of vind brooght a great heap of saod, and provided a tOBib Ibr Clearciiii& Arocxnd this heap there ^ning op a namber of palm-£rees, which soon grew into an admicable grore, and spread their protecting riiade o^er the place ; so that the king deeply re^ pented of what he had done, believing that he had destroyed a man beloved by the eods.
It was therefore only from the hatred and jealousy,
Caryatis, and the Spartan virgins kept a yearly festival, upon whidi wcy danced round it, (L.) (Pausan. iii. 10,) The peculiar ottm, we leani fWmi Ludan, was established by Castor aa4
ARTAXERXES. IM
which Farysatis had from the first entertained of Statira, that she embarked in so cruel a design. She perceived, that her own , power with the Icing de- pended only upon his reverence for her, as his mo- ther ; whereas that of Statira was founded on love, and confirmed by the highest confidence in her fidelity. The point which she had to carry was great, and she resolved to make a desperate efibrt for it. She had a faithful and favourite female attendant, named Gigis, who (as Dinon informs us) assisted in the afiair of the poison ; but, according to Ctesias, she was only privy to it, and that against her will, llie former calls the person who provided the poison^ Melantas ; the latter, Belitaras ^.
These two princesses had apparently forgotten their old suspicions and animosities, and began to visit and eat at each other's table. But they did it with so much caution and distrust, as to make it a rule to eat at the same dish, and even of the same slices. There is a small bird in Persia which has po excrements, the intestines being completely filled with fiit, whence it h supposed to live upon air and dew; the name of it is Rhyntaces. One of these birds, according to Ctesias, rarysatis divided with a small knife poisoned upon one side ; and, taking the wholesomer part herself, ^ve the other to Statira. Dinon however affirms, that it was not Parysatis, but Melantas, who cut the bird in two, and pre* sented the poisoned part to Statira, Be that as it may^ she died in dreadful agonies and convulsions^ and was not only herself sensible of the cause, but intimated her suspicions to the king, who knew too well his mother^s savage and implacable temper, and therefore immediately made an inquiry into th6 afiair. Her officers and servants who attended at her table were arrested, and put to the torture. But Gigis she kept in her own apartment ; and, when the king demanded her, refused to give her up. At
i* Both these names Huet, in his Dem Evang., identifies wtUi Baltasar.*
2
156 ARTAXERXES.
last, Gigis entreated the queen-mother to let her _ in the night to her own Iiouse ; and the king, beinj informed of it, ordered some of liis guards to intei cept her. Accordingly she was seized and coi demned to die. The laws of Persia have orderei ■ the following punishment for poisoners : their hea< 9re placed on a broad stone, and then brusied am ftnished with another, till nothing of the figure re mains. Thus was Gigis executed- As for Parysadi the king did not reproacli her with her crime, non
{lunish lier any farther than by sending her to Etaby- on (which was tlie place she petitioned to retire to), and declaring that he would never visit that city so long as she lived. Such was the state of his domestic affairs.
He was not less solicitous, to get into his hand% ' the Greeks, who had Ibllowed Cyrus into Asia, tliai^ he had been to conquer Cyrus himself, and to retaiij, possession of the crown : but in this he could not suc^ ceed^'. For though they had lost Cyrus their gene^ ral and their own officers, they yet forced their wajn I as it were out of the very palace of Artaxerxes, anu
proved to the whole world, that the Persians aud^ their king had nolhing to value themselves upon, but wealth, luxury, and women ; and that all the rest was mere parade, and ostentation. This gavQ fresh spirits to the Greeks, and taught them to de^ spise the barbarians. The Lacedaemonians in part^ ^uhr bought it would be a great dishonour, if they
1' The Greeks were at a ereut distance from their own country.
Eia the very heart of the Persian empire, surrounded by a numeroitf army flushed with victory ; nnd had no way of reluming into s ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ft :
Greece, but by (iirclnff their retreat through an immense tract of the en<c:iiy'j country. But Uicir valour and resolution surioomital ^1 these difficultiei : and in spite of a powerful army which pursued and harassed them all the way, they made a retreat of 3,32.) miles through the provinces belon){ing to the PeniiADs, and arrived at th« Crrek cities on the Kuxine nva. Ctearchus had the conduct of ihit inarch ^t first, but he bcinfi; cut off by llie treachery of 'ns^i phcmes, Xenophon vras chosen in his room ; and to hin valour and irisdoin it waa chiefly owing, tliat at length they teached Greece ii^ »fety.
I
ARTAXBRXEa 107
did not now deliver the Asiatic Greeks from servirt tude and put an end to the insults of the PersianSii Their first attempt was under Thimbroi and their next under Dercyllidas^; but, as those generals effected nothing of importance, the conduct of the war was given to their king, Agesiiaus. That prince immediately passed into Asia with his fleets and speedily distinguished himself by his vigorous opera- tions; for he defeated Tisaphernes in a pitched battle, and brought over several cities.
By these losses Artaxerxes understood, vbat would be his best method of making war. He ther/er fore sent Hermocrates, the Rhodian, into Gre^cie with a large quantity of gold, instructing him, ..to corrupt with it the principal men among the s^iit^^ and to stir up a Grecian war against Lacedaemon. la this commission Uermocrates acquitted himself with so much success, that the most considerable cities leagued against Sparta, and such commotions were excited in Peloponnesus, that the magistratea wefe forced to recall Agesiiaus from Asia* Upon his de- parture, he is reported to have said to his friendSf The king drives me out of Asia with thirty thou- sand archers/* The Persian money, it must be recollected, bore the impression of an archer.
Artaxerxes deprived the Lacedaemonians of the dominion of the sea, by means of Conon the Athe- nian, who acted in conjunction with Pharnabazus. For Conon, after he had lost the sea-fight at Mga^ Potamos ^% fixed his abode in Cyprus ; not merely with a view of providing for his own safety, but waiting for a change of affairs, as mariners wait for the turn of the tide : and finding that his own plan required ^ respectable power to carry it into execu- tion, and the Persian power a person of ability to ponduct it, he transmitted to the king an account oif the measures, which he had concerted. This letter
3^ Sec Xepoph. Helleo. iii.
37 See the Ufe of Ageulaus, IV. 88., the Life of Alcibiades, I(. jl69., and the Life of ipysanderi m. 199.«
138" AltfAXER^iES. V
the messenger was ordered to get delivered into MB hands by ZeDo the Cretan, who danced m the reveti, or by Polycritus the Mendi^an, who was his phyn- cian, or (in the event of their absence) by Ctesias another physician. It was given, we are told, to Ctesias, who added to it this paragraph ; " I desire " you. Sir, to send me Ctesias, for he will be very *' serviceable in the business of the navy." Ctesias however affirms, that the king without any kind of solicitation employed him upon that service.
After Artaxerxes, through Conon and Phama- bazus, had gained the battle off Cnidus, which stripped the Lacedemonians of the empire of the sea, he drew almost the whole of Greece into his interest ; insomuch that the celebrated peace, called i * the Peace of Antalcidas ■'% was entirely of hUJ modelling. Antalcidas was a Spartan, the son on Leon, and so strongly attached to the king, tha^J he persuaded the Lacedaemonians to give up Ut^J him all the Greek cities in Asia, and the island' which are reckoned among it's dependencies, hi be held as his tributaries in virtue of the peace i. if indeed we can call that a peace, by which Greeceil was dishonoured and betrayed, and which wut|l indeed so vile a bargain, that the most unsuccess**" ful war could not have terminated in any thing more inglorious.
Hence it was that Artaxerxes, though (according to Dinon's account) he always detested the other Spartans as the most impudent of men, expressed a great regard for Antalcidas, when he came to his court. One evening he took a chaplct of flowenj from his head, dipped it in tlic richest essenceay* and sent it him from Ins own table. The wholo court was astonished at such a mark of favourll But there secras to have been a propriety in making , him this ridiculous comphment*'; such a crowi^J
1" B, C. 387. See l!ie Life of Agesilaua, IV. 99., ond note." ■
,)* It was a conipliinent entirely out of character to a Sparum*^
who, u such, wEu ■uppost.-d to value biiiuelf upon the siniphcitv t^A
liJn mauntra, and to avoid till upproachcs to luxury ; but Alitalaibk 1
ARTAXEAXlUk l»
inh^t, bitfteft!the'bit)W8-0f hin, who could mimie heoniAnH aM '^ISaHiftnttidM in a dance before th« Persians. 'Somebody ftdjlpening to say in Agen^ laus' heariih^ ^ Aliis Ibr Greeeel when the I^ce^ ^^ AesrAohihtA ftl<e turning Persians ; "^ he corrected hinn, and said, ^'N^t- the Medes^lire rather turnid^ *• LacedfiBittomate'^/* But the wit of the txprw^ sioh did rkit iNEiihove the' disgrace of the toingt They lost their *u|>efiority ft*^ Greece by the i& fought battle t)^ Leuctra *S asr they had previously lost their 'bbnodif' by the vile conditions o# this peace. -"'''^
So long as Sparta inaintained her superibrityi the kin^ Mttnittbd Antalcidas to the privileges <lf hospitality, and calted him his friend. Butwhen, ]up6n their defeat at Lenctra, the SpartaAs sent Agesilaus info Egjppt to procure li supply of money] and Antalcidas^ went upon the same errand to the Persian court, Artaxerxes treated him with so much neglect and contempt, that between the ridicule which he suffered' front his enemies, and his fear of the resentment of the EphoH;'1ie resolved on hit return to starve himself to death. Ismenias the Theban, - and Pelc^idas who had lately won the battle of Leuctra, went also to the court of Arta** xerxes. IPdopidas submitted to nothing unworthy of his country^ or his character ; but Ismenia^ being cbmnrtnded to adore the king, purposely let his ring fkll from his finger, that by stooping to take it up' he might appear in a posture of adoration.
Timi^oras the Athenian having given the king some secret intelligence, in a letter which he de- spatched by a secretary named Beluris, he was so
had shown, by his servile condescension, how little he was allied in feeling to Sparta.
^ See note (38.)
^' B. C* 371.; where the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and Pelopidas, defeated the Lacedsemonians under their king Cleom- brotus, who feU in the action.*
140 ARTAXERXES.
niucli ple4!;ec1 that he made him a present of ten tliniisand Darics. The same Timagoras wanted a supply of cow's milk on account of a languishing riisorder; upon which Artaxerxes ordered eighty cows for his use to follow him wherever he went. He likewise sent him a bed with the necessary cover- lets, and Persian sfrvants to make it, because he thought the Greeks not skilled in tliat art*' ; and lie or<lefe(l him, on account of his indisposition, to be carried to the sea-side in a jitter. To this we may add the allowance for his table while he was at court, which was so magnificent, that Ostanes the king's brother one day said to him; " Timagoras, remem- " ber this table, for it is not so sumptuously main- " tained for nothing." This was rather reproach- ing him for liis treason, than calling for his acknow- ledgements. And indeed Timagoras, upon his re- turn, was capitally condemned by the Athenians for having received bribes.
Artaxerxes in some measure atoned for the causes of sorrow, which he had given the Greeks, by doing one thing that afforded them great pleasure : lie put Tisaphernes, their most implacable enemy, to death. This he did partly at the instigation of Parysatis, who added other chaiges to those alleged against hira. K>r he had not long retained bis anger, but was reconciled to his mother and sent for her to court } because he saw that she had understanding and spirit enough to assist in governing the kingdom, and there now remained no farther cause of suspi- cion between them. From this time she made it a rule to please the king in all ber measures, and not'
former annotalor, Agamemnon threaten! e Chryscij, when advanced in years, To deck the bed she once enjoy'd ! (Horn. I: The disiunco from tlie Persian cupitul te the sea-side, alluded above, ivos so considerable, that the chiurmen for their disci of lhi« piece of royal WJurtesy (as Plutarch himself informs uj hisLifL-ofPelojii(liis, 11.379} received from the king lion of four tAlentit.*
cni ^^H 31.) «H
us, m
3
to oppose any of his inclioations, by ^hich she gained an absolute ascendency over Ittno. He had a strong passion, she perceivra, for one of his owtji' daughters, named Atossa. He endeavoured, indeedf; to conceal it on his mother's account, and restrained it in public ; though, according to some authors, he had already a private commerce with the princess. Parysatis no sooner suspected the intrigue, than she caressed her grand-daughter more than ever ; and* was continually praising to Artaxerxes both her, beauty and behaviour, in which she assured hiii^ there was something great and worthy of a crowtiV At last, she persuaded him to make her his wifi^' without regarding the laws and opinions of the Greeks : ^^ God," said she, ^V has made yon a law ** to the Persians, and a rule of right and wrong/* Some historians (among whom is Heraclides of Cumae**^) affirm, that Artaxerxes married not only Atossa, but another of his daughters named Ames> tris, of whom we shall speak by and by. His affec- tion for Atossa was so strong, that though she had a leprosy which spread itself over her whole body» he was not disgusted by it, but daily implored Juno for her, and grasped the dust of her temple ; for he paid his homage to no other goddess. At the same time by his direction his state-officers sent so many offerings to her shrine, that the whole space between the palace and the temple, which was sixteen fbf- longs, was filled with gold, silver, purple, and fine horses **.
Pharnabazus and Iphicrates^^ he despatched to make war upon the ^Egyptians ; but the expedition
♦' Who wrote a History of Persia in five books.* ^^ As * horses ' seem a strange present to Juno, and are as strangely mixed with * gold, silver, and purple,' Dacier prc^xMca, instead of i^m^ * horses/ to read Ai^M*, * prepous stones.' (L.) And yet Juno was very partial to Argos, which the Greek poets call iT%-<K«T«<, /ttiiA«t<k, iTff»a5, &c.; and Horace (Od. I. vii. d.) aptum equis.*
^^ An Athenian general of high reputation, contemporary wkh Fhociou. His Life was written by Cornelius Nepos.^
1*2 ARTAXERXES.
miscarried tlirougli a quarrel, which took plaod tween the generals employed. AftCF this he man in person against the Cadusians, with three Hum thousand toot and ten thousand horse. Their a tr; is rough and uneven, and covered with pcrpf fogs. As it produces no corn or fruits bj ctilj tion, the inhabitants, a fierce and warlike raqi men, live upon wild pears, apples, and other tfaj of that kind. He was, therefore, insensibly invt^ in great danger and distress; lor lits troops C4 find no provisions there, neither could they be | plied from any other place. They were cof quently forced to kill their beasts of burthen, >i cat then] ; and even those became so scarce, that ass' head was sold for sixty drachmas. The kit table itself was ill supplied ; and there remaij only a few horses, all the rest having been use4 food. ']
In this extremity Tiribazus, who was oftei high favour on account of his courage, and o^ degraded for his levity, and who at this very % was in the deepest disgrace, saved the king an(| whole army by the following stratagem : The Ci^ sians having two kings, each had his separate at Upon tills 'I'iribazus founded his scheme ; and tii he had communicated it to Artaxerxes, went hicq to one of those princes, and sent his son tOi< other. Kacli imposed upon the king to wliom applied, by pretending that the other was aboii^ despatch u private embassy to Artaxerxes, wttbj view of ncgociating a sei>3rate alliance." " B^ " you are wise," said ihev. " you will be bet| " Iiand with vour rival, and we will assist you in ] '* whole affair." This argument had it's efl^ and each, persuaded that the otlier was undermiD him out of envy, sent his cmba-isadors, the one 1l Tiribazus, and the other with his son. As n lime elapsed before they returned, Artaxerxes bfl) to entertain suspicions, and there were not want people who suggested that Tiribazus had aome t
ARTAXERXES. H»
totous design. Upon this, the king was extremely dejected, and repenting of the conBdencc which he bad reposed in him, gave ear to all the calumnies of his enemies. But at last Tiribazus arrived, as did also his son, with the Cadusian embassadors, and peace was made with both parties ; in consequence ofwhic!), Tiribazus stood liigher in esteem and au- thority with the king than ever. During this expe- dition, Artaxerxes showed that weakness and cowardice ought not to be ascribed, as they gene* rally are, to the pomp and luxuries of life ^^ but to a native meanness and depravity of judgement. For neither the gold, nor the purple, or the jewels, which the king always wore, and which were worth not less than twelve thousand talents, prevented him from encountering the same fatigues and hardships with the meanest soldier in his army. He took his quiver on his back, and his buckler upon his arm, and quitting his horse would frequently march fore- most up the most craggy and difficult places; so that others found their task much lighter, when they observed the strength and alacrity with which he proceeded ; for he marched above two hundred fur- longs a day.
At last he reached one of his own palaces, where there were gardens and parks of great extent and beauty, though the surrounding country was naked and barren. As the weather was exceedingly cold, he permitted his men to cut wood out of the parks, without sparing either pine or cypress : and, when he observed them loth to touch trees of such size and beauty, he took an ax in his own hand, and applied it to the largest and finest tree among tliem. After which they cut them down without scruple, and having made a number of fires, passed the night in comfort.
He found however, upon his arrival at his capital.
*'• Yet the 'iDstance in auestion ought rather perhaps to be coo- udcrtd u an cxesptioa. loaa ut «xunple.*
I
■ I
J
144 aIiYaxerXes.
that he had lost many brave men, and almost all his' horses j and imagining that he was despised for his disasters, and the ill success of the expedition, he became suspicious of his grandees. Many of them he put to death in anger, and more out of apprehen- sion. For fear is the most sanguinary principle, upon which a tyrant can act ; whereas courage, on the contrary, is mild and unsuspicious. Thus the shyest and most timorous animals are the most diffi- cult to be approached, or tamed ; whereas the more generous, having less suspicion because they have less fear, do not shun the caresses of man.
Arfaxerxes, being now far advanced in years, observed his sons making parties for the crown, among his friends and the rest of the nobility. The more equitable were for his leaving it to his eldest son Darius, as he had himself received it from his father in right of primogeniture. But his younger son Ochus, who was a man of an active and violent spirit, had also a considerable interest among the grandees. Besides, he hoped to gain his father through Atossa ; to whom he assiduously paid his court, promising to make her the partner of his throne upon the death of Artaxerxes. Nay, it was even said, that he had already had private familiari- ties with her. Artaxerxes, though he was ignorant of this circumstance, resolved to cutoff Ochus' hopes at once ; lest, following the daring steps of his uncle Cyrus, he should again involve the kingdom in civil wars. He therefore declared Darius his successor, who was now twenty-five " years old, and permitted him to wear the point of his turban *" erect as a mark of royalty.
As it is customary in Persia for the heir to ask a ft vour of him that has declared him such, which if possible is always granted, Darius demanded Aspa-fia,
•' In the printed text it U ' fifty :' bul t
tu •■.^i... ^ = .» instead of '■■■'*«-
talh hiiD ' k >'Ou.ig man' a liule ticlow.
ARTAXERXE6. lU
%ho kald hwA his vocte Cvi^os' favourite mistrest | »nd itai^ now aire of Iht king's concubines. This woman was a native of Phocea in Ionia, and her parents, who were above the condition of slaves^ had given her a good education. One evening, she was introduced to Cyras at supper with the other >taiiieD. While they all approached him without scruple, and received his jokes and caresses with pleasure^ Astasia stood by in silence ; and, upon Cyrus', calling her to htm, she refused to go. Perceiving thai the chamberlains were about to compel her, she said, *^ Whoever lays hands upon me, shall repent it^** Upon which, the company considered h^r as an urr- polished rustic ; but Cyrus was del^hted, and said with a smile to the person who brought* them, ^ Db " not yoti see that of all these, whom you have ^^ provkled, this young woman alone has generous ^^ and virtuous sentiments ? " From that moment he attached himself to hert- loved her most of all his concubines, and called her Aspasia ^ the Wise.' When Cyrus fell in battle, she was taken among the plunder of his camp.
Arta>terxes was much concerned at his son^s re- quest. For the barbarians are so extremely jealoUEt of their women, that capital punishment is Inflicted, not only upon the man who speaks to or touches one of the king's concubines, but upon him also who approaches, or passes their chariots on the road. And though, in compliance with the dictates of his
{)assion, he had made Atossa his wife contrary to aw, he kept three hundred and sixty concubines, all of them women of the greatest beauty. When Darius howev^ demanded Aspana, he declared her free, and said ; ^^ She might go with him, if she '^ pleased : but he would not compel her against ^^ her inclination." Accordingly Aspasia was sent for, and contrary to the king's expectation made choice of Darius. He gave her up to him, irtdeed^. because he was obliged to it by the law ; but he soon took her away from him, and made h^ a
VOL. VI. L
' 146
ARTAXERXES.
I priestess of Diana of Ecbatana, whom they cafl ^ 'Anitis*",' that she might pass the remainder of ' ber life in chastity. This he thought no severe re- I venge upon his son, but a pleasant way of chastis- I ang his presumption. Darius, however, highly re- 1 aented the affront; whether it was, that the charma r lof Aspasia had made a deep impression upon him, cr he tliought himself insulted and ridiculed by the ! proceeding.
Tiribazus, seeing how mucli he was offended, , endeavoured to exasperate him still farther. This he did from a fellow-feeling ; for he had suffered an injury of nearly the same kind. The king, hav- ing several daughters, promised to give Apama to Phamabazus, Rhodogune to Orontes^", and Anies- tris to Tiribazus. With the two first he kept his word, but he deceived Tiribazus : ibr, instead of giving Amestris to him, he married her himself; promising at the same time, that he should have his youngest daughter Atossa. But of her likewise he afterward became enamoured, and married her too, as we have already mentioned. This treatment ex- tremely incensed Tiribazus, who had indeed nothing steady in his disposition, but was wild and irregular. One while upon a level with the greatest men in the court, another while unacceptable to the king and sinking into disgrace, he bore no change of fortune with propriety. If he was in favour, his vanity was insupportable ; if out of it, instead of being humble and quiet, he had recourse to violence and ierocity.
His conversing with the young prince w.«, therft>| fore, adding fire to fire : " What avails it," said he," *' to Iiave the point of your turban advanced, *"" " you do not seek to advance your authority ?'l *' Nothing con be more absurd than your thinking I
>* Pautuinim (iii. 19.) ssp, there ivas n tniiplc of Diana Aiuilit J i ^ Lydio. lliil Justin (X. i.) iiifutms us, tliat Artoxerxci i Aspasiii one of ilit priuites»t» of tlie Suu. ' )• Who tubicquL'Qily tell into diaj^race. Ste Diod. Sic. i
ARTAXEXRES. 147
*' yourself secure of the succession, while your ** brother is privately forwarding his interest by " means of the women, and your father is so very ^' foolish and unsteady. He, who could break one " of the most sacred laws of the Persians, for the sake of an insignificant Greek woman, is certainly not to be depended upon in more important en*- gagements. Besides, tne case is quite different between you and Ochus, as to the event of the competition : if Ochus fails to obtain the crown, no body will hinder him from living happily in a private station ; but you, who have been declared king, must either reign or die." Upon this occa- sion was verified the observation of Sophocles,
-Swift in it's march
Is evil counsel.
The road which leads us to what we desire is indeed smooth, and of an easy descent ; and the desires of most men are vicious, because they have never known or tried the enjoyments of virtue. The lustre of the imperial crown, and Darius' fear of his brother, furnished Tiribazus with other argu- ments ; but the goddess of beauty contributed her share toward persuading him, by putting him in mind of the loss of Aspasia.
He, therefore, entirely resigned himself to Tiri- bazus, and many others soon engaged in the con- spiracy. But before it could be carried into execu- tion, an eunuch gave the king information of it, and of all the measures that were to be taken ; for he had procured perfect intelligence, that they designed to enter his chamber in the night, and to murther him in his bed.
Artaxerxes thought it would be great imprudence either to slight the information, and expose himself to such danger, or to credit it without farther proof. The method, which he adopted, was as follows : he ordered the eunuch to join Darius and his adherents^ and assist at all their councils j and in the mean
L 2
cc
ARTAXERXES. 149
ttil he laid him dead at his feet. After this^ the^ add, he returned to his palace, and having paid hi^ devotions to the sun, said to those who assist^ at the ceremony ; ** My Persians, you may now re* turn in triumph^ and tell your fellow subjects, that the great Oromazes ^^ has taken vengeance upon those, who had formed the most impious and exa>- Crable designs against their sovereign/' Such wiU the end of the cohspiracy.
Ochus now entertained verjr agreeable hopes, aod was farther encouraged by Atossa. But he had stiM some fear of his remaining legitimate brother Ari^ aspes, and of his natural brother Arsames. Not that Ochus had so much to apprehend from Ariaspes^ merely because he was older ; but the Persians were desirous of having him succeed to the throne on ac** count of his mild, sincere, and humane dispositioiK As for Arsames, he had the character or a wise prince, and was the particular fkvourite of his flither. This was no secret to Ochus. He, thefefore, plan- ned the destruction of them both ; and being of ap artful as well as a sanguinary turn, he employed his cruelty against Arsames, and his craft against Ari- aspes. To the latter he privately sent some of the king's eunuchs and friends, with frequent accounts of severe and menacing expressions of his father's, as if he had resolved to put him to a cruel and igno- minious death. As these persons came daily to tell him in confidence, that some of these threats were upon the point of being carried into execution, and the others would not long be delayed ; he was so terrified, and fell into such a melancholy and despond- ing way, that he prepared a poisonous draught, and drank it off to deliver himself from the burthen of life. The king being informed of the manner of his death sincerely lamented him, and had some suspi- cion of the cause, but could not thoroughly examine into it, on account of his advanced age. Arsames
^' The Persians worshipped Oromazes as the author of Good, and Arimanius as the author of Evil.
THE
LIFE
OF
ARATUS.
SUMMARY.
JVhy Plutarch addresses this Life to Pdycrates. Aratus in his child- hood escapes Jrom the hands of Abantidas. Employments of his youth. Nicodes usurps the government of Sicyon, Aratus* plan to destroy the tyrant. He determines to scale the wall. His pre- parations. He deceives Nicocles* spies: Sets off': Is disturbed by the dogs^ and the sentinels : Gets possession qfSicyon. Nicodes JUes, He persuades that city to enter into the Achaan league. His character : Moderation and generosity. His voyage to Egypt. History of the portrait of Aristratus. He establishes peace and friendship among his countrymen. Antigonus attempts to render him obnoxious to Ptolemy. Aratus undertakes to recover the citadel of Corinth. Importance of thai place : Havo gained by Antigonus. Erginus promises to give it up to Aratus for sixty talents. Aratus pledges his plate f jewels, Sfc.for the money. The enterprise nearly fails. Aratus enters Corinth : attacks the citadel, and takes it: Persuades the Corinthians to join the league. Other exploits. He has great influence in the confederacy : Undertakes to deliver Argosfrom the tyrant Aristomachus. The latter is slain^ and succeeded by Aristippus. His miserable life. Aratus vainly en- dcavours to surprise Argos: Receives a check by his own mis* management : Defeats and destroys the tyrant, which re-establishes his cliaracter. Lysiades, tyrant of Megalopolis, lays down his usurped authority, and unites that city to the Achcean league. Aratus defeats the Mtolians at Pellene. Singular occurrence in the temple of Diana, Aratus endeavours to surprise the Piraus :
152
ARATUS.
CixuiU U to it given up to the Athenians : Procures ArUtotaacht adtniuion into the league: Is defeated by Cleomenes, and tnkei Mantinea. Death "f Lynades, and discredit thence allached to Araltu. Rejleiiom on his conduct. He prevetds the reception nf Cleomenes into the confederacy. Result of that nffhir. The Co- rinthians endeavour to seize him, but he escnpes, Reficses Cieo- ntene^ offers, and summons Antigonus to the aid nf the Achieam. He is treated honourably by thitptince, and recovers Argos Jrom Cleomenes, His conduct, with regard to Mantinea, inexcutabfe. He u beaten by the Italians at Cophya. His reputation wilA Philip begins to dedine. He persuades that prince to restore Ilhome to the Messeaians : Withdraws Jrom hit court : Is poito»wm ed by that prince. Funeral honours paid to him at Sicyon, Vengei- ance of heaven upon Philip.
X HE pliilosopher Chrysippus, my dear Polycrates, seems to have thought the ancient proverb not quite'' justifiable ; and he therefore delivered it, not as it really is, but aa he thought it ought to be :
— Who but happj bods wOl pnuie their sires ?
Dionysodorus the Troezenian however corrects him, and gives it right :
Who but unhappy sons w'U praise their sires ?
The proverb (he says) was made to silence those who, having no merit of their own, dress thcmselvea up in the virtues of their ancestors, and are lavish in their praises. And those in whom, to make use of Pindar's expression,
- the virtges of their sires
Shine with congenial beauty,
who like you form their conduct afler the brightest patterns in their familiea, may tiiink it a great hap-
ARATUS.
piness to remember the most excellent of their an- cestors, and often to hear or speak of them. For they assume not the honour of other men's virtues through want of merit in themselves, but uniting their own exploits with those of their progenitors, they praise them as the authors of their descent and the models of their lives. For which reason, when I have written the Lite of Aratus, your countryman and one of your ancestors, I shall send it to you, as reflecting no dishonour upon him either in point of reputation or power. Not that 1 doubt your having studied his actions, from the first, with all possible care and exactness; but I do it, in order that your sonsjPolycrates and Pythocles, may form themselves upon the noble exemplars in their own family, some- times hearing and sometimes reading what it be- comes them well to imitate. For it is the admirer of self, not the admirer of virtue, who thinks himself superior to others.
After the harmony of the pure Doric ' (I mean, the aristocracy) was broken in Sicyon, and seditions through the ambition of the demagogues took place, the city long continued in a distempered state. It only exchanged one tyrant for another, till Cleon was slain, and the administration devolved upon Timoclidas and Clinias, persons of the highest re- putation and authority amongst the citizens. The commonwealth seemed" in some degree re-established, when Timoclidas died. Abantidas, the son of Pa- seas, taking that opportunity to set himself up tyrant, killed Clinias, and either banished or put to death his friends and relations. He sought also tor his son Aratus, who was only seven years old, with the design of despatching him. But, in the confusion that filled the house after his father's assassination, the boy escaped among those who fled, and wander- ed about the city trembling and unprotected, till he happened to enter unobserved the house of a woman
* There wu great gravity, but at the same time great perft^ction, in the Donna imiaic. Sicyon was a city of Dorian extraction.
16* ARATUS.
named Soao, who was sister to Abantidas, and haj
been married to Prophantus the brother of Clinias. As she was a person of generous sentiments, and was likewise persuaded that the chthl had taken refuge with her by the direction of some deity, she conceal- ed him in one of her apartments till night, and then sent him priviitely to Argos.
Aratus, having thus escaped so imminent a dan- ger, immediately conceived a violent and implacable hatred for tyrants, which increased as he grew up. He was educated by the friends of his family at Argos, in a liberal manner; and as he was vigorous and robust, he gave himself up to gymnastic exercises, and succeeded so well as to gain the prize in five; several sorts''. In his statues, indeed, there is afl athletic look ; and, amidst the strong sense and ma; jesty expressed in his countenance, we discovei something inconsistent with tlie voracity '^ and tb< mattock of wrestlers, llcncc perhaps it was, thai he cultivated his powers of eloquence less thai came a statesman. He might, indeed, be a bctte] speaker than some suppose ; and there arc thossl who infer from his Commentaries, tliat he certainlya was so, though they were hastily written, and at tempted nothing beyond common language.
Some time after the escape of Aratus, Dinias aad Aristotle the logician formed a design against tha
' The five exercises of tiie Penlatlilum (as we have already o •erred, in a former note) were running, leaping, ihrowJne the doi hexing, and wrestling. See M, Duielio, 51cm. de 1 Acad, i Belles Lettres, iii. S18.
3 This in solids, as wc learn from the story of Milo of CrotonI was not limited by any regimen. Tlieir vaunted training had r rence ctiietly to abstinence from wine, the vicissitudes of the thcr, &c. &c.
Qui ttudet Dptatam cursu contiiioere metnm, Mulla luUt, ^feciU}ut putr ,■ stulavit et alsil, Abitinuit vntre et twno. (Hor, A- P. ♦1S.)|
In particular tliey used to break up the ground witli the mattoc by way of exercise, to imnrovt their strenglii. See Fest. voc. P trum; nndMcni. derAcad-des Belles L<?llrcB,i. sal. 2tl. KV^ir' ixi» nMTBiw n, hi riiuiri rm-idi juiJia.
(Theoc.GiA/'.lOal
ARATUa IBB
life of Abantidas ; and they easily found an Oppor- tunity of carrying it into effect, as he attended and occasionally took a part in their disputations in the public halls, to which they had insensibly led him for that very purpose. Upon this Paleas, the father of Abantidas, seized the supreme power ; but he was assassinated by Nicocles, who took his place, and was the next tyrant. There was a perfect likeness^ it is said, between this Nicocles and Periander, the son of Cypselus ; as Orontes the Persian resembled Alcmason the son of Amphiaraus and a Lacede- monian youth the great Hector. This young maiiy Myrsilus informs Us, was crushed to death by the multitude who came to see him, as soon astheito* semblance became public.
Nicocles reigned four months, during which time he offered a thousand injuries to the people, and nearly lost the city to the ^tolians, who had formed a scheme to surprise it. Aratus was by this time approaching to manhood, and much attention was paid to hitM on account of his high birth and spirit, in which there was nothing little or inactive^ although it was under the correction of a gravity and solidity of judgement far beyond his years. The exiles, therefore, considered him as their principal resource ; and Nicocles was not inattentive to his motions, but by his private agents observed all his measures. Not that he expected him personally to embark in so bold and dangerous an enterprise as he did, but he apprehended his applications to the princes, who had been connected with his father by the ties of friendship and hospitality. Aratus, in- deed, began in that channel ; but when he found that Antigonus, notwithstanding his promises, con- tinually put him off, and that his hopes from Egypt and Ptolemy were too remote, he resolved to destroy the tyrant without any foreign assistance.
The first persons, to whom he imparted his inten- tions, were Aristomachus and Ecdelus ; both of them pxiles, Aristomachus from Sicyon, an4 Ecdelus from
ARATiry.
I philosopher, wba4
Mc^lopolb. The iatter \
speculstioD never lost sight of practice, ("or he had studied at Athens under Arcesilaiis the Academi- cian '. As these readily accepted his proposal, he applied to the other exiles, a few of whom joined him, because they were ashamed of renouncing their hopes ; but the greater part believed it was only Aratus' inexperience*, which made him project such a bold attempt, and endeavoured to prevent his proceeding.
While he was considering how to seize some [ in the lerritories of Sicyon, whence he might secute hostilities against the tyrant, a man of Sicydl who had escaped out of prison arrived at Argi He was the brother of Xenocles, one of the exila and being introduced by him to Arattis informe< him, that the part of the wall over which he had scrambled was almost level with the ground on the inside, as it was contiguous to a high rocky part c " the city, and that on the outside, it was not so loA but that it might be scaled. On this inteiligend Aratus sent two of his servants, Sceuthas and Tecb non, along with Xenocles to reconnoitre the wall J for he was resolved, if he could do it secretly, t" hazard all upon one mighty effort, rather than pn tract the war, and publicly with his private resourd assail the tyrant.
Xenocles and his companions, after they had takO. the height of the waif, reported on their return thij it was neither impracticable nor difficult, but that I" was dangerous to attempt it, on account of sooi dogs kept by a gardener, which were small indeo but extremely fierce and furious. Aratus, howevei immediately set about the work. It was easy to proo ' vide arms without exciting alarm ; for almost every body went armed, on account of the frequent rob- beries and incursions of one people into l'
• Arcoilau* was the disciple of Crantor, and had est^lished tl Middle Academy. ' He wM not tirent]- yew* old.
ARATfJig. Iff!
torie^ of another. And as to the acaling-iadd^nf, Euphranor, who was one of the exiles and a carpen^ ler by trade, made them publicly; his business screening him from suspicion. Each of his friends in Argos, who had no great number of men that he could command, furnished him with ten; he bimacdf armed thirty of bis own servants, and hired some few soldiers of Aenopbilus^ who was captain of a baod of robbers. To the latter it was announced, that the design of their, march to Sicyon was to carry off the king's stud ; and several of them were despatch- ed by different ways to the tower of Polygnotua^ with orders to wait for him there. Caphesias was likewise sent off*, with four others, in a travelling dress. These were to go in the evening to the gardener's cottage, and under the pretence of being travellers to procure a lodging there, after which they were to confine both him and his dogs ; for that part of the wall was not accessible by any other way. The ladders being made to take in pieces, wece packed up in corn-chests, and sent before in wagi?- gons prepared for the purpose.
In the mean time, some of the tyrant's spies ar> rived at Argos, and it was reported that they were sculking about to watch Aratus' motions. Next morning therefore, Aratus appeared early with his friends in the market-place, and conversed with them for some time. He then went to the Gymnasium^ and after he had anointed himself, took with him some young men from the wrestling-ring, who used to be of his parties of pleasure, and returned home. In a little while his servants were seen in the markets place, some carrying chaplets of £k>wer8, some buying flambeaux, and some in discourse, with the womes who used to sing and play at entertainments. These manoeuvres completely deceived the spies. Thejr laughed, and said to each other; '^ Assuredly^ ao- '' thing can be more dastardly than a tyrant ;
* Between Argos and Nemea, a city on the road from Ae fimner ffkoe to SioyaoA.*
ISS AKATt'5. V
" Nicocles, master of so strong a city and armaB " with 80 much power, lives in dread of a young " man, who squanders the pittance he has to support •' him in exile, upon drinking and revelling even in *' the day-time." Under these false views of the matter, they retired.
Aratus, immediately after he had finished his meal, set out for the tower of Polygnotus ; and, on joining the soldiers there, proceeded to Nemea, where he disclosed his real intentions to his whole company. Having exhorted them to behave like brave men, and promised them great rewards, he gave * Propi- tious Apollo' for the word ; and then led them on toward .Sicyon, governing his march according ti>J the motions of the moon, sometimes quickening dJuT sometimes slackening his pace, so as to have th^ benefit of her light by the way, and to reach tb garden near the wall just after she was set. Theral Caphesias met him, and informed him that the dog||1 had been let out before he arrived, but tliat he ha' secured the gardener. This account dispirited most 1 of the party, and they entreated Aratus to renounce , his enterprise J but he encouraged them by promising j to desist, if the dogs should prove very troublesome.' He then ordered those who carried the ladders to march before, under the conduct of Ecdelus and J Mnasitheus, and he himself softly followed. The ] dogs now began to run about, and bark violently at i Ecdelus and his men ; nevertheless, they approached , the wall, and planted their ladders safe. But as the ] foremost of them were mounting, the officer who was J to be relieved by the morning-guard passed that way, at the sound of a bell, witli many torches and much J noise. Upon this, the men clapped themselves close 1 to their ladders, and escaped the notice of this watch 1 without much difiiculty : but when the other which J was to relieve it came up, they were in the utmost 1 danger. That too passed, however, without having j observed tliem ; after which Mnasitheus and KcdeluB J mounted the wall fir.st, and having secured tlie way J
ARATUS. 15»
both to the right and left, despatched Technon to Aratus to desire him to advance as fast as possible.
It was no great distance from the garden to the wall, and to a tower in which was placed a large hunting-dog to alarm the guard. But whether ne was naturally drowsy, or had wearied himself the day before, he did not perceive their entrance. The gardener's dogs, however, awaking him by barking below, he began to growl ; and when Aratus* men passed by the tower, he barked so loud, that the whole place resounded with the noise. Upon this the sentinel, who kept watch opposite to the tower, called aloud to the huntsman, and asked him; Whom the dog barked at so angrily, or whether any thing new had occurred ? " The huntsman from the tower answered, " No ; he was only di^ ** turbed by the torches of the guards, and the noise ** of the bell.** This, more than any thing else^ encouraged Aratus' soldiers -, for they imagined that the huntsman concealed the truth, as having a secret understanding with their leader, and that there were many others in the town who would promote the design. But, when the rest of their companions came to scale the wall, the danger increased. It appeared to be a tedious business, because the ladders shook and swung extremely, if they did not mount them softly and one by one ; and the time pressed, for the cocks began to crow. The country- people likewise, who kept the market, were expected to arrive every moment. Aratus therefore hastened up himself, when only forty of his company had gained the wall ; and after a few more had joined him from below, putting himself at the head of hia men, he marched immediately to the tyrant*s palace where the main-guard was kept, and where the mer- cenaries passed the night under arms. Coming sud- denly upon them, he took them prisoners without killing a single man ; and then sent to his friends in the town, to invite them to come and join him. They immediately hastened to him from all quarters.
and day now appearing, the theatre was filled with a crowd of people who stood in Gospense : for they had ouly heard a rumour, and had no certaintjT w what was doing, till a herald came and proclaimed ^ond; " Aratus, the son of Clinias, calls the citizeni
to liberty." 3 Upon this, persuaded that the long-expected day was at last arrived, tltey rushed in multitudes to the palace of the tyrant, and set fire to it. The flame was so siroDg, that it was seen as far as Corinth j and the Corinthians, wondering what might be the cause, were upon the point of going to their assist- ance. Nicocles himself crept away, and escaped out of the city by some subterranean conduits ; and, the soldiers, having helped the Sicyonians to extin- guish the fire, plundered his pdace. Neither did Aratus prevent them from taking this booty; but the rest of the wealth, which the several tyrants had amassed, he bestowed upon the citizens.
There was not so much as one man killed or wounded in this action, either of Aratus' party or of the enemy ; fortune so conducting the enterprise, as not to sully it with the blood of a single citizen. Aratus recalled eighty persons, who had been banish- ed by Nicocles, and of those that had been expelled by the former tyrants not less than five hundred. The latter had long been forced to wander from place to place, some of them full fifty years : most of them, of course, returned in a destitute condition. They were now, indeed, restored to their ancient posses- sions ; but their going into houses and lands, which had found new masters, laid Aratus under consider- able difficulties. Without, he saw Antigonus' envying the liberty which the city had recovered, and laying schemes to enslave it again ; and within, he found nothing but faction and disorder. He therefore judged it best, in this critical situation, to unite it to the Achffian league". As the people of Sicyon
) Sunwiwd OoBHu*, the father of DemetrhK • B. C. 251.*.
J
ARATUa 161
were Dorians ^ they had no objection to being called a part of the Achsean community, or to their form of government ^^ It must be acknowledged^ indeed^ that the Achaeans at that time were no very great or powerful people. Their towns were generally small, their territory neither extensive nor fertile, and they had no harbours on their coasts, the sea for the most part entering the land in rocky and imprac* ticable creeks. Yet none gave a better proof than this people, that the power of Greece is invincible^ so long as good order and harmony prevail among her members, and she has an able general to lead her armies. In fact these very Achasans, though next to nothing when compared with the Greeks ia their flourishing times, or (to speak more properly) not equalling in their whole community the strength
9 See Pausan. ii. 6.*
'^ The Dutch repubh'c, before Holland was revolutionised by it*s unfortunate contiguity to France, much resembled it. The Achseans. indeed at first had two Praetors, whose office it was both to preside in the diet, and to command the array ; but it was soon thoufffat advisable to reduce them to one. There was this difTerencCi lixe>> wise, between the Dutch Stadtholder and the Achaean Prsetor, that the latter did not continue two years successively in his employ- ment. But, in other respects, the similarity between the states of Holland and those of the Achaean league was striking ; and, if the Achaeans could have become a maritime power like the Dutch^ their dominion would probably have been much more extensive and more lastin?.
All the cities subject to the Achaean league were governed by the great council or general assembly of the whole nation, which was assembled twice a-vear, in spring and in autumn. To this assem- bly, or diet, each of the confederate cities had a right to send a number of deputies, who were elected in their respective cities, by a plurality or voices. In these meetings they enacted laws, di*> posed of Uie vacant employments, declared war, made peace, con- cluded alliances, and in short provided for all the principal occasions of the commonwealth.
Beside the Praetor, they had ten great officers called Demiurgic chosen by the general assembly out of the most eminent and ex/^ perienced persons among the states. It was their office to assist the Praetor with their advice. He was to propose nothing to tte general assembly, but what had been previously approved by their body ; and upon them, in his absence, devolved the whole managep' ment of civil affiiirs.
VOL. VI. M
cf ^at Ttspeeabie err &t xhaz period, yet bjr good cic<iS9ei» Etd craaLiz^ftT. and by hearkenioz to mnj 99iw^ Qt fcpcrior vtrtDe isf::^^! cc envying hm Bent* wet cclj kept iTLessetrcs rree amicst «o maxnr waa^blw fBtts aad tyrants, bcrt ared 2 ^ge part of Greece, ot rescc<ed it tnosi chains
As to bLi c&aractery Antus had soaietfaii^ ray popclar in his beoaTsocr ; he had a natiTe loftiueai ot anod, and wm§ Kjore atteDthr to the poblic interest than to fas ovn. He was an implacable enemj to grants; bur, with respect to others, he made the good of his cociotrT the sole rale of his friendship or opposition. So that be seems rather to have been a mild and moderate enemv. than a zealous friend, his regards or dislikes to individuals varying as the oc- casions of the commonwealth dictated. In short; nations and great commanitiei with ooe voice re- echoed the declaration of the assemblies and theatres, that, ^ Aratns loved none but the good.* With r^ard to open wars and pitched battles, he was indeed diflMent and dmoroas ; bat in gaining a point by stratagem, in surprising cities and Qrrants^ there could not be an abler man.
To this cause we must ascribe it, that after he had exerted eminent courage, and succeeded in under- takings considered as desperate, through too much fear and caution he gave up others, that were more practicable and not of less importance. For as among animals there are some which can see very clearly in the night, and yet are almost blind in the day-time, the dryness of the eye and the subtilty of it's humours not suffering them to bear the light; so there is in man a kind of courage and understanding, which is easily disconcerted in open dangers and encounters, and yet resumes a happy boldness in secret enterprises. The reason of this inequality in men, of parts otherwise excellent, is their wanting the advantages of philosophy. Virtue is in them the product of nature unassisted by science, like the tiuits of the forest, which come without the least
ARATUa IBS
cultivation "• Of this, there are many examples to be found.
After Aratus had engaged himself and his city in the Achaean league, he served in the cavalry, and the generals highly esteemed him for his rqady obedience. For though he had contributed so much to the common cause by his name and by the forces of Sicyon, yet the Achasan commander, whether of Dyna or Tritta or some still more inconsiderable town, always found him as tractably as the meanest soldier.
When the king of Egypt ^^ made him a present of twenty-five talents, he received it indeed, but he expended the whole upon his feilow-citizcns ; reliev- ing the necessitous with part of it, and ransoming such as were prisoners with the rest.
But the exiles, whom Aratus had recalled, would not be satisfied with any thing less than the restitu- tion of their estates, and gave the present possessors so much trouble, that the city was in danger of being ruined by sedition. In this extremity, he saw no resource, except in the generosity of rtolemy ; and he therefore deternjined to take a voyage to Egypt, and apply to him for as much money as would reconcile all parties. Accordingly, he set sail from Methone ^* above the promontory of Malea, in hopes of taking the shortest passage. But a con- trary wind arose ; and the seas ran so high that the pilot, unable to bear up against them, changed his course^ and with much difficulty got into Adria *^, a
" Tills character of the inconsistencies of Aratus is perfectly agreeable to what Polybius has recorded of him in his fourth book. Two great masters, though their manner must be different, will draw with equal excellence.
** Ptolemy Philadelphus, who was succeeded by Eaergctes, B. C. 246.*
'^ In Messenia, anciently called Pedasus, and one of the seven cities promised by Agamemnon to Achilles. (II. iK. 204.) See Strabo viii. Malea was a promontory of Laconia, Strab. ib., Odyss. ix. 80 .•
'5 Palmerius conjectures that we should read * Andria/ which he supposes to have been a town in the island of Andios ; as Ara*
M 2
J to the enemy ; for Antigonus had a t tbcfe- To avoid this immiDent danger, he ded ; and with ooljone friend named TimanUies, makiDg his waj as &r as possible from the sea, sought shelter in a place well covered with wood, in which he and his companioo spent a very disagree- able uight Soon after he had left the ship, the governor of the fort came and inquired for him ; but he was deceived by Aratus' servants, who were instructed to say, he liad instantly sailed in another vessel for Eubtca. The ship and servants he detained, however, as lawful prize. Aratus spent some days in this distressful situation, where one while he looked out to reconnoitre the coast, and another while kept himself concealed ; but at last, by good fortune, a Roman ship happened to put in, near the place of his retreat. It was bound for Syria, and Aratus prevailed upon the master to land bim in Caria. But he had as great dangers to combat at sea in this, as in his former passage. And when he was in Caria, he had a voyage to take to Egypt, which he found a very long one. Upon his arrival, however, he was immediately admitted to an audience by the king, who had long been inclined to serve him, on account of the paintings with which he used to compliment him from Greece. Aratus, it ap- pears, who had a taste for these things, was always collecting (or him the piece*) of the best masters,
Iiarticularly those of Pamphilus and Melanthus'*. ■'or Siryon was filmed for the cultivation of the arts, particularly that of painting: and it was believed, that there only the ancient elegance was preserved
lui u Hvid to liavL' pa&sed tliuncc to Eubccn, uliich is opposite to thiit Uland.
'" Two of the mofit celebrated puinEcr!! of antiquity. Pamphilus littd been brought up under Uupompui, and was the master of A peltes and MelanthuK. His dt^f-d'ttuvre* were, a Brotherliood, a Ikttle, tho Victory of the Athcmiam, and Ulysses io hU vessel taking leave of Calyptu : nnd Pliny informs U9, lliut ttic whole wealth of a citr could Dcarcoly purchoM one of the pieces of Melaothus. (H. >^. wtw. 7. IS.)
ARAT06. 165
without the least corruption. Hence it was that the great Apelles, at a time when he was much admired^ went to Sicyon and gave the painters a talent, not so much for any improvement which he expected^ as for the reputation of having been of their school. In consequence of which Aratus, when he restored Sicyon to liberty, and destroyed the portraits of the grants, hesitated a long time on coming to that of Aristratus, who had been contemporary with Philip : for it was the united work of the disciples of Melan- thus, who had represented him standing in a chariot with the (Joddess of Victory; and the pencil of Apelles himself, we are informed by Polemo ^^ the geographer, had contributed to the performance.
This piece was so admirable, that Aratus could not avoid feeling the art which was displayed in it; but his hatred of tyrants soon over-ruled that feeling, and he ordered it to be defaced. Nealces the painter", who was honoured with his friendship, is said to have implored him with tears to spare it ; and when he found him inflexible, he cried out; Continue your war, Aratus, with tyrants, but not with every thing that belongs to them. Spare at least the chariot and the Victory, and I will soon ** make Aristratus vanish." Upon this Aratus gave his consent, and Nealces defaced the figure of Aris- tratus, but did not venture to put any thing in it's place except a palm-tree. We are told, however, that there still remained a dim appearance of the feet of Aristratus at the bottom of the chariot.
This taste for painting had already recommended Aratus to Ptolemy, and his conversation gained so much farther upon him, that he made him a present
'7 This writer had composed several works upon painters and painting. See Fabric. Bibl. Graec*
i> Nealces was a painter of great reputation. The subject of one of his pieces was, the Naval Fight between the Egyptians and the Persians. As this action took place upon the Nile, whose colour resembles that of the sea, he distinguished it by a symbol : he drew an ass drinking on the shore, and a crocodile in the act of springing upon him. (Plin. ib. 11.)
ARATUS.
• ^
1 >J:xn} ^°^ ^^y t^ilents for the city ; forty of ,^ <•!;: iKJck with him on his return to Pelopon- „;J renntted the rest in the several portions, .■ ; le times that he had appointed. It was an V.K'*'''*^'^ circumstance to apply such a sum of .,,^»;a'v to the use of his fellow-citizens, at a time uhcii it was common to see generals and dema- l^>gucs, for much smaller sums which they had fcceived of kin^s, oppressiiig, enslaving, and betray*- ing to them their native cities. But it was still more honourable, by this money to reconcile the poor to the rich, to secure the commonwealth, and to intro- duce comfort among all ranks of people.
His moderation in the exercise of the great power^ vith which he was vested, was truly admirable, for, being appointed sole arbitrator of the claims of the exiles, he refused to act alone, and joined with himself fifteen of the citizens in the commission ; with whose assistance, after much labour and atten- tion, he established peace and friendship among his countrymen. Beside the honours, which the whole community conferred upon him for these services, the exiles in particular erected his statue in brass, and put upon it the following inscription :
Far as the pillars which Alcides rear*d,
Thy toils, thy couusels, and thy might are heard.
But we, Aratus, to our homes restored
By thy just arms, tliy justice to record,
'Mid guardian gods thy guardian statue place;
For thou, like them, givest hannony and peace.
Aratus, after such important services, was placed above envy among his people, liut king Antigonus, uneasy at his popularity, was determined either to gain him over to his party, or to render him obnoxi- ous to Ptolemy. He therefore showed him extra- ordinary maiks of his regard, though he desired no such advances. Among others, the following was one : upon occasion of a sacrifice, which he offered at Corinth, he sent portions of it to Aratus at
AllATUS. 16^
Sicyon : and at the feast which ensued he said, ia full assembly, " I at first considered this young " Sicyonian only as a man of a liberal and patriotic ^^ spirit, but now I find that he is also a good judge *' of the characters and affairs of princes. At first, *^ he overlooked us for the sake of foreign hopeai» *^ and the admiration which he had conceived from " hearsay of the wealth, and elephants, and fleet;s, *^ and splendid court of Egypt ; but since he has *' been upon the spot, and seen that all this pomp ia
merely theatricaJ, he has entirely come over to us.
I Iiave received him to my bosom, and am deter^ ^^ mined to employ him in all my affairs. I desire^ " tlierefore, that you will all regard him as a friend.* From this speech, the envious and malevolent took occasion to allege heavy charges against Aratus, in their letters to Ptolemy ; insomuch, that the king sent one of his agents to tax him with his infidelity^ Thus, like passionate lovers, the candidates for thQ first favours of kings dispute them with the utmost envy and malignity. ^
After Aratus was first chosen general of tho Achaean league, he ravaged Locris, which lies on the other side of the gulf of Corinth, and committed the same spoil in the territories of Calydon. It was hia intention to have assisted the Boeotians with tex| thousand men, but he came too late ; they had beea already defeated by the ^tolians in an action near Cha:3ronea ^% in which Aboeocritus their general^ audi a thousand of their men, were slain.
The year following *^°, Aratus being re-elected general undertook the celebrated enterprise of re- covering the citadel of Corinth, in which he con^
'9 We must take care to distinguish this battle of Chsronea, from that great action in which Philip of Macedon beat the united forcer of the Thebans and Athenians, and which took place B. C. 338^ above sixty years before Aratus was born.
^^ Polybius, who wrote from Aratus' Commentaries, informs us there were eight years between his first prsetorship and his second, in which he took the citadel of Corinth.
aratts.
^_ p bmcfit of Sicyonand Achaia.i : jceafrti; fur such would the expulsMM . . ^c«wn garrison prove, which was nothing ., J iTTini's Yoke. As Chares, the Athe- . vi, upon a Wttic which he won from tbc , -sis's lieutenauts, wrote to the people that , t ued a victory sister to that of Marathon ; .V M.SV justly pronounce this exploit ofAratus ^».. tv those of Pelopidas (he Theban, and Thrasy- ^.tip' 5*f Athenian, when they slew the tyrants . ►yv.rv is indeed this difference, that Aratus' enter* tti« wss not against Greeks, but against a foreign «04v«f. a difference much to his honour. For the .^-bnuis of Corinth, wliich separates the two seas, ■jaiies our continent to that of Peloponnesus ; and when there is a good garnBon in the citadel of Corinth, which stands on a high hill in the middle at an equal distance from the two continents, it cuts off alt communication with those within the isthmus, so that there can be no passage for troops, nor any kind of commerce either by sea or land. In short, be who is possessed of it, is master of the whole of Greece. The younger Philip of Macedon therefore was not jesting, but spoke a serious truth, when he called the city of Corinth ' the Fetters of Greece.* Hence the place, particularly among kings and princes, was a constant subject of dispute.
Antigonus' passion for it was not less than that of love, in it's greatest extravagance ; and it was the chief object of his anxiety to tind a method of taking it by surprise, after his hope of succeeding by open force had failed. When Alexander, who was master of the citadel, died of poison {said to have been ad- ministered at the instigation of Antigonus) his wife Nicica, into whose hands it then lell, guarded it with great care. But Antigonus, hoping to gain it by means of his son Demetrius, sent him to make
11.)
•* Soc tho LifvufPclopida*, 11.356,, &c; imi] Xenoph. (Hel
ARATua let
her an ofier of his hand. It was a flattering prospect, to a woman somewhat advanced in years, to nave such a young prince for her husband. Accordingly^ Antigonus caught her by this bait. She did not how* ever give up the citadel, but guarded it with tbe same attention as before. Antigonus pretending to take no notice, celebrated the marriage with ss* crifices and shows, and spent whole days in feasting the people, as if his mind had been entirely occu^ pied with mirth and pleasure. One day when Amoebaeus was to sing in the theatre, be ooiklucted Nicaea in person, on her way to the entertainment^ in a litter decked with royal ornaments. She wai elated with the honour, and had not the least appre* hension of what was to ensue. But when they came to the road turning off toward the citadel, he or- dered the men who bore the litter to proee^ to the theatre ; and bidding farewell to Amoebaeus and the wedding, walked up to the ibrt, much faster than could have been expected from a man of his years. Finding the gate barred, he knocked with his stafl^ and commanded the guard to open it. Surprised at the sight of him, they complied, and thus he became master of the place. Upon this occasion, he was not able to contain his joy : he drank and revelled in the open streets, and in the market-place, attend- ed by female musicians and crowned with flowers. When we see a man of his age, who had experienced such changes of fortune, in the indulgence of his transports embracing and saluting every one he meets, we must acknowledge that unexpected joy raises greater tumults in an unbalanced mind, and oversets it sooner, than either fear or sorrow.
Antigonus, having thus gained possession of the citadel, garrisoned it with men in whom he placed the utmost confldence, and made the philosopher Persaeus"^^ governor. While Alexander was living,
^^ Who had been his tutor, JE\. Var. Hist. iii. 17. He was a stoic, originally the slave and subsequently the pupil of Zeno, Iho founder of that sect* See Athen. xuL 8.*
Aratus had cast iiis eye upon it, as an excellent us* quisition for his country ; but, the Ach»>ans adroit' ting that prince into the league, heUid not prosecute his design. Afterward, however, a new occasion presented itself. There were in Corintii four bro- thers, natives of Syria; one of whom, named Diocles, served as a soldier in tiie garrison. The other three having stolen some of the king's money retired to Sicyon, where they applied to one JEgias a banker, whom Aratus used to employ. Part of this gold they immediately disposed of to him ; and Erginus, one of the three, at several visits privately changed the rest. Thus an acquaintance was formed between him and ^gias, who one day drew him into dis- course about the garrison. Krginus told him, that as he often went up to visit his brother, lie had ob- served on the steepest side a small winding path cut in the rock, and leading to a part of the wall much lower than the rest. Upon this, -.-Egias said with an air of raillery; " Why will you, my good friend, " purloin the king's treasures for so inconsiderable *' a sum, when you might raise yourself to opulence *' by a single hour's service ? Don't you know that " if you are apprehended, you wil! as certainly be " put to death for this trifling theft, as if you had be- " trayed the citadel." Erginus laughed at the hint, and promised to sound his brother Diocles upon the subject i for he could not, he said, place much con- 6dence in the other two.
A few days after this he returned, and had an in- terview witli Aratus ; at which it was agreerl, that he should conduct him to a part of the wall not above fifteen feet high, and that both he and hia brother Diocles simuld assist him in the sctjuel of the enterprise. Aratus, on his part, promised to give them sixty talents, if he succeeded ; and if they failed, and yet returned all safe to Sicyon, he engaged that each of them shoultl have a house and one talent. As it was necessary, for the satisfaction of £rginus, that the sixty talents should bcdeyosited 7
M
ARATUS- 171
in ^gtas* hands, and Aratus neither had such a sum nor chose to borrow it, lest he should create some suspicion of his intentions, he took the greatest part of his plate and his wife's jewels, and pledged them with wSgias for the money. Such was the loftiness of his soul, and such his passion for noble achieve- ments, that knowing Piiocion and Epaminondas had been accounted the justest and most excellent of all the Greeks for refusing considerable presents, and not sacrificing virtue to money, he ascended a step higher. He privately gave money, and embarked his estate in an enterprise, where he alone was to expose himself for the many, who were not even apprised of his intentions in their favour. Who, then, can sufficiently admire his magnanimity? Who, even in our days, is not fired with ambition to imitate the man that purchased so much danger at such an immense price, and pledged the most valu* able of his goods for the sake of being introduced by night among enemies, where he was to fight for his life, without any other equivalent than the hope of performing an heroic action ?
This undertaking, in itself sufficiently dangerous, became still more so by a mistake which they com- mitted in the beginning. Technon, one of Aratus* servants, of whom we have already spoken, was sent before to Diodes, that they might reconnoitre the wall together. He had never seen Diodes, but he thought he should easily know him by the marks which Erginus had given, viz. his curled hair, swarthy complexion, and total want of beard. He went therefore to the place appointed, and sat down be- fore the city at a point called Ornis, to wait for Ergi- nus and his brother Diodes. In the mean time Diony. sius their eldest brother, who knew nothing of the affair, happened to come up. As he greatly resem?- bled Diocles, Technon, struck with his appearance, which exactly answered the description, inquired if he had any connexion with Erginus. On his reply- ing, that he was bis brother, Technon^ thoroughly
persuaded that he was speaking to Diodes, without demanding his name or waiting for any token, gave him his hand, mentioned to him the circumstances of the appointment with Erginus, and asked him many questions about it. Dionysius availed himself very artfully of the mistake, agreed to every point, and returning towards the city held him in discourse, without giving him the least cause of suspicion. They were now near the town, and he was on the point of seizing Tcchnon ; when fortunately Erginus met them, and perceiving how much his friend was imposed upon, and the extreme danger he was in, beckoned to him to make his escape. Accordingly, they both fled, and got safe to Aratus. Aratus how. ever did not renounce his hopes, but immediately sent Erginus to Dionysius, to offer him money and entreat him to be silent : in which he succeeded so well, that he brought Dionysius back with him. When they had him in their hands, they thought it not judicious to part with him ; but bound and guarded him in a small apartment, and then pre- pared lor their principal design.
When every thing was ready, Aratus ordered his troops to pass the night under arms ; and taking with him four liundred picked men, who knew no- thing of what they were setting about, he led them to the gates of the city near the temple of Juno. It was then about the middle of summer, the moon at the full, and the night without the least cloud. As their arms glittered by the moon-light, they were afraid that circumstance would betray them to the ■watch. The foremost of them were now near the walls, when clouds arose from the sea, and covered the city and it's environs. The men sat down, and look off their shoes, that they might make the Jess noise, and mount the ladders without danger of slipping. Erginus, in the mean while, with seven young men in the habit of travellers, reached the gate unobser\'cd, killed the keeper and the guard who were with him. At the same time the ladders '
rs va^^
ARATUfi. ITS
applied to the walls, and Aratus with a hundred men instantly mounted. The rest he commanded to fol- low in the best manner they could ; and having im- mediately drawn up his ladders, he marched at the head of bis party tnrough the town toward the cita- del, confident of success, because he had not been discovered.
As they advanced, they met four of the watch with a light, which gave Aratus a full view of them» while he and his company remained unseen, be- cause the moon was still overclouded. He, there- fore, retired under some ruined walls, and lay in ambush for them. Three out of the four were killed; but the other, after he had received a cut upon his head, made his escape crying, " That the enemy " was in the city.*' In a little time the trumpets sounded, and the whole town was in motion on the alarm. The streets were filled with people running up and down ; and so many lights were brought out, both in the lower town and in the citadel, that the whole was illuminated, and a confused noise was heard from every quarter. Aratus went forward notwithstanding, and attempted the way up the rock. Slowly and difficultly he proceeded at first, because he had lost the path wnich lay deep beneath it's craggiest parts, and led to the wall by a variety of windings and turnings. But at that very moment the moon, as it were by miracle '^^, is said to have dispersed the clouds, and thrown a light upon the obscurest portion of the path, which continued till he reached the wall at the 'place he sought. The clouds then gathered afresh, and she again hid her
&ce.
In the mean while, the three hundred men, whom Aratus had left by the temple of Juno, had entered the city, which they found all in lalarm and full of lights. As they could not discover the path whick
»3 The extreme courtesy of the moon, duriDg the whole ot thU adventure, gives too great an air of romance for the narrative of sober history,*
i
AHATCS.
Aratus had taken, nor trace hira in the least, they screened themselves under the shady side of a high rock, and tvaited there in great perplexity and di* Iress. By this time he was engaged with the enemy on the ramparts of the citadel, and they could dis- tinguish the cries of combatants: but, as the noise was echoed by the neighbouring mountains, it waS' uncertain whence it originally proceeded. While they were in doubt what way to turn, Archelaiis, who commanded the king's forces, took a consU derable corps, and ascending the Jiill ivith loud shouts and trumpets sounding, in order to attack' Aratus' rear, passed the party of the three hundred without perceiving them ; but he was no sooner gone by, than they rose up as from an ambuscade, fell upon him, and killing the first so terrified the rest, including Archelaiis himself, that they turned their backs, and were pursued till they entirely dispersed.
When the party was thus victorious, Erginus came down from their friends above, to inform them that Aratus was engaged with the enemy, who made a Tigorous defence, that the wall itself was disputed, and that their general wanted immediate assistance. They bade him lead them to the place that moment ; and, as they ascended, they announced themselves "by their shouts. Thus their friends were encouraged, and the reflexion of the full moon upon their arms caused them to appear more numerous to their ene- mies, on account of the length of the path, liy the echoes of the night, likewise, the shouts seemed to come from a much larger party. At last they joined Aratus, and with an united effort beat off the enemy, and took post upon the wall. At break of day tlie citadel was their own, and the 6rst rays of the sim dawned upon their success. At the same time, the rest of Aratus' forces arrived from Sicyon : the Corinthians readily opened tiieir gates to them, and assisted in taking the king's soldiers prisoners*'.
ARATUS. 17*
When he thought his victory complete, he went down from the citadel to the theatre ; an innumer* able multitude crowding to see him, and to hear the speech, which he was about to make to the Corin- thians. After he had ranged the AchsBfins on each side of the avenues to the theatre, he came from be^ hind the scenes, and made his appearance .in his ar- mour. But he was so much changed by labour and watching, that the joy and elevation, which his suc- cess might have inspired, was weighed down by the extreme fatigue of his spirits. On his appearance the people immediately began to express their high sense of his services ; upon which he took his spear in his right hand, and leaning his body and one knee a little against it, remained a long time in that pos- ture silent, to receive their plaudits and acclamations, their praises of his virtue, and compliments on his good fortune.
After their first transports were over, and he per- ceived that he could be heard, he summoned all the strength that be had left, and made a speech in the name of the Achseans suitable to the great event, persuaded the Corinthians to join the league, and delivered to them the keys of their city, of which they had never been masters since the times of Phi- lip. As to the generals of Antigonus, he set Arche- laiis, who was his prisoner, free ; but Theophrastus he put to death, because he refused to leave Corinth. Persaeus, on the taking of the citadel, made bis es- cape to Cenchreae^*. A while afterward, when he was amusing himself with disputations in philosophy; and some person advanced the position that, ' None but the wise man was fit to be a general;' "As- suredly,"* said he, " this maxim of Zeno's once pleased me more than all the rest ; but I have changed my opinion, since I was better taught bjr* the young Sicyonian." This circumstance coif- cerning Persaeus we have from many historians** * -^
*^ Pauganias, ii. 8., says Aratus put him to deatli.*
Aratus immediately seized the Herffium (or tempH_ of Juno) and the harbour of Lechaium, in which he took twenty-five of the king's ships. He took also five hundred liorses. and four hundred Syrians whom he sold. The Acha^ans placed a garrison of four hundred men in the citadel of Corinth, which was strengthened with fifty dogs, aud as many men to take care of them.
The Romans were great admirers of PhiIopcemen» and called him * the last of the Greeks;' not allow- ; ing, that there was any great man among that peo- ple after him. But, in my opinion, this exploit of Aratus is the last, wlilcli the Greeks have to boast. Whether we consider indeed the boldness of the en- terprise, or the good fortune which attended it, it equals the most ilhistrious upon record. This ap- peai:3, likewise, from it's immediate consequences : the Megarensians revolted from Antigonus, and join. ed Aratus j Uie Trcezenians and Epidaurians, also, ranged themselves on the side of the Achaaiis.
In his tirst expedition beyond the bounds of Pelo- ponnesus, Aratus over-ran Attica, and passing into halamis ravaged that island ; so that the Acheean forces thought themselves escaped as it were out of prison, and followed him wherever he pleased. Upon this occasion he set the Athenian prisoners free without ransom, by which he sowed among them the first seeds of defection from the Macedonians, He brought Ptolemy*, likewise, into the Achiean league, by procuring him the direction of the war both by sea and land. Such was his influence over the Achaeaiis that, as the laws did not allow him to be general ibr two successive years, they appointed bim every other year; and in action, as well as in council, he had always in eflect the chief command. For they saw it was not wealth, or glory, or the friendship of kings, or the advantage of his own country, or any thing else, that he preferred to the
"' Kuergoici L"
ARATUa 177
promotion of the Achaean power. He thought that cities in their single capacity were weak, and that they could not provide for their defence without, as it were, binding themselves together for the com- mon good. As the members of the body cannot be nourished or live, except by their connexion with each other, and when separated, pine and decay ; so cities perish, when they break off from the com** munity to which they belong, and on the contrary gather strength and power, by becoming parts of some great body, and enjoying the fruits of th« wisdom of the whole ^^
Observing therefore that all the bravest people in his neighbourhood lived according to their own laws, it gave him pain to see the Argives in slavery, and he took measures for destroying their tyrant Aristomachus ^®. Besides, he was ambitious to restore Argos to it's liberty, as a reward for the edu- cation which it had afforded him, and to unite it to the Achaean league. Without much difficulty he found some of them hardy enough to undertake the enterprise, with ^schylus and Charimenes the soothsayer at their head : but they had no swords ; for they had been forbidden to keep arms, and the tyrant had laid heavy penalties on such as should be
^7 We shall here give the reader an account of some laws, by which the Aehsean states were governed :
1. An extraordinary assembly was not to be summoned at the request of foreign embassadors, unless thev first notified in writing, to the Praetor and Demiurgi, the subject of their embassy ;
2. No city, subject to the league, was to send any embassy to a foreign prince or state, without the consent and approbation of a general uiet;
3. No member of the assembly was to accept presents from foreign princes, under any pretence whatsoever ;
4. No prince, state, or city was to be admitted into the league, without the consent of the whole alliance ;
5. The general assembly was not to sit above three days.
^ This Aristomachus must not be confounded with him, who was thrown into the sea at Cenchreae. Between them reigned Aristippus (of whom, however, Polybius has made no xneDtion), and surpassed all his brother tyrants in cruelty.
VOL, VI. N
lotber ^^^1
fomad to Iwve any id their possesiton. To soppij iIm delect, AratDf pronded several daggers for t' ■t Coiioth, and ha^-ii^ tewed tbem up to the [ Mddio of bones ihat were to carry scune ore' vxKs, ii>c7 were tbus conveyed to Argos. ■wan lime ChaHmenes, having admitted another i bis frieods 88 an accomplice, j£schviu3 and his a ctfltes were so much provoked, tliat they cast him" 06^ aad determiiied to effect the business by them- selves. But Charimenea perceiving their intention, in re^entmeat of the slight, iDforined the tyrant of their purpose, when they were set out to carry it into execution. Upon which they Bed with precipitation, and moit of tbem escaped to Corinth.
It was not long, however, before Aristomaclms was slain by one of his ovlh servants j but, before any measures could be adopted to guard against tyranny, Ari&iippus seized the reins, and proved a worse tyrant than the former. Aratus, indeed, marched immediately to Argos"" with ull the Acbieans able to bear arms, in order to support the citizens, whom he doubted not to lirid ready to assert their liberty. But they had been Jong accustomed to tlie yoke, and were willing to be slaves; insomuch tliat not one of them joined him, and he returned with the disadvantage of having subjected the Acha?ans to the imputation of com- mitting acts of hostility in time ol full peace. For this injustice they were summoned to answer before the Mantineans.
Aratus did not make his appearance at the trial, and Aristippus being the prosecutor got a fine of thirty mina; iaid upon the Acha;ans. As that tyrant both hated and feared Aralus, he meditated his death, and Antigoniis entered into the scheme. They had their emissaries in almost every quarter, watching their opportunity. But the surest guard for a prince,
'" Polybius (ii.) places this MU^mpt lor the relief of Argos u lliu M>i;und Ariitunmchus.
ARATnS« 119
or other chief, is the sincere affection of his people. For when the commons and the nobility, instead of fearing their chief magistrate, fear for him, he sees with many eyes and hears with many ears, afid has a prescience of whatever is going forward. And here I cannot but leave a little the thread of my story, to describe the manner of life which Aristippus was under a necessity of leading, in ordet to retain in his hands that despotism, that state erf an arbitrary suvei'eign, which is commonly so mucll envied and admired as the highest pitch of hap- piness.
This tyrant, who had Antigonus for his ally, whu kept so large a body-guard, and had not left one of his enemies alive in the city, would not suffer hii guards to do duty in the palace, but only in thtt vestibule and porticoes about it. When supper was finished, he sent away all his servants, barred the door of the hall himself, and with his mistresA mounted through a trap-door into a small chamber above. Upon that door he placed his bed^ and slept there as a person, in his anxious state of mind^ may be supposed to sleep. The ladder by which he ascended, his mistress' mother took away imd secured in another room till morning, when dhe brought it back and called up this wonderful pritice who crept like a reptile out of his hole. Whereas Aratus, who acquired a lasting command not by force of arms, but, by virtue and in a wav agreeable to the laws, who made his appearance without fear in a plain vest and cloke, and always showed him- self an enemy to tyrants, left an illustrious posterity among the Greeks which flourishes at this day^* But of those who have seized castles, who have maintained guards, who have fenced themselreti with arms and gates and barricadoes, how few catl .
3^ A corapliment to Polycrates, whom Plutarch characterises, in the beginning of this Life as one of his hero's decendents. The interval between Aratus and Plutarch was not less than three hun- dred and fifty years.*
N 2
180 ARATUS.
we enumerate, that liave not like timorous hara| died a violent death ^' ; and not one of them hoi left a house, a family, or even a monument, to prd^ serve his memory with honour.
Aralus made many attempts, both private anJ public, to pnll down Aristippus and rescue Ar^ out of his hands, but he always miscarried. One he had applied his scaling-ladders, and ascended the wall with a small party, in spite of the extreme dan- ger which threatened him. He had even succeeded so far as to kill the guards, who came to oppose him: but when day appeared, and the tyrant attacked him on all sides, the people of Argos (as if he had not been fighting for their liberty, and they were only presiding at the Ncmcau games) sat cool and im- partial spectators of the action, without making the least motion to assist him. Aratus defended himself i with the utmost courage, and though he had hij thigh run through with a spear, maintained his p alt day against the superior numbers of the enemjl Would his strength have permitted him to continui the combat in the niglit too, he must have carria his point: for the tyrant was meditating his escap and had already sent most of his treasure on boait his ships. As no one, howevci-, gave Aratus intelli gence of this circumstance, his water iiiiling, and hUJ ■wound disqualifying him from any farther personi* efforts, he called off lu's men and retired.
He now despaired of succeeding by way of surl prise, and therefore openly entered the territories of ■ Argos with his army, and committed great devasta ' tions. He fought a pitched battle witli Aristippui near the river Chares, and upon that occasion in^ curred the imputation of having deserted the actioi^ and let the victory slip out of his hands. For ontf part of his army had clearly the advantage, and was advancing last in the pursuit; when he, without
" Adgtitrum Certrii *i
' vade el iangtune paaci
a morU If/ranni. (Juv. x. JIS!.)* '
ARATUS. 181
being overpowered where he acted in person, merely out of fear and diffidence, retired in disorder to his camp. His men, on their return from the pursuit^ expressed their indignation at being prevented from erecting the trophy, after they had put the enemy to flight, and killed many more men than they had lost. Aratus, wounded by these reproaches, deter- mined to risk a second battle for the trophy. Accord- ingly, after his men had rested one day, he drew them out the next. But finding that the enemy's numbers had increased, and that their troops were in much higher spirits than before, he durst not hasard an action, but retreated, after having obtained a truce to carry off the dead. By his engaging man- ners, however, and his abilities in the administration, he obviated the consequences of this error, and added the city of Cleonse ^^ to the Achaean league* In Cleonae he caused the Nemean games to be cele- brated, for he thought that city had the best and most natural claim to them. The people of Argos, likewise, exhibited ^.hem ; and upon this occasion tho freedom and security, which had been the privilege of the champions, were first violated. The Achseans considered as enemies all who had repaired to the games at Argos, and having seized them as they passed through their territories, sold them for slaves. So violent and implacable was their generaPs hatred of tyrants.
Not long afterward, Aratus received intelh'gence that Aristippus had a design against Cleonae, but that he was afraid of him, because he then resided at Corinth : upon which he assembled his forces by proclamation, and having ordered them to take pro- visions for several days, marched to Cenchreae. By this manoeuvre he hoped to bring Aristippus against Cleonse, as supposing him at a distance : and it had it's effect. The tyrant immediately set out from' Argos with his army. But it was no sooner dark^
i* A city in Argolis, between Corinth and Argoe.*
18S ARATtJ.S.
than Aratus returned from Chenchrefc to Corinth ; and having placed guards in all the roads, led on the Aclueans, who followed him in such good order and with so much celerity- and pleasure, that tlicy not only made their march, but entered Cleonae that night, and marshalled themselves in order of battle j neither did Aristippus gain the least knowledge of this movement.
Next morning at break of day the gates were opened, the trumpet sounded, and Aratus advanc- ing at full speed and with all the alarm of war fell upon the enemy, and soon routed them. He then went upon the pursuit, particularly that way which be imagined Aristippus would take i for the country had several outlets. The pursuit was continued aa fer as Myccna;, and the tyrant (as Dinias inJorms us) vas overtaken and killed by a Cretan, named Tra- giacusj and of hi-* army there were above fifteen hundred slain. Aratus, though he had gained this important victory without the loss of a single man, could not make himsetf master of Argoa, or deliver k from slavery : for Agias and voung Aristomachus entered it with the king of Macedon's troops, and continued to hold it in subjection.
This action silenced in a great measure the ca- lumny of the enemy, and put a stop to the indolent scoffs of those, who to flatter the tyrants had not scrupled to say, that whenever the Achican general prepared for battle, his bowels lost their retentive faculty ; that when the trumpet sounded, his eyea grew dim, and his Iiead giddy ; and that when he had given the word, he used to ask his lieutenants and other officers, ' what farther need there could be of him, since the die was east, and whether he might not retire, and wait the event of the day at some distance.' These reports had prevailed so much, that the philosophers in their inquiries in the schools, ' Whetlier the palpitation of the heart and change of colour on the appearance of danger were arguments of cowardice, or only of some oatural delect, some
*
M
ARATUa IM
coldness in the constitution ? ' used always to quote Aratus as an excellent general, who yet was con* stantly subject to these emotions on occasion of k battle.
After he had destroyed Aristippus, he sought means to depose Lysiades the Megalopolitan^ who had assujned the supreme power in his native city. This man had something generous in his nature, and was not insensible to true honour. He had not^ like most other tyrants, committed this injustice out of a love of licentious pleasure^ or from a motive of avarice : but incited, when very young, by a pas- sion for glory, and unadvisedly believing, in his high- minded view of things, the false and vain accou&ti of the wondrous happiness of arbitrary power^ he had made it his business to usurp it. He soon, how- ever, felt it a heavy burthen : and being at once de- sirous to gain the happiness which Aratus enjoyed, add to deliver himself from the fear of his intriguing spirit, he formed the noblest resolution imaginable ; first to get rid of the hatred, the fears, and the guards which encompassed him, and then to bestow the greatest blessing on his country. In consequence c^ this, he sent for Aratus, laid down the authority which he had assumed, and united the city to the Achaean league. The Achseans, charmed with his lofly spirit, thought it not too high a compliment to elect him general. He was no sooner appointed, than he discovered an ambition to raise his name above that of Aratus, and was by this project led to several unnecessary attempts, particularly to declare war against the Lacedaemonians. This, Aratus en*> deavoured to prevent, but his opposition was thought to proceed from envy. Lysiades was chosen general a second time, though Aratus exerted all his interest to procure that appointment for another ; for, as we have already observed, he had the command himself only every other year. Lysiades was fortunate enough to gain that commission a third time, enjoy- ing it alternately with Aratus. But at last avowing
m
ARATUS.
himself his enemy, and often accusing liimtotbci Achieans in full council, that people cast him off I'or he appeared, with only an assumed character, to J contend against real and sincere virtue, .^sop teUs'J us, " that the cuckoo one day asked the little birds, " ' why they avoided her;' and tliey answered, ' it I *' was because they feared, she would at last prove 1 *' a hawk ^^' " In like manner it happened to Ly- siades. It was suspected that, as he had been once B tyrant, his laying down his power was not quite a voluntary thing, and that he would be glad to seize J the first opportunity of resuming it. •■
Aratus acquired new glory in the war with the | ^tolians. The Achfeans pressed him to engage them on the confines of Megara, and Agis king of the Lacedaemonians, who attended with an army, joined his instances to theirs; but he would not consent. They reproached him with want of spirit^ I with cowardice ; they tried what scoffing, what ridU cule could do : but he bore all their attacks witb I patience, and would not sacrifice the real good of th6 I community to the fear of seeming disgrace. Upoir J this principle, he suffered the ^^tolians to pass J mount Gerania^', and to enter Peloponnesus with- out the least resistance. But when he found that i in their march they had seized Pellene, he was no £ longer the same man. Without the least delajr^l without waiting lill all his forces were assembled, w\ advanced with those he had at hand against the ene-' T my, now much weakened by their late acquisition,' which had occasioned the utmost disorder and mis- j rule. For they had no sooner entered the city, than the private men dispersed themselves in the house%'i and began to scramble and fight tor the booty ; wliil» | the generals and other officers seized the wives and
" No such fuble of JEsop'e is now extant ; but there is one oft I ' the Hawk &ncl other Birds,' to which ihia passage alludes.*
** A inouritain in Atiicn, so calli-d hy Mcgarus, who iiiidrr th^ guidnncr ur snme craiieB »avcd hiniBcir upon Jt'& summil from Deq ckliDn's Hood.*
ARATU& 185
daughters of the inhabitants, and each placed his helmet upon the head of his prize, as a mark to whom she belonged, and to prevent her falHng into the hands of another.
While they were thus employed, intelligence ar- rived that Aratus was on the point of attacking them. The consternation was such, as might be expected among men in extreme disorder. Before they were all apprised of their danger, those who were about the gates and in the suburbs had skir- mished a few moments with the Achseans, and were pyt to flight, with a precipitation, excessively alarm- ing to those who had assembled to support them. During this confusion one of the captives, daughter to £pige'thes a person of considerable eminence in Pellene, who was remarkable for her beauty and majestic mien, was seated in the temple of Diana, where her captor had placed her, after having put his helmet adorned with three plumes of feathers on her head. This lady, hearing the noise and tumult^ ran out suddenly to see what was the cause. As she stood at the door of the temple, and looked down upon the combatants with the helmet still upon her head, she appeared to the citizens a figure more than human, and the enemy took her foradeiQ^tj which struck the latter with such terror and astonish? ment, that they were no longer able to use their arms.
The Pellenians inform us, that the statue of the goddess stands commonly untouched, and that when the priestess moves it out of the temple in order to carry it in procession, none dare look it in the fece, but on the contrary all turn away their eyes with the utmost care ; for it is not only a terrible and dan- gerous sight to mankind, but it's look renders the trees barren, and blasts the fruits where it passes. The priestess, they add, carried it out upon this occasion, and always turning the face directly to- ward the jEtolians filled them with horror, and de- prived them of their senses. But Aratus, in his
186 ARATUS.
Commentaries, makes no mention of any such i . _ cumstance : lie only says, that he put the j^Etoiians to flight, and entering the town with the fugitives, dislodged ihem by dint of sword, and killed seven hundred. This action was one of the most celebra- ted in history, and Tiinantlies''* the painter gave a very lively and excellent representation of it.
As many powerful states however were combining against the AchEeans, Aratus hastened to make peace with the •Etolians, which he not only effected by the assistance of Pantaleon, one of the most powerful men among them, but likewise entered into an alli- ance offensive and defensive. He had a great de- sire to restore Athens to it's liberty, and exposed himself to the severest censures of the Acfia^ans by attempting to surprise the Piraus, while there waa a truce subsisting between them and the Macedo*. _ nians. Aratus indeed, in his Commentaries, denie» 1 the fact, and lays the blame upon Erginus, in con- cert with whom he had taken the citadel of Corinth. It was the exclusive scheme of Erginus, he informs us, to attempt that port: his ladder however break- ing, he miscarried, and was pursued; and in order to save himself, he often called upon Aratus, as if present, by which artifice he deceived the enemy and escaped. But this defence of his wants probability to support it. It is not likely that Erginus a private man, a Syrian, would have formed a design of such consequence without having Aratus at the head of h, to supply him with troops, and to point out the opportunity for the attack. Nay, Aratus proved the same against himself, by making not only two or three, but many more attempts upon the Pirteua.
" Of Timanihes Pliny gives us a cliaraclcr, H. N. nxxv. 10 j where however, in his enumeration of hin works, he inalce* no men- Uon of thia panicular piece. One of his moat celebrated work* wag ' the iiactifice of I|>higen)a,' in which fie threw a veil over the iac*. of Agaiiieninon ; and another a Cyclops, of whose si«e (as he *ai lunhod to a smull picture) he conveyen a strong idea, by repmcnt'' g utyra Dt«uuring his thumb with a thyniis,*
ARATU& 1ST
Xike a person violently in love, his miscarriages did not induce him to desist ; for as his hopes were dis* appointed only by the failure of perhaps a single circumstance, and he was always within a little of succeeding, he still encouraged himself to proceed« In one repulse, as he fled over the fields of Thri- asium ^, he broke his leg, and the cure could not be effected without several incisions ; so that for some time afterward, whenever he was called to action, he was carried into the field in a litter.
After the death of Antigonus, and Demetrius^ accession to the throne, Aratus was more intent than ever upon delivering Athens from the yoke, and conceived an utter contempt for the Macedonians. He was, however, defeated in a battle near Phylacia by Bithys the new king's general ; and a strong re- port being spread on one side that he was taken pri<^ soner, and on another that he was dead, Diogenes who commanded in the Pirseus wrote a letter to Co^ rinth, insisting, '^ That the Achaeans should evacuate the place, since Aratus was no more.** Aratus hap« pened to be at Corinth, when the letter arrived; and the messengers, finding that their business occa- sioned much laughter and satirical discourse, retired in great confusion. The king of Macedon himself likewise sent a ship with orders, " That Aratus should be brought to him in chains/'
The Athenians, outdoing themselves in flattery to the Macedonians, wore chaplets of flowers upon the first rumour of Aratus' death. Incensed at this treatment, he immediately marched out against them, and proceeded as far as the Academy : but they implored him to spare them, and he returned witb^ out having done them the least injury. The Athe- nians now became sensible of his virtue, and as upon the death of Demetrius they were determined to make an attempt for liberty, they called him in to their assistance. Though he was not general of the-
1^ In Attica.*
188 ARATUS.
Achffians that year, and was beside so much indn posed by long sickness as to be forced to keep his bed, he yet caused himself to be carried in a Htter, to ren- der them his best services. Accordingly lie prevailed upon Diogenes, who commanded the garrison, to give up the Piraeus. Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the Athenians, for the consideration of a hundred and fifty talents, twenty of which were advanced by Aratus himself. Upon this, the yEginetffi and Her- mionians joined the Achicans, and a considerable part of Arcadia paid contributions to the league. The Macedonians now found employment enough for their arms nearer home ; and the Achaians, num- bering the j^^tolians among their allies, acquired a great addition to their power.
Aratus still proceeded upon his old principles, and concerned to see tyranny established in a city so near him as that of Argos, despatched his agents to Aristomachus, to persuade him ' to restore that city to liberty, and unite it to the Achjean league ; in noble emulation of the example of Lysiades, who chose to command so illustrious a people with repu- tation and honour as the general of their choice, ra- ther than a single city as a tyrant exposed to per- petual danger and hatred.' Aristomachus listened to their suggestions, and desired Aratus to send him fifty talents to pay off liis troops. The money was granted agreeably to his request; but Lysiades whose commission as general was not expired, and who was ambitious to have this negociation pass with the AchKans for his work, took an opportunity, while the sum was providing, of accusing Aratus to Aristomachus as a person implacably hostile to tyrants, and advised him rather to put the business into his hands. To these suggestions Aristomachus gave car, and Lysiades had the honour of introduc- ing him to the league. Bnt, upon this occasion more especially, the Achaean council showed their affec- tion and fidelity to .\r;ilni; for, upon his speaking [ainst Aristomachus *^^y rejected him wi.th_the__
ARATUS. 180
utmost resentment. Afterward, when Aratus was prevailed upon to undertake the management of the affair, they readily and cheerfully accepted him, and made a decree by which the Argives and Phliasians were admitted into the league. The year following, likewise, Aristomachus was appointed general.
Aristomachus, finding himself esteemed by the Achasans, was desirous of carrying his arms into La- conia, for which purpose he sent for Aratus froni Athens. Aratus replied, that he utterly disapproved the expedition, not choosing that the Achasans should engage with Cleomenes^^, whose spirit and power increased with his difficulties. Aristomachufli however, was bent upon the enterprise ; and Aratus; yielding to his solicitations, returned to assist him in the war. Cleomenes offered him battle at Palan« tium, but Aratus prevented him from accepting the challenge. Upon this, Lysiades accused Aratus to the Achffians, and the year following declared him^ self his competitor for the command: but Aratus; had the majority of votes, and was for the twelflh time declared general.
This year, he was defeated by Cleomenes at mount Lycaeum ; and, in his flight being forced to wander about in the night, he was supposed to have been killed. This was the second time, that a re- port of his death had spread over Greece. He saved himself, however, and having collected the scattered remains of his forces, was not satisfied with retiring unmolested ; but availing himself in the best man- ner of his opportunity, when no one expected or even thought of such a manoeuvre, fell suddenly upon the Mantineans who were allies to Cleomenes^ took their city, secured it with a garrison, and de-
37 Some authors write that Cleomenes, at the instigation €/£tbi& JEtoiianBf had built a fortress in the territory of the Megalopolitaii%- called Athensum, which the Achseans considering as an ofmk rupture, declared in a general assembly, that the Lacedseinoiiiaiit should be coosidefed as enemies.
clared all the strangers lie found tliere free of the city. In short, he obtained that for the Ach^ana when beaten, which they could not easily have gain- ed if victorious.
The Laced IE monlans having again entered the ter- ritories of Megalopolis, he marched to relieve that city. Cleomenes endeavoured to bring him to an action, but he dechned it, though the Mcgalopoli- tans strongly pressed him to leave the matter to the decision of tne sword. I'or, beside that he was never very tit for disputes in the open field, he was now interior in numbers; and at a time of life when his spirits began to fail, and his ambition was sub- dued, he would have had to engage with a young man of the most adventurous courage. He thought likewise that, if Cleomenes by his boldness sought to acquire glory, it became him by his caution to keep that, which lie had acquired.
One day the light infiintry skirmished with the Spartans, and having driven them to their camp, entered it along with them and began to plunder. Aratus even then would not lead on the main body, but kept his men on the other side of a defile that lay between, and would not suffer them to pass. Lysiades, incensed at this order and reproaching him with cowardice, called upon the cavalry to sup- port the party in pursuit of the enemy, and not to betray the victory, nor to desert one who was about to hazard all for his country. On tliis, many of the best men in the army followed him to the charge, which was so vigorous, that lie put llie right wing of the Lacedicmonians to flight. liut in the ardour of his courage and his ambition for iionour, he advanced inconsiderately upon the pursuit, till he fell into an intricate way, obstructed with trees and intersected with large ditches, in this ground Cleomenes at- tacked and slew him, after lie had maintained tlie most glorious of all combats, the combat for his people, almost at their own doors. The rest of the
ARATUS, 191
cavalry fled, and turning back upon the main body threw the infantry into disorder, so that the rout became general.
This loss was principally imputed to Aratus, for he was rthought to have abandoned Lysiades to his fate. The Ach&eans, therefore, retired in great anger^ and obliged him to follow them to iEgium. There it was decreed in full council, that he should not be supplied with any more money, or have any merce* naries ; and that, if he was determined to go to war, he must And resources for it himself. Thus igno^ miniously treated, he was inclined to deliver up the seal, and immediately resign his command ; but, upon more mature consideration, he thought it better to bear the affront with patience. Soon after this, he led the Achaeans to Orchomenus, where he gave battle to Megistonoiis the father-in-law of Cleomenes, killed three hundred of his men, and took him prisoner.
It had been customary with him to take the com- mand every other year ; but when his turn came, and he was called upon to resume it, he absolutely refused, and Timoxenus was appointed general. The reason commonly assigned for his rejecting the com* mission was his resentment against the people for the late dishonour, which they had done him ; but the real cause was, the bad posture of the Achaean affairs. Cleomenes no longer advanced by insensible steps: he had no measures now to keep with the magistrates at home, nor any thing to fear from their opposition ; for he had put the Ephori to death, distributed the lands in equal portions, and admitted many strangers citizens of Sparta. After he had thus made himself absolute master at home, he marched into Achaia, and insisted upon being ap-
Eointed general of the league. Aratus therefore id ighly blamed, when affairs were in such a tempes- tuous state, for having given up the helm to another pilot "^^j when he ought rather to have taken it by force to save the community from sinking. Or, if
3* See the Life of Cleomenei, V. 169., not (•)
19? AnATtJS.
he thought the Achaean power gone beyond the possibility of retrieval, he should have yielded to Cleomenes, and not have reduced Peloponnesus into a state of fresh barbarism by Macedonian garrisons, or filled the citadel of Corinth wilh Illyrian and Gaulish"' arms. Por this was making those men, to whom he had shown himself superior both in his military and political capacity, and whom he had vilified so much in his Commentaries, lords of his cities, under the softer but false name of allies. It may be said, perhaps, that Cleomenes was unjust and tyrannical. Let us grant it ior a moment : yet he was a descendcnt of the Heraclidae. and his coun- try was Sparta, the meanest citizen of which should have been preferred as general of the league to the first of the Macedonians, at least by those who set any value upon the dignity of Greece. Besides, Cleomenes solicited the command among the Achffi- ans*", only with a view of making their cities happy in his services, in return for the honour of the title : whereas Antigoniis, though declared commander-in- chief both by sea and land, would not accept the commission till he was paid with the citadel of Corinth, in wiiich he perfectly resembled jl^lsop's hunter"; for he would not ride the Acha'ans, though they offered their backs, and though by embassies and decrees they courted him to do it, till he had first bridled them by his garrison, aud by the hostages which they were obliged to deliver to him.
" This appears bo unaccounlablL- a circumstance, tkat M. du Soul for ' GaulUli,' woiitd read ■ j^lolJan* amis.*
*• Arutua was, rwrliops, appretieiisive that Cleoroenes would en- deavour [o render nimstif abtK>lute among ihc AchKuns, as he was already jn Laocdicmun. There ivus a. possibility however of his bpliaving with honour, as general of iW Achccam, nhereas from Antigonua notliing could he expected but chains. This Aotigonus was sumunied Doson.
*' Horace gives us this fable of JBsop'i, Ep. I. x.
Cerviit eqnum, ptigni mel'tor, communiliui kerbit
Pellebat, &c.
but, before /Esop, the poet SteEichorus is said to have applied !t to the HiiuerioiUi, when tlicy were going to raise a guard for Phalaria.
ARATU& 19»
Aratus, it is true, labours to justify himself by the necessity of affairs. But Polybius assures us that, long before that necessity existed, he had been afraid of the daring spirit of Cleomenes, and had not only treated with Antigonus in private, but induced the Megalopolitans to propose to the general assembly of the Achaeans, that Antigonus should be invited to their assistance. For, whenever Cleomenes renewed his depredations, the Megalopolitans were the first that suffered by them. Phylarchus^^ gives the same account, but we should not have afforded him much credit, if he had not been supported by the testi- mony of Polybius : for such is his fondness for Cleo- menes, that he cannot speak of him without enthu- siasm ; and, as if he was pleading a cause rather than writing a history, he perpetually disparages the one, and vindicates the other.
The Achaeans having lost Mantinea, which Cleo- menes now took a second time, and being moreover defeated in a great battle at Hecatomboeum, were so terrified that they immediately invited Cleomenes to Argos, with" a promise of making him general. But Aratus no sooner perceived that he was on his march, and had brought his army as far as Lerma, than his fears gained the ascendency, and he sent embassadors to desire him to come to the Achaeans as to friends and allies, with only three hundred men. They were to add that, if he had any distrust of the Achaeans, they would give him hostages. Cler menes told them, they did but insult and mock him with such a message, and returning immediately wrote a letter to the Achaean council, full of com- plaints and invectives against Aratus. Aratus wrote another against Cleomenes in the same stile, and they proceeded to such gross abuse, as not to spare the characters even of their wives and families.
Upon this, Cleomenes sent a herald to declare
4> For an account of this historian, see a former note. In hif partiality for Cleomenes, mentioned below, he was followed to some extent by Plutarch.*
VOL. VI. O
194
ARATUS.
war against the Acha>ans ; and, in tlic mean time^ the city of Sicyon narrowly escaped being betrayed to him. Disappointctl of iiis cxp>cctation there, he turned against Pellene, dislodged the Achiean gar- rison, and secured the town for himself. A little while afterward, he took Pheneum and Penteleum ; and it was not long before' the people of Argos adopted his interest, and the Phhasians received his garrison. So that scarcely any thing remained firm to the Acha;ans, of the dominions which they had acquired ; Aratus saw nothing but confusion about him; all Peloponnesus was in a tottering condition, and the cities were every where excited by innova- tors to revolt. None, indeed, were quiet, or satisfied. J with their present circumstances. Even among thtr Sicyonians and Corinthians many were found entertain a correspondence with Cleomenes, haviog^l been long disaffected to the administration and the' f public utility, because they wished to get the power into their own hands. Aratus was invested with ful authority to punish the delinquents. The corrupt j members of Sicyon he cut off; but by seeking for'l Buch in Corinth, in order to put them to death, he exasperated the people, already sick of the same dia* temper and weary of the Achiean government**! Upon this occasion they assembled in the temple of J Apollo, and sent for Aratus, being determined eitha " to kill him or talte him prisoner, before they pro- I ceeded to an open revolt. He came leading hli | horse, as if he had not the least mistrust or snspi* J cion. When tlicy saw him at the gate, a number rf j them rose up, and loaded him with reproacheK^ But he with a composed countenance and milal address bade them sit down again, and not by stand* T ing in the way, and making such a disorderly noise^ I prevent other citizens who were at the door from | entering. At the same time that he said this, he drew
" What wonder, when tliey saw Aratitg unfaithful to hii ftret priiicii)lcf, and about (o reduce Uieni bSksIi uudtir the Macedoniui yoVo ?
back step by step, as if he were seeking somebody to take his horse. Thus he got out of the crowd, and continued to talk without the least appearance of confusion to such of the Coiinthians as he met, desiring them to go to the temple, till he insensibly approached the citadel. He then vaulted upon his horse, and having ordered Cleopater the governor to keep a strict guard upon it, rode off to Sicyon, fol- lowed by only thirty soldiers, for the rest had left him and dispersed.
The Corinthians, quickly apprised of his flight, went in pursuit of him ; but tailing in their design, they sent for Cleomenes, and put the city into his hands. He did not, however, think this advantage equal to his loss in their having suffered Aratus to escape. As soon as the inhabitants of [that district on the coast called] Acte had surrendered their towns, he shut up the citadel with a wall of circum- vallation, and a palisadoed entrenchment.
In the mean time many of the Achieans repaired to Aratus at Sicyon, and a general assembly was held, in which he was chosen com m an der-in -chief with an unlimited commission. He now first took a guard, and it was composed of his fellow-citizens. He had conducted the Achaean administration three and thirty years, and had been the greatest man in Greece, both in power and reputation : but he found himself at this time abandoned, indigent, and perse- cuted ; without any thing but a single plank to trust to, in the perilous storm that had shipwrecked hia country. For the jEtolians had refused him the as- sistance, which he requested ; and the city of Atiiens, though well inclined to serve him, was prevented by Kuclides and Micion.
Aratus had a house and valuable effects at Corinth. Cleomenes would not touch any thing that belonged to him, but sent for his friends and agents, and charged them to take the utmost care of his pro- perty, as remembering that they must give an ac- count to it's owner. To Aratus himself he privately
I
I
198 ABATUS.
when the war went on successfully, AntJgonus gav«tl an entertainment at Corinth; at which, tbougfa r there was a numerous company, he placed Aratua next above him. They had not sat long, before J Antigonus called for a cloke. At the same time b« 1 asked Aratua, " Whether he did not think it very] "cold?" and upon his replying that " He quit« ^* shivered," he desired him to sit nearer, so that the servants who brought the cloke put it over the shoulders of both. This reminding Aratus of the victim, he laughingly informed the king both of the aign and the prediction. But all this occurred long afler the time, that we are now writing about.
While they were at Pegs, they took oaths of mutual fidelity, and then marched against the enemy. Several actions ensued under the walU of Corinth, in which Cleomenes had strongly fortified himself and the Corinthians defended the place with great vigour.
In the mean lime ArtistotJe, a citizen of Argos and a friend of Aratus, despatched an agent to him in privale, with an offer of inducing that city to declare ibr him, if he would go thither in person with a few troops, Aratus having apprised .'\ntigonus of this acheme, embarked fifteen iiundred men, and im- mediately sailed with them from the Isthmus to Epidaurus. But the people of Argos, without wait- ing for his arrival, had attacked the troops of Cleo- menes, and shut them up in the citadel. Cleomenea having notice of this, and fearing that the enemy, if they were in possession of Argos, might intercept his retreat to Lacedoimon, left his post before the [ citadel of Corinth the same night, and marched to I their succour. He reached Argos before Aratus, [ and gained some advantage over the enemy ; but I Aratus arriving soon aflerward, and the king appear- ' ling with his army, Cleomenes retired to Mantinea. I Upon this, all the cities again joined the Acha^ans. I Antigonus made himself master of the citadel of LCorinth, and the Argives having appointed Aratus
•*.
ARATU& 199
their geoerai, he persuaded them to bestow upon Antigonus the estates of the late tyrants and m all the traitors. That people put Aristomachus to the torture at Cenchrese^, and aflerward drowned him in the sea. Aratus was much censured upon this occasion, for having permitted a man to suffer xtm^ justljy who was not of a bad character, with wbofli be had formerly been connected » and who at his persuasion had abdicated the supreme power, and brought Argos to unite itself to the Achaean league* There were other charges against Aratus, viz. tbttt at his instigation the Achasans had surrendered the city of Corinth to Antigonus, as if it had been bo more than an ordinary village ; that they had sui^ fered him to pillage Orchomenus, and place in it a Macedonian garrison ; that they had decreed their community should not send a letter or an embassy to any other king, without the consent of Anti- gonus ; that they were forced to maintain, and pay, the Macedonians ; and that they had instituted sa*- criBces, libations, and games in honour of that prince : the fellow-citizens of Aratus having set the example, and received him into their city, upon which occasion Aratus entertained him in his own house. For all these things they blamed AratnSy not considering that when he had once put the reins into that prince's hands, he was necessarily carried along with the career of regal power ; no longer master of any thing but his tongue, and finding it dangerous to use even that with freedom. For he was visibly hurt by many cicumstances of the king's conduct, particularly with respect to the statues* Antigonus erected anew those of the tyrants, which Aratus had pulled down, and demolished those which he had set up in memory of the bfave men^
4^ Plutarch seems here to have followed Phylarchus. But Poly* bius ^ii.) says, that Aristomachus deserved greater punishmenta than ne suffered, not only for his extreme cruelty when tyrant of A rgos, but also for his having forsaken the Acliasans in their tress, and declared for their enemies.
5
ARATCa urprised tbe cttadd of Corinth. That of Aralus «a« spared, notwitUstanding bis intercession for the rest, la the affair of Mantinea'', likewise, the behaviour of tbe Ach^ans was not suitable to the Grecian hiunanitv : foi bav-ing conquered it hf means of Antigonus, they put the principal and most iUuBtrious inhabitants to the swnrd, some of tlie rest they sold or sent in fetters to Macedon, and of the women and children they made slaves. Of the money thus raised they divided a third part among themselves, and gave the rest to the Macedonians. But this had it's excuse in the law of reprisals. For, however shocking it may appear that men should sacrifice to their anger those of their own nation and kindred, yet in necessity (as Simonides observes) it seems rather a proper alleviation, than a hardship, to give relief to a mind inflamed and aching with resentment ". But, as to uliat Aratus did afterward with respect to Mantinea, it is impossible to justify him upon a plea either of propriety or necessity. For Antigonus having made a present of that city to the Argivcs, (hey resolved to repeople it, and appointed Aratus to see it done; by virtue of wJiich commission, as well as that of general, lie decreed that it should no more be called Mantinea but Anti-
fonea, the name it stiil bears. Thus by his means lantinea ("the lovely Mantinea," as Homer*' pronounces it) was no more; and, in it's place, we
'! The Mantincans bad applied to the AdiKaoi for a garrison, to defund tliem against Uic LaccdGemoniang. Id compliance nith iheir request, the Achieans sent them three hundred of their own citizens, and two hundred inercenaries. But the Mantincans, soon afterword ctiangmg their niinds, in the most perfidioiu manner niafiaacred the garriion. Tiiey merited thererore, all that they are here said to have suffered; Polybius (ii.), however, makes na mention of \ht: principal inhabitants n a ving been put tn diiath; he only BayB, their goods were plundered, and some of the people sold fur Blavcs ; though, for their treacherous conduct, they had de* lurv^d B much leGS moderate treatment.
'■ This is a sentiment, surely, unworthy of the mild and gentle riuurch. How differently would a Cfiristiun apostle have com, mi'nt«Kl upon such on ' ■ -
"■ II- ii. GOT.*
ARATUS. «ai
have a city named from the man Vfho destroyed and ruined it's inhabitants.
Some time after this, Cleomenes being over- thrown in a great battle near Sellasia^° quitted Spartl^ and sailed to Egypt. As for Antigonus, afler the kindest and most honourable behaviour to Aratus> he returned to Macedon. In his sickness there^ which happened soon afler his arrival, he sent PhiUk) (at that time very young, but already declared fais successor) into Peloponnesus ; having first instruct- ed him above all things to pay the utmost attention to Aratus, and through him to treat with the cities^ and make himself known to the Achceans. Aratus received him with great honour, and managed him so well, that he returned to Macedon full of senti- ments of respect for his friend, and in the most fii- vourable and zealous disposition for the interests of Greece.
After the death of Antigonus, the ^Etolians de* spised the inactivity of the Achaeans ; for accustomed to the protection of foreign arms, and sheltering themselves under the Macedonian power, they sunk into a state of idleness and disorder ^^ This gave the ^tolians room to attempt a footing in Felopon-
5® Cleomenes had entrenched himself so strongly near Sellasia, in a narrow pass between the mountains Eva and Ol3rmpu8, that' Antigonus did not think proper to attack him there. It is not easy to comprehend, what could mduce Cleomenes to come out of theie entrenchments, and risk a pitched battle, f lis troops were not 80 numerous as the enemy's by one-third, and he was supplied with all kinds of provisions from Sparta : What then could make hin: hasard an action, the event of which was to decide the fate of L»- cedaemon ? Poly bins, indeed, seems to insinuate the cause of ^litf proceeding. According to him, Ptolemy king of Eg}'pt, who had promised to assist him in this war, had sent him word that he was not in a condition to make good his engagements. And as Cleo- menes did not choose to try the other part of the alternative, that of suing to Antigonus for a peace, he ventured all upon the issuo of that day.
^* See Folyb. iv. Patrae, mentioned below, was a considendble city in the north-west, and Dyme in the west of Achaia, whence. indeed (as Strabo, viii., informs us) it had it*s appellation ; thoush Pausanias, viL 17*) derives it from a man or a woman of a simiiaf name.*
«» ARATU&
kiesua. By the way tfiey made some booty in the country about Patra? and Dyme, and then proceeded I to Messene. and laid waste it's territories. Aratus I ;iiraa increased at this insolence; but he perceived tbat Tinioxenus, who was then general, took slow I f od dilatory measures, because his year was almost Bipired ". As he was to succeed therefore to the command, he anticipated iiis commission by five days, for the sake of assisting the Messenians. He assembled the Ach^ans, but they had now neither exercise no courage to enable them to maintain the combat, and consequently he was beaten in a battle which he fought at Caphjfe. Being accused of hav- ing ventured too much upon this occasion % he be- came afterward so cold, and so far abandoned his hopes for the public, as to neglect the opportunities which the iEtolians gave him, and suffer them to roam about Peloponnesus in a kind of bacchanalian manner, committing all the excesses that insolence could suggest.
The Achffians were, in consequence, again obliged to stretch out their hands toward Maccdon, and brought Phillip to interfere in the affairs of Greece.
" See Polyb. iv."
>) Aratoa wu accused in the maembly, tint, of hiiving token the command upon him before hia time; next, of having dismisaed the Achfcun troops, while the AltoUang were still in the heart of Pelo- ponnesua ; thirdly, of having risked an action with so few troops, when he might easily have made a safe retreat to the neighbouring towns and there reinforced his army. But the last and heavieM charge against him was, that after he had resolved to give tho enemy battle, he did not in the wliolc action take a einj ' worthy of an experienced general. For he sent the cava light-armed foot to attack the enemy's rear, after their front had sained the advantage ; whereas he ought to have encountered the front at first with the advantage of having them on the declivity, in which case his heavy-armed infantry would have done him great service. He endeavoured, however, to prove tliat the loss of the battle was not his fault; adding, that if he had been wanting in any of the duties of an able general, he oaked pardon, and hoped in regard of his past services they would not censure him with rigour. This submisition of his changed the minds of the whole assembly, and the people began to vent their rage upon his accusers. (Polyb. ib.)
I
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ARATUS. 203
They knew the regard which he had for Aratus, and the confidence he placed in him, and trusted upon that account to find him tractable and easy in all their affairs. But the king now first began to listen to Apelles, Megalfeus, and other courtiers, who endeavoured to darken the character of Aratus, and prevailed upon him to support the contrary party, by which means Eperatus was elected general of the Achajans. Eperatus, however, soon fell into the greatest contempt among them ; and, as Aratus would not give any attention to their concerns, no- thing went on well. Pliillip, finding that he had committed a capital error, turned again to Aratus, and surrendered himself entirely to his direction. As his affairs now prospered, and his power and re- putation grew under the culture of that chieftain, he depended entirely upon him for the farther in- crease of both. It was evident, indeed, to all the world that Aratus had excellent talents, not only for guiding a commonwealth, but a kingdom too. For there appeared a tincture of his principles and manners in the whole conduct of this young prince. Thus the moderation with which he treated the Spartans*' after they had offended him, his engaging behaviour to the Cretans by which he conciliated the whole island in a few days, and the glorious success of his expedition against the JEtoViam, gained Philip the honour of knowing how to follow good counsel, and Aratus that of being able to give it.
Upon this account, the courtiers envied him still
I* The SparUnB had killed Adimas, one of the Ephori, and other* of their citizens who were in the interest of Philip, and soue of hi) counsellors advised him to revenge the affront with rigour. But he said that, as the Spartans now belonged to the Achecan league, thev were accountable to it; and that it ill became him to treat with severity hig allies, when his predecessor had extended his cLeinencj' to them, though eaenue£. (L.) See Folyb. ii. This historian, though he saj's nothing of his behaviour to the Cretans here alluded to, gives ihe particulars of his expedition against the Italians in detail, in his fourth and fifth books.
e; and as they found thai their private engine^ «j of calumoj avtiled nothing, they began to try opeit •' battery, revih'ng and insulting him at table with the utmost effrontery, and the lowest abuse. Nay, once I they threw stones at him, as he was retiring {rom «upper (o his tent. Philip, incensed at this outrage, fined them twenty talents, and upon their proceed- j log to disturb and embroil his afl'airs, put them tO: ( death.
But afterward he was carried so high by the flow of prosperity, as to discover many disorderly pas- sions. The native badness of his disposition broke through the veil, which he had thrown over it, and by degrees liis real character appeared. In the first place, he deeply injured young Aratus by corrupt- ing his wife; and this commerce was a long time kept secret, because he lived beneath his roof, where he had been received under the sanction of hospita- lity^'. He next discovered a strong dislike to com- monwealths, and to the cities that were under that form of government. It was easy to be seen, like- wise, that he sought to shake off Aratus. The tir?t suspicion of his intentions arose from his beha- viour with respect to the Wessenians, There were two tactions among them, which had raised a sedi- tion in the city. Aratus went to reconcile them ; but Phillip, getting to the place a day belore him, added stings to their mutual hostility. On the one hand, he assembled the magistrates in private, and asked them, " Whether they had not laws to restrain ** the rabble?" and on the other, he asked the de- magogues, " Whether they had not hands to defend *• them against tyrants?" The magistrates, thus encouraged, attacked the popular leaders; and they in their turn availing themselves of the advantage'of superior numbers murthercd the magistrates, witli ■early two hundred more of their party.
After Philip had engaged in these detestable
. " For the nartJculan of this tran^nction. and Philip's gcncrol ^i^huge pf conduct, tee Livy, xxiH. 31., and Polvb. iv.» «
a
ARATUS. «>5
practices^ '\^hich exasperated the Messenians still more against each other, Aratus upon his anivil made no secret of his resentment, neither did be check his son in the severe and disparaging things which he said to Philip. The young man had once had a particular attachment to Philip, which in those days they distinguished by the name cff love ; but upon this occasion he scrupled not^ to tell him, *^ That after such a base action, instead ^^ of appearing agreeable, he was the ugliest of " mankind.'^
Philip made no answer, though anger was evi- dently working in his bosom, and he often muttered to himself while the other was speaking. He pre- tended, however, to bear it with the utmost calm*- ness, and affecting to appear the man of subdaed temper and refined manners gave the elder Aratus his hand, and took him from the theatre to the cas- tile of Ithome^, under pretence of sacrificing . to Jupiter and visiting the place. This fort (which is as strong as the citadel of Corinth), were it garri- soned, would extremely annoy the neighbouring country, and be almost impregnable. After Philip had oflered his sacrifice there, and the soothsayer had brought him the entrails of the ox, he took them in both hands, and showed them to Aratus and De- metrius of Pharise, turning them sometimes to one and sometime^ to the other, and asking them^ *• What they saw in the entrails of the victim j whe- ** ther they warned him to retain this citadel, or to "restore it to the Messenians?'' Demetrius smiled and said, " If you have the soul of a soothsayer, you " will restore it^^ ; but, if that of a king, you will
^* In the printed text it is * Ithomata,* which agrees with the appellation given to this fort by Polybius ; but one of the M8& has * Ithome,' which is it*s name m Strabo. It was a dlgrie Messenia. For an account of the subjoined coavenaxioaf §m Polyb.riL
^7 Meaning perhaps, * be determined, whether to Vcstore It or BOt, by the principles of divination.*
206 ARATUS.
** bold the buH by both his horns." By which he fainted, that he would keep Peloponnesus in entire subjection, if he added Ithome to the citadel of Corinth. Aratus remained for a long time silent; but upon Philip's pressing him to declare his opinion, he said, " There are many mountains of great " strength in Crete, many castles in lofty situations " ID Baiotia and Phocis, and many impregnable *' places in Acarnania, both on the coast and within ** land. You have seized none of these, and yet *' they all pay you a voluntary obedience. Kobbers, *' indeed, cling to rocks and precipices for security; " but for a king, there is no stich fortress as honour " and humanity. These are the things which have " opened to you the Cretan sea, these have unbarred *' to you the gates of Peloponnesus. By these, in " short, it is that at so early a period in life you " are become general of the one, and sovereign of " the other." While he was yet speaking, Philip returned the entrails to the soothsayer; and taking Aratus by the hand drew him along and said, " Come *' on then, let us go as we came :" intimating that he had over-ruled him, and deprived him of such an acquisition as that city would have proved.
After this Aratus began to withdraw from court, and gradually to give up all correspondence with Philip. He refused also to accompany him in his expedition into Epirus, though applied to for that purpose ; choosing to stay at home, lest he should share in the disrepute of his actions. But when Philip had lost his fleet with the utmost disgrace in the Roman war, and nothing succeeded to his wish, he returned to Peloponnesus, and tried once more what art could effect to impose upon the Messenians. Finding however that his designs were discovered, he had recourse to open hostilities, and nvaged their country. Aratus then saw all his meanness, and broke with him entirely.' By this time, likewise, he had learned that he had disho* noured his son's bed; but though the injury lay
ARATUS. mr
heavy an him, be concealed it from his son, because he could only inform him that he had been ilUused^ without being able to help him to the means of revenge. There seemed to be a great and unna<*- tural change in Philip, who from a mild and sober young Prince had become a libidinous and cmel tyrant : but in fact, it was not a change of dispost* tion ; it was only discovering in a time of full secu* rity the vices, which his fears had long concealed* That his regard for Aratus had originally a consider- able mixture of fear and reverence, appeared even from the method, which he took to destroy him. For though he was very desirous of effecting that cruel purpose, because he neither looked upon him- self as an absolute prince, or a king, or even a free- man, so long as Aratus lived ; yet he would not attempt any thing against him in the way of open force, but desired Taurion, one of his friends and generals, to take him off in a private manner in his absence. At the same time, he recommended poison. That officer accordingly, having formed an acquaintance with him gave him a dose not of a sharp or violent kind, but such a one as causes lin^ gering heats and a deep cough, and gradually brings the body to decay. Aratus was not ignorant of the cause of his disorder ; but, knowing that it availed nothing to discover it to the world, he bore it quietly and in silence, as if it had been an ordinary distemper^ When one of his friends, indeed, came to visit him in his chamber, and expressed his surprise at seeing him spit blood, he said ; ^^ Such, Cephalon, are the " fruits of royal friendship *^."
Thus died Aratus at ^gium ^, after he had been seventeen times general of the Achaeans. That people were desirous of having him buried there,
^^ Juvenal knew the misene magiueque pallor amicUiigt iv* 75» And David aj^peara to have formed nearly a similar estimate of the stability of pnncely regard. Ps, cxlvi. 2.*
39 B. C. 213, and, according to Blair, JEu 62.; but Ricard says, only 58.*
208
ARATUS.
aod would have deemed it an honom- to give hi magnificent fiineral, and a monument worthy of his life and character. But the Sicyonians considered it as a Diistortuiie to have him interred any where but among themselves, and therefore persuaded the Acha?ans to indulge them with the disposal of the body. As there was an ancient law that had been observed with rehgious care, against burying any person within their walls, and they were afraid to transgress it upon this occasion, they sent to Delphi to inquire of ibe priestess of Apollo, and receivsdJ from her this answer;
What holy rites for liberty restored SicyoD sliall pay to her deported lord. She asks ; who grudges him a restinc-place, Of earth, and skies, and seas is the £sgr&ce.
This oracle gave great joy to all the Ach»ans, pal ticularly to the people of Sicyon. They changed i the day of mourning into a festival, and adorning themselves with garlands and white robes, brought the corpse with songs and dances tiom w^gium to Sicyon. There they selected the most conspicuous ground, and interred him as the founder and deli- verer of their city. The place is still called Aratium, and there they offer two yearly sacrifices ; one on the fifth of the month Daesius (which the Athenians called Anthesterion), the day upon which he deli- vered the city from the yoke of tyrants, whence they denominate the festival Soteria, and the other on his birth-day. The first sacrifice was offered by the priest of Jupiter the Preserver, and the second by the son of Aratus, who upon that occasion wore a girdle*", not entirely white, but with a stripe of lurple in the midst. The music was sung to the larp by the choir, belonging to the theatre. The procession was led up by the master of the Gymna- sium, at the head of the boys and young men
t.
" Zifs^Ki signifies olio 'a fillet.'
ARATUS* «C»
senate followed crowned with flowers, and such other of the citizens as chose to attend. Some small markd of the ceremonies observed upon those days still remain, but the chief part is worn out by time and other circumstances.
Such was the life and character, that history has given us of the elder Aratus. And as to the younger, Philip, who was naturally wicked and delighted to add insolence to cruelty, gave him potions, not of thcdeadly kind, but such as deprived him of reason ; insomuch that he was led to feel inclinations shocking and monstrous, and to delight in things which not only dishonoured but destroyed him. Death therefore, which took him off in the flower of his age, was considered not as a misfortune, but a deliverance. The vengeance however of Jupiter, the patron of hospitality and friendship, visited Philip for his breach of both, and pursued him throughout life. For he was beaten by the Romans, and forced to yield himself to their dis- cretion. In consequence of which he was stripped' of all his acquisitions, surrendered the whole of his ships except Ave, obliged himself to pay a thousand talents, and delivered his son as a hostage. He even held Macedon, and it's dependencies, at the mercy of the conquerors. Amidst all these misfortunes he possessed only one blessing, a son of superior virtue, and him he put to death, from his envy and jealousy of the honours which the Romans paid him. His crown he left to his other son Perseus, who was believed not to be his, but a supposititious child bom of a sempstress named Gnathsenium. It was over him, that Paulus ^milius triumphed, and in him ended the royal race of Antigonus®' ; whereas the posterity of Aratus remained to our days, and still continues in Sicyon and Pellene.
*« See the Life of Demetrius, V. note (67.) • VOL. VI, P
LIFE
G A L B A.
I Olll
SUMMARY.
Danger of undudptined troops. Changes among the Rornani afitr ike death of Nero. Birik and outset of Galba : hit ifhavtour in the government of Spain. He places himself at the head of Vin- dex's recoiled troops ; how Nero receives the news. Galba repents of the measure: learns that the people and senate have declared him emperor. Great infiueace of Nymphidius Sahinus at Rome. He aspires secretly to the supreme power, Ftrginius Hiifus tic- humledges Galba, tcho receives an embassy Jrom the senate. Cha- racter of TUus Vinius. Nymphidiiu jealoiu of his interest with Galba i attempts to supplant the finn emperor. Anlonius Mono- ratu* secures the prietorian cohort to Galia. Nymphidius is slain. TjfTttnnical acts of Galba. Insolence of the legion of seamen ,- Galba orders the ctmlry to /all upon them ; compels the stage- players, S[c. to refund Nero's bounties. Vinius leads him int« this sordid conduct. General hatred of Gallia. He resolves (• adopt a successor. Otho. Horn he insinuates himsrlfinlo Galba't good graces, Vinius recomnUHtU his adoption. The German army proclaim Vitellius emperor. Galba goes to the camp to de' elare Plso his successor. Otho intrigues with the army at Rot and is proclnimed emperor. A report of his death. Galba is s Otho declared emperor by the snale. Character of Galba.
I
OALBA. til
IpHICRATES, the Athenian general, thought that a soldier of fortune should have an attachment both to money ' and pleasure, that his passions might induce him to fight with more boldness for a supply. But most others are of opinion that the main body of an army, like the healthy natural body, should have no motion of it's own, but be entirely guided by the head. Hence Paulus ^Emilius, when he found his army in Macedon talkative, busy, and ready to direct their general, is said to have issued orders ; " That each should keep his hand fit fb? " action, and his sword sharp, and leave the rest to *' him.*' And Plato perceiving that the best gene- ral cannot undertake any thing with success, unless his troops be sober and perfectly united to support him, concluded that to know how to obey required as generous a disposition, and as rational an educa- tion, as to know now to command : as these advan- tages would correct the violence and impetuosity of the soldier by the mildness and humanity of the philosopher. Among other fatal examples, what happened among the Romans afler the death of Nero is sufficient to prove, that nothing is more dreadful than an undisciplined army actuated only by the impulse of their own ferocity. Demades, observing the wild and violent motions of the Macedonian army after the death of Alexander, compared it to the Cy- clops \ after his eye was put out. But the Roman empire more resembled the extravagant passions and ravings of the Titans, as related by the poets, when it was torn in pieces by rebellion, and turned ifs arms against itself; not so much through the ambition of the emperors, as the avarice and licen- tiousness of the soldiers, who drove out emperors like nails one by another.
' This is illustrated by Lucullus* soldier, in Horace;
ibii ^, qui wonam perdiditf inquit. (Ep. II. ii, 40.) ^ * Poljrphemus.
p2
212 GALEA.
Dionysius tlie Sicilian speaking of a tyrant of Phera;, who reigned in Tnessaly only ten months, and was then slam, in derision of the sudden change called him a ' theatrical tyrant.' But the palace of the CiEsars received fouf emperors in a less space of time, one entering and another making his exit, as if they had only been acting a part upon a stage. The Romans indeed had one consolation amidst their misfortunes, that they needed no other revenge upon the authors of them, than to see them destroy each other: and with the greatest justice those fell the tirst, who had corrupted the army, and taught them to expect so much upon the change of em- peror; thus dishonouring a glorious action by mer- cenary considerations, and turning the revolt from Nero into treason. For Nymphidins Sabinus (who, as we observed before^, was joined in commissioa with TigcIIinus, as captain of the prEetorian cohorts) afier Nero's affairs had become desperate, and it was plain that he intended to retire into Egypt, per- suaded the army, as if Nero had already abdicated, to declare Galba emperor; promising every soldier of the praitorian cohorts seven thousand five hundred drachmas, and the troops quartered in the provinces twelve hundred and fifiy drachmas a man ; a sum, ■which it was impossible to collect, without doing infinitely more mischief to the empire than Nero had done in his whole reign.
This proved the immediate ruin of Nero, and soon afterward destroyed Galba himself. The sol- diers deserted Nero in hopes of receiving the money, and despatched (jalba because ihey did not receive it. They subsequently sought for another, who might pay them that sum ; but they ruined them- selves by their rebellions and treasons, without gain- ing what they had been taught to expect. To give a complete and exact account of the affairs of those
' In the Lilb of Nero, which b lost. It ii supposed, that PI*- torch hatl writtea ihc Lives ot'thu Twelve Cs«ar»,*
GALBA. «1S
times, belongs to the professed historian. It fiills, however, within my province to lay before the reader the most remarkable circumstances in the lives of the Caesars.
It is an acknowledged truth, that Sulpitius Galba was the richest private man, who ever rose to the imperial dignity. But though his extraction was of the noblest, from the family of the Servii, he yet thought it a greater honour to be related * to Quin- tus Catulus Capitolinus, who was the first man in his time for virtue and reputation, though he volun- tarily ceded to others the pre-eminence in powen He was also related to Livia * the wife of Augustus, and by her interest had been raised from the office which he held in the palace, to the dignity of consul. It is said, that he acquitted himself of his commission in Germany with honour ; and that he gained more credit than most commanders, during his procoh* sulate in Africa ^ But his simple parsimonious way of living passed for avarice in an emperor ; and th^ pride, which he then took in economy and strict tern- pcrance, was afterward out of character.
He was sent governor into Spain by Nero, before that emperor had learned to fear such of the citizens, as had great authority in Rome. Besides, the mild- ness of his temper and his advanced time of life promised a cautious and prudent conduct. The emperor's receivers-generaH, an abandoned set of men, harassed the provinces in the most cruel man« ner. Galba could not assist them against their per- secutors } but his concern for their misfortunes.
* See Suet. Galb. 2.*
' In consequence of his attention to her, she bequeathed him an immense legacy, which however Tiberius very considerably reduced, and, so reduced, never paid. (Id. ib. 5.) *
^ This lasted two years, and that amidst domestic and foreign tumults, which he happily composed. (Id. ib. 7.) *
7 ETirptfTct, procuratores ; These men had full powers to coOect the revenues, and stuck at no acts of oppression in the course of their proceedings. They were originally appointed by Augutlus. (Dion. Cass. liiL 15.)
SI*
GALEA.
which appeared not less than if he had been a si ferer himself, afforded them some consolation, evei while they were condemned and sold i'ov slavi Many songs were made upon Nero, and sung everyi where ; and as Gaiba did not endeavour to suppress them, or join the receivers-general in their resent- ment, this circumstance endearetl him still more tQ the natives. For he iiad now cfmtracled a friem ship with them, having long been their goverm He had borne that commission eight years, whi Junius VindeJi, who commanded in Gaul, revolt* against Nero. Galba, it is said, before thi» rebelli broke out, had intimations of it in letters from Vin- dex ; but he neither countenanced nor discovered it, as the governors of other provinces did, who seofe< the letters they had received to Nero, and thus dH all they could to ruin the project. Yet those same governors, by subsequently joining in the conspiracy against their prince, evinced that they could betray, not only Vtndex but themselves.
After Vindex however had openly commenced: hostilities, he wrote to Galba, desiring him " T» accept the imperial dignity, and give a head to the strong Gallic body which so much wanted one ; which had not fewer than a hundred thousnnd men in arms, and was able to raise a btill greater oumber."
Galba then called a council of his friends. Sonid of them advised him to wait, and observe what mo> ttons, or inclinations tor a change, there might be in Kome. But Titus Vinius, captain of one of the prretorian cohorts, said ; " What room is there, " Galba, for deliberation ? To inquire, whether wo " shall continue faithful to Nero, is to have already " revolted *. There is no medium. We must either " accept tiie friendship of Vindex, as if Nero was •* our declared enemy ; or accuse and fight Vindcx, " because he desires that the Romaas should bavfl.
• Qm dtUberaat, deicivnmt. (Tic. Hi«l,ii.77.)*
GALBA. nt
Galba for their emperor, rather than Nero fer
their tyrant." Upon this Galba, by an edict, fixed a day for enfranchising all that should present them selves. The report of this quickly drew together a multitude of people, who were desirous of a change ; and he had no sooner mounted the tribunal, than with one voice they declared him emperor. Withoirt immediately accepting the title, he accused Nero of ^reat crimes, and lamented the fate of many Romans of distinction whom he had barbarously slain : aftw which he declared, ^' That he would serve his ^' country with his best abilities, not as Csesar or ^' emperor, but as lieutenant to the senate and peo- " pie of Rome ^"
That it was a just and rational scheme, whidi Vindex adopted in calling Galba to the empire^ requires no better proof 3ian Nero himself. For though he pretended to look upon the commotions in Gaul as nothing, yet when he received the news of Galba's revolt, which he happened to do just after be had bathed and sat down to supper, in his madness he overturned the table. When the senate, however, had declared Galba an enemy to his coun- try, he affected to despise the danger, and attempt- ing to be merry upon it said to his friends ; '^ I have " long wanted a pretence to raise money, and this " will furnish me with an excellent one. The Gauls, ^^ when I have conquered them, will be a fine booty, '^ and in the mean time I will take possession of ^^ Galba's estate, since he is a declared enemy, and '^ dispose of it as I think fit.'' « Accordingly, he issued directions that it should be sold; which Galba no sooner heard, than he exposed to sale all that belonged to Nero in Spain, and more readily found purchasers.
The revolt from Nero soon became general, and
* Dion Cassius infomif ui , that this declaration was made nine months and thirteen days before Galba's death, and consequently on the third of April, A. D. 68 : for he was assassinated on tfaie fifteenth of Janoary in the fiollowing year.
216 GALBA.
the governors of provinces declared for Galba ; only I |i Clociius JMacer in Africa, and Virginiiis liufus in I Germany, stood out and acted for themselves, but J upon diflerent motives. Clodiiis being conscious to J , Jijniself of much rapitie and many murthers, towhich J uliis avarice and cruelty had prompted him, was in m f ^ ductuating state, and cuuhi not rei^nlve either to J i'iassuiiie or reject the purple ; and Virginiiis, who , icommantled some of the best legions in the empire, , and had been oHen urged by them to take the title of emperor, declared; " That he would neither take ■*' it himself, nor suffer it to be taken by any other, *' but the person whom the senate should name."
At this Galba was, at first, not a little alarmed. iBut after the forces of Viiginius and Vindex had I , overpowered their generals, like charioteers no longer able to guide the reins, and forced them to fight, Vindex lost twenty thousand Gauls in the battle, and despatched himself. A report was then current that tiie victorious army, in consequence of so signal an advantage, would insist upon Virginius' acceptance of the imperial dignity, and that if he refused it, they would turn again to Nero. This threw Galba into great consternation, and he wrote letters to Virginius, exhorting him to act in concert with him for preserving tlie empire and liberty of tlie Romans. After which he retired with liis friends to Colonia '", a city in Spain, and there spent some time i rather in repenting of what he had done, and wishing for the lite of ease and leisure to which he bad so long been accustomed, than taking any of the necessary steps for his success.
It was now the beginning of summer, when one evening a Htllc before night one of Galba's treed- men, a native of Sicily ", arrived in seven days from .Rome. Being told that Galba was retired to rest>
"' fiume read Clunii Plin. H. N. iii. 3.*
" Insieml nf Si-.'k Ner.49. andGalb.H.,
a city of llispania Taimcoi
See
Bhoiild be read ixiin,, Iceius, after Suel. » well w from it's recurrence below.*
d
GALBA. S17
he ran up to his chamber, and having opened it ia spite of the resistance of the chamberlains, informed him ; " That as Nero did not appear, though he was " at that time living, the army first and subsequently ** the people and senate of Rome had declared Galba " emperor, and that intelligence was quickly brought " of Nero's death/' To this he added, *' That not satisfied with the report, he went and saw the dead body of the tyrant, before he set out." Galbay highly elevated by this intelligence, encouraged the multitudes who quickly gathered round the door by communicating it to them, though the expedition with which it had been conveyed appeared incredif- ble. But two days afterward Titus Vinius, with many others, arrived from the camp, and brought a confirmation of the account. Vinius ^^ was pro- moted to an honourable employment ; while the freedman had his name changed from Icelus to Mar« tianus, was honoured with the privilege of wearing the gold ring, and had more attention paid to him than any of the rest of the freedmen.
In the mean time, at Rome Nymphidius Sabinui got the administration into his hands, not by slow and insensible steps, but with the utmost celerity* He knew that Galba from his advanced age, being now seventy-three, was scarcely able to support the journey thither, though carried in a litter, JBesides^ the forces there had long been inclined to serve him ; and now they depended upon him alone, considering him as their benefactor on account of the large gratuity which he had promised them, and Galba as their debtor. He, therefore, immediately command- ed his collegue Tigellinus ^^ to surrender his sword ; and gave great entertainments, at which he received
'* Vinius was of a prstorian family, and had behaved with hoQCKir as governor of Gallia Narbonensis ; but when he became the fil- vourite and first minister of the emperor of Rome, he Boon made his master obnoxious to the people, and ruined himself. The troth is, he was naturally of a bad disposition, and a man of no prindplet. He fell soon afler his master. (Tac. Hist. i. 28. 31.)
'3 For an account of the ignominioua death of thia infamous feU low, see Tac. (Hist. i. 72.) •
filS OALBA.
persons of consular dignity, and sucii as had coi mantled armies and provinces, issuing liis invitatioi however in tlie name of Galba. He likeiviae ii «tructed many of the soldiers to suggest it to thi priBtorian cohorts, that they should send a messagsi to Gaiba, demanding that N'ymphidiui should con- tinue their captain and without a collegue. The jeadiness, which the senate displayed to add to his I honour and authority by caih'ng him their ' bene- I iactor,* by going daily to pay their respects at his • gate, and desiring that he would take upon him to propose and confirm every decree, raised him to s much higher pitch of insolence ; so that in a little time he became not only obnoxious, but formidable, ' io the very persons who paid their court to hinu I When the consuls had charged the public messengers i viith the decrees to be carried to the emperor, and ) had sealed the instruments nith their seal, in order ihat the magistrates of the towns through which they were to pass, seeing their authority, might furnish them at eacli stage with carriages tor the greatei- expedition, he was offended that ihey had not made use of his seal, and employed his men to carry the despatches. He even had it under consideration, it is said, whether he should not punish the consuls; but, upon their apologising and begging pardon for the affront, he was appeased. To ingratiate himself ■with the people, he did not prevent them from dcs- patching by torture such of Nero's creatures as fell into their hands. A gladiator, named Spicillus, was put under the statues of Nero, and dragged about with them in the I'orum till he died. Auonius, one of the informers, was extended upon the ground, and waggons loaded with stones were driven over , him : many others they tore in pieces, and among I "these some that were entirely innocent. So that f^auriscus, who not only had the character of one of the best men in Rome, but really deserved it, eaid one day to the senate, " He was afraid they " would soon regret the loss of Nero."
Nymphidius, thus advancing lu his hopes, was not
1
GALBA. ^10
at all displeased at beine called the son of Caius Caesar **, who reigned after Tiberius, That prince in his youth, it seems, had had some commerce with his mother, who was the daughter of Calistus one of CaBsar's freedmen by a sempstress, and who was not deficient in personal charms. The connexion, how- ever, which Caius had with her, was undoubtedly after the birth of Nymphidius ; and it was believed that he was the son of Martianus the gladiator^ whom Nymphidia fell in love with on account of bk professional reputation : besides, his resemblance to the gladiator gave a sanction to that opinion. Be that as it may, he acknowledged himself the son of Nymphidia, and yet insisted that he was the only
Eerson who deposed Nero. Not content with the onours and emoluments which he enjoyed upon that account, and with Sporus, whom he took from the funeral pile while Nero's corpse was still bum* ing, and called ^ Poppaea ^^ ; ' he aspired to the im- perial seat, and had his engines privately at work in Kome, in which he employed his friends, with some intriguing women and some men of consular rank. He sent also Gellianus, one of his friends, into Spain, to act as a spy upon Galba.
After the death of Nero, all things went for Galba according to his wish ; the uncertainty alone, as to what part Virginius Rufus would act, gave him a little uneasiness. Virginius commanded a powerful army, which had already conquered Vindex, and he beid in subjection a very considerable part of the Roman empire ; for he was master not only of Germany, but of Gaul, which was in great agitation and ripe for a revolt. Galba, therefore, was apprehensive that he would listen to those who offered him the imperial purple. There was not indeed an officer of higher name or reputation than Virginius, nor one who had more weight in the affairs of those timet;
** Caligula, who succeeded Tiberius, B. C. 37» and was slain p. C. 41 .♦ *i See Suet, Nero, 2&, and Dioo. Cass, lzii.27, 28 *
520 GALEA,
for he had tlelivered the empire both from tyrannjlj and from a Gallic war. He remained true, howeveri^t to his first resolution, and reserved the appointmenlJ of emperor for the senate. After Nero's death waJ certainly known, the troops again pressed hard upoal Virginias, and one of the tribunes drew his sword i&l the pavilion, and bade him receive cither sovcreigM power or the steel ; but the menace produced nol effect. At last after Fabius Valens, whocommandefil one legion, had taken the oath of fidelity to Galba,'' and letters arrived from Rome with an account dt% the senate's decree, he persuaded his army, though j with extreme difficulty, to acknowledge him. The new emperor having sent Flaccus Hordeonius as his | successor, he admitted him in that quality, and deli- i ■vered up to him his forces. He then went to meet | Galba, who was on his journey to Rome, and at- I tended him thither, without receiving any marks \ either of his kindness or of his resentment. The ' reason of this was that Galba, on the one hand, re- garded him in too respectable a light to offer him any injury; and, on the other, the emperor's friends (particularly Titus ^'inius) were jealous of the pro- gress, which he might make in his favour. But that officer was not aware that, while he was ihns pre- venting his promotion, he was co-operating with his good genius, in withdrawing him from the wars and calamities in which other generals were engaged, and procuring him a life of tranquillity fUll of days and peace.
The embassadors, whom the senate sent to Galba, met him at Narbon, a city of Gaul. There they paid their compliments, and advised him to show himself as soon as possible to the people of Rome, who were very desirous to see him. He gave them a kind reception, and entertained them in an agree- able manner. But though Nyniphirlius had sent him ricli vessels, and other furniture suitable to a great prince, which he had taken out of Nero's palace, lie _inade no uso of any part of it ; every thing was served
I
GALBA. Ml
up in dishes of his own. This was a circumstance^ which did him considerable honour, as it proved him to be a man of superior sentiments, and entirely above vanity. Titus Vinius, however, soon endea- voured to convince him that these lofty sentiments, this modesty and simplicity of manners, betrayed an ambition for popular applause, which real greatness of mind disdains '^. By this argument he prevailed upon him to use Nero's riches, and display all the imperial magnificence at his entertainments; and thus the old man allowed it to appear, that in time he would be entirely governed by Vinius.
No one had a stronger passion for money than Vinius, neither was any man more addicted to women. While he was yet very young, and mak- ing his first campaign under Calvisius Sabinus, he brought his general's wife (an abandoned prostitute) one night into the camp in a soldier's habit, and lay with her in that part of it which the Romans call the Principia '^ For this, Caius Caesar put him in prison ; but, upon that prince's death, he was released. Afterward, happening to sup with Claudius Cassar, he stole a silver cup. The emperor, being informed of it, invited him the following evening, but ordered the attendants to serve him with only earthen ves- sels. This moderation of the emperor seemed to show that the theft was deserving of ridicule, rather than of serious resentment: but his subsequent conduct, when he bad Galba and his revenues at command, served partly as the cause, and partly as the pretence for many events of the most tragical kind.
'^ In the text ««i »«/*\}/ori>r« /Lbr/ftAnr, tura^na-uf uvrtp. As it IS
difficult to make sense of this, Du Soul ingeniously proposes to read Ml AKOMi'OTHTA MEFAAUN uxuli^rxt «t;rv, « and a ru^icity, whicit thinks itself unworthy of any thing great/ The text, throughout this Life, is extremely corrupt.
'7 A consecrated place, where the principal standards were fixed^ the altars of the gods and the images of the emperors stood, and all military business was transacted. Tacitus, in relating this story (Hist i. 4r8.)» does not mention Vinius' name.*
u
222 GALBA.
Nymphidius on the return of Gellianiis, whom he had sent as a spy upon Galba, was informed tliat Corneliris Laco was appointed to the command cf the guards and of the palace, and that the whole power would be placed in Vinius' hands. This dis-" tressed him exceedingly, as he had no opportunity of attending the emperor, or of speaking to him in private ; for Iiis intentions were suspected, and all were upon their guard. In this perplexity he as- sembled tlie oflicers of the praetorian coliorts, and told them that, " Galba was indeed an old man of *' mild and moderate sentiments; but that, instead *• of using his own judgement, lie was directed en- *' tiiely by Vinius and Laco, who made a bad use " of their influence. It is our business therefore," continued he, " before they insensibly establish *' themselves, and become sole masters as Tigellinus *' was, to send embassadors to the emperor in the " name of all the troops, and represent to him, that •' if he removes those two counsellors from bis per- *' son, he will find a much more agreeable reception " among the Romans." Perceiving however that Ills officers did not relish the proposal, but thought it absurd and preposterous to dictate the choice of friends to an emperor of his age, as they might have done to a boy on his first accession to power, he adopted another scheme. With the hope of Intimi- dating Galba, he pretended sometimes in his letters, tliat there were discontents and dangers of an insur- rection in Rome, sometimes that Clodius Macer had laid an embargo in Africa upon the corn-ships. At one moment he said, the German legions were in niotion ; and at another, that the same rebellious disposition existed among those in Syria and Judfea. hilt as Galba did not give much attention or credit to his advices, he resolved to usurp the imperial title himself, before he arrived : though Clodius Celsua the Antiociiian, a sensible man and one of his best iricnds, did all he could to dissuade him from it ; and told him plainly, he did not believe there was a
I
GALfiA: 2S8.
single family in Rome, which would honour him* with the title of Ceesar. Many others, however^ ^ ridiculed Galba : and Mithridates of Pontus in iMur*'. ticular, making merry with his bald head and wnnk-* *^ led face, said ; ^^ The Romans think him something *^ extraordinary, while he is at a distance : but^ as ^^ soon as he arrives, they will consider it a disgrace « " to the times to have ever called him * Caesar.' "
It was resolved therefore, that Nymphidius should be conducted to the, camp at midnight, and pro- claimed emperor. But Antonius Honoratus, the first tribune, assembled in the evening the troops under his command ; and after blaming both himself and them, for having changed so often in so short a time, not in pursuance of the dictates of reason or the exercise of a better choice, but because some daemon pushed them on from one treason to another, continued ; '^ The crimes of Nero indeed may jus- ^^ tify our first measures. But has Galba murthered ** his mother, or his wife ? Or has he made yoo ashamed of your emperor, by appearing as a fiddler or an actor upon a stage ? Yet not even these things induced us to abandon Nero ; but Nym- phidius first persuaded us, that he had abandoned us and fied into Eg3rpt. Shall we then sacrifice ** Galba after Nero, and when we have destroyed ** the relation of Livia, as well as the son of Agrip^ " pina, place the sou of Nymphidia upon the im* " perial throne ? Or rather, after having taken ** vengeance on a detestable tyrant in Nero, shall ** we not show ourselves good and faithful guards to «* Galba ? "
Upon this speech of the tribune, all his men ac- ceded to the proposal. They applied also to their fellow-soldiers, and prevailed upon most of them to. return to their allegiance. At the same time, a loud shout was heard in the camp; and Nvmphidiaiy either believing (as some writers state) that tfacr troops were calling him in order to proclaim hin
3
CC
emperor, nr else hastening to appease the insurrecJ
I tion and fix such as he found wavering, ran witlL/t
Mights to tlie camp; having in his hand a speech-f
■■composed for iiim by Cingonius Varro, which her
I had committed to memory, in order to pronounce ifc«j
Ito the army. But seeing tlie gates shut, and »-<
, number of men in arms upon the wall, his confijence ■
abated. Advancing nearer, however, he asked
them ; " A\ hat ihcy intended to do, and by whose
*• command they were underarms?" They answered
unanimously > *' that they acknowledged no other
*' emperor but Galba." Upon which, pretending
to adopt their opinion, he applauded then' tidch'ty,
and ordered his attendants to follow his example.
The guard opening the gate, and snftcring him to
enter with a few of his people, a javelin was thrown
at him, which Septimius, who went before, received
upon his shield. But others drawing their swords
lie fled, and was pursued into a soldier's hut, where
they despatched him. His body was dragged into
the middle of the camp, where they enclosed it with
pales, and exposed it to public view the next day.
Nyniphidius being thus cut off, Galba was no sooner intbrraed of it, than he ordered such of his accomplices, as had not already despiitcliL-d them- selves, to be put to death. Among ihese was Cin- gonius, who composed the oration, and Mithridates of Pontus. In this, the emperor did not piocced according to the laws and customs of the Romans j neither was it indeed a popular measure, to inflict capital punishment upon persons of eminence with, out any form of trial, though they had deserved death. For the Romans, deceived (as is usually tlie case) by first re)>or[s, now expected another kind of government. But what afflicted thetn most was, the order which be sent for the execution of Pctro- nius Turpiiianus, a man of consular dignity, merely because he had been faithful to Nero. For taking ofl' Macer in Africa by Trebonianus, and Fontcius ia
L
3
Germany by Valens there was aome pretCDce, be- cause they were in arms, and had forces which he might justly fear. But there was no reason why Turpih'anus, a defenceless old man, should not have bad a hearing, at least under a prince who ought to have preserved in his actions the moderation he so much affected. Such were the complaints against Galba upon this subject.
When he was about five-and-twenty furlongs from the city, he found the way obstructed by a disorderly crew of seamen, who gathered about him on all sides. These had been formed by Nero into a legion, that they might act as soldiers; and they now met Galba on the road to have their establish- ment confirmed, and pressed upon him so much^ that he could neither be seen nor heard by those who came to wait upon him, clamorously insisting on having legionary colours and quarters assigned them. Galba would have put them off to another time ; but this they considered as a denial, and some of them even drew their swords ; on which, he or- dered the cavalry to fall upon them. They made no resistance, but fled with the utmost precipitation, and many of them were killed in their flight '". It was considered as an inauspicious circumstance for Gaiba, to have entered the city amidst so much blood and slaughter. And those, who before de- spised him as weak and inactive through age, now looked upon him as an object of fear and horror.
Besides, while he endeavoured to reform the ex- travagance and profusion, with which money had been squandered by Nero, he fell short of the mark of propriety. When Canus, a celebrated performer on the Sate, played to him one evening at court, after expressing the highest satisfaction at the ex- cellence of his music, he ordered his purse to be
'* Dio CaMiua iafonns ui (Ixi^) that Kvea thousand of the disarmed multitude were cut to pieceg upon the spot, and other* committed to prisou, where they lay till Galba's death. Many, however, were still left. See Suet. Gaib. 12., and Tac. Hisu i- 6.
VOL, Vi. Q
k
p
brougiit ; and faking' out a few pieces of gold '*, gave them to liiin, telling him at the same time, that * this was a gratuity out of his own, not the public moncv." Ah for the money, which >Jero had lavished upon persons who plea8c<l him on the stage or in thd ' paL-Bstra, he rigorously insisted that it should allj) with the exception of a tenth part, be returne And as persons of such dissolute lives who raatcdj only a provision Jbr the day, could produce verir little, he caused inquiry to be made for all that bai bouglit any thing of ihem, or received presents, and obliged them (o refund. This afl^ir extended to great numbers of people, and seeming to have no end, involveil the emperor in disgrace, and brought ihc public envy and hatred on Vinius ; as exhibiting his master sordid and mean to others, wliile he him- self pillaged the treasury in the most insatiable man- ner, and seized and sold whatever he thought proper. In short, as Hesiod says.
Spare not the full cask, nor thougli Jesseii'd flow Di'dare ilie botttuu near, your liand tiittidraw '"•
So Vinius seeing Galba old and infirm drank freely ■qf the favours of fortune, as only beginning, ^nd yet at the same time drawing toward an end'-'. ,
But tlie aged emperor was deeply injured by yinius, not only through bis neglect or misapplica-
■ ^s Sueionius (ib.) «i3'a, Gnlbn gnve liim five denarii. But at ihat tj^e, ttii some autlior^ contend^ tliere were denurii of guld- 'l'lii» liowever Gronoviuii, in liie Trcutisc on ibo Money of ilie AncienU, denies. Thai writer odds (ib.), that, when hit tabic upon any ex- traordinary occEuion wu nwre s^endidly sicrvi'd than usual, lie could not forbear e^hing, and expreB^ing hia disaatisfaction in a manner inconsistent with coniniou decency.
"- Efv. »< ■Hfi.if. S66.
" Thus, in the court of Galba, were mbe found all the extor- tions of Nero's reign. Thoy were equallj' grievous, soyo Tacitus (tiist, i ?.), but not c-quuUy excused, iu a priucu of Galba't year* ■•d experience. He Itod the greaieU integrity of heart : but. as tfic rapncity and other c\ees»es of hia ministers were imputed to nut Jess hated, than if he had committed tlieni hinuttUl <■ 1
iL^
GALEA* . 227
tion of things committed to his trust, but by his. condemning or defeating the most salutary intentions of his master. This was the case, with respect to the punishing of Nero's ministers. Some bad ones, it is true, were put to death, among whom were Elius, Polycletus, Petinus, and Patrobius. When these were led through the Forum to the place of execution, the people expressed their joy by loud plaudits, and called it * a glorious and holy proces- sion': but both gods and men, they said, demanded the punishment of Tigellinus who had suggested the very worst measures, and taught Nero all bik tyranny. That worthy gentleman, however, had secured himself by great presents to Vinius, whicK were only earnests of still greater. Turpilianiii^ though obnoxious only because he had not betrayed or hated his master on account of his bad qualities^ and though guilty of no remarkable crime, was not- withstanding put to death ; while the man who had made Nero unfit to live, and after he had made him such, deserted and betrayed him, lived and flourished: a proof, that there was nothing which Vinius would not sell, and that no monied man had reason to despair. For there was no sight, which the people of Rome so passionately coveted, as that of Tigel- linus carried to execution ; and in the theatre, and the circus, they continually demanded it ; till at last the emperor checked them by an edict, importing that Tigellinus was in a deep consumption, whicnr would destroy him ere long, and that their sovereign entreated them not to convert his government intq a tyranny by needless acts of severity.
At this the people were highly displeased, but the miscreants only laughed at them.. Tigellinus offered sacrifice in acknowledgement to the gods for his recovery, and provided a grand entertainment; and Vinius rose from the emperor's table to go and carouse with him, accompanied by his daughter, who was a widow. Tigellinus drank to her, and said, ^' I will make this cup worth two hundred and
q2
GALBA. 2S$
cus in Germany, thinking that they had deserved great rewards for the battle which they had fought with Vindex, and finding that they received nothing, began to behave in an extremely refractory manncfy and could not be appeased by their officers. Their general himself they utterly despised, on account as well of his inactivity (for he had the gout in a violent manner), as of his want of experience in military affairs. One day at some public games, when the tribunes and centurions according to custom made vows for the happiness of the emperor, the common soldiers murmured ; and when the officers repeated their good wishes they answered, " If he is worthy.* The legions under Tigellinus' command behaved with equal insolence, of which Galba's agents wrotje him an account. He was now apprehensive that it was not only his age, but his want of children ^9 which brought him into contempt ; and he therefore resolved to adopt some young man of noble births and declare him his successor.
Marcus Otho was of a family by no means ob- scure ; but, at the same time, he had been from his infancy more notorious for luxury and love of plea* sure, than most of the Roman youth. And, as Ho- mer often calls Paris ' the husband of the beauteous Helen,' because he had nothing else to distinguish him, so Otho was noted in Rome as ' the husband of Poppaea.* This was the lady, whom Nero fell in love with, while she was wife to Crispinus*^; but retaining as yet some respect for his own wife, and some reverence for his mother, he privately employ* ed Otho to solicit her. For Otho's debauchery had recommended him to Nero as a friend and com- panion, and he had an agreeable way of rallying him upon what he called, his ' avarice and sordid manner of living.'
*^ Suet. ib. 17.*
'^ This Roman knight was at first banished by Nero, on accomt of his wife, and subsequently put to death. (Tac Ann. xv. ?!•» xvi. 17.)»
Wc are told, that one day wlien Nero was fumiitg himself with a very rich essence, lie sprinkld a little of it upon Otho. Otho invited the empeit" the day following, when suddenly gold and silver^ pipes opened on all sides of the apartment, and poured out essences for them as plentifully as if it had been water. He applied to Poppiea-" accord- ing to Nero's desire, and first seduced her for him by the flattering idea of having an emperor for her lover; after which, he persuaded her to leave her husband. But when he look her home as his own wife, lie was less happy in possessing her, than miser- able in the thought of sharing her with another. And Poppaea is said not to have been displeased with this jealousy ; for it aeems, she refused to admit Nero when Otho was absent: whether it was that she studied to keep Nero's appetite from cloying, or (according to some) did not choose to receive the emperor as a husband, but in her wanton way took more pleasure in seeing him approach her as a gal- lant. Olho's life, therefore, was in great danger on account of that marriage; and it is astonishing thut the man, who could sacrifice his wife and sister for the sake of I*oppa;a, should have afterward spared Otho.
But Otho had a friend in Seneca j and it was he, who persuaded Nero to send liim out governor of Lusitania, upon the borders of the ocean. Here Otho rendered himself agreeable to the inhabitants ■by his lenity; for he knew that this command was given him only as a more honourable exile''. Upon Galba's revolt, he was the first governor of a pro- vince who came over to him ; and he carried with
'* Tacilua saj« (Ann. xiii. +5, W.) thnt he wooi'd anil won her for hiniscif, und ttficrward hy liU tinprudL-iit or aritVi] praises of Iicr excited liU roval inaMcr't passion.*
" And perhaps to prevent llie publicity of Nero'g intrigue with his wife, wliich would Inive been ciiused by liis death. UiHto this ff ccaiiou. ttie foilouinj; distich v/iu made ;
Ctir Otho nienlUo lil, quanlU, end httnore i
VtQrit maehm caperal eue mx, (Suet. 0th. 5.)
OALBA. 951
him all his gold and silver vessels to be melted down and coined for his use. He likewise presented him with such of his servants, as knew best how to wait upon an emperor. He behaved to him, indeed, in every respect with the utmost fidelity : and it ap- peared, from the tpecimen which he gave, that there was no department in the government for which he had not talents. He accompanied him through his whole journey, and was many days in the same car- riage with him ; during all which time he lost no opportunity of paying his court to Vinius, either by assiduities or presents: and, as he always took cure to leave him the tirst place, he was secure by faiB means of having the second. Beside that there was nothing invidious in this station, he recommendtfd himself by granting his favours and services withodt reward, and by his general politeness and affability. He took most pleasure in serving the oflficers of the army, and obtained governments for many of them, by application partly to the emperor and partly to Vinius and his freedmen Icelus and Asiaticus, who had the chief influence at court.
Whenever Galba visited him, he complimented the company of guards upon duty with a piece of gold for each man ; thus practising upon and gaining the soldiers, while he seemed only to be doing ho- nour to their master. When Galba was deliberating upon the choice of a successor, Vinius proposed Otho. This was not a disinterested overture, for Otho had promised to marry Vinius' daughter, after Galba had adopted him, and appointed him his suc$- cessor. But Galba always showed, that he preferred the good of the public to any private consideration^ and in his case he sought, not one who might bt most agreeable to himself, but one who promised t6 be the greatest blessing to the Romans. It cafft scarcely indeed be supposed, that he would haVe appointed Otho heir even to his private patrinfichj*, when he knew how expensive and profuse he was, and that he was loaded with a debt* of five millions
*' Germany, wliose father was censor, and thrice *' consul, and as it were collegue to the emperor " Claudius : and though his poverty be a circum- ** stance, for which some people may despise him, " it is a strong proof both of his probity and his " magnanimity. Let us go and declare him em- *' peror; and show the world that we know how to " choose a person for that high dignity, better than ** the Spaniards and Lusitanians."
Some approving, and others rejecting this motion, one of the standard-bearers marched off privately, and carried the news to Vitellius that night. He found him at table, giving an entertainment to his officers. The intelligence quickly spread through- out the army ; and Fabius V'alens, who commanded one of the legions, went next day at the head of a considerable party of horse, and saluted Vitellius emperor. For some days before, he had seemed to dread the weight of sovereign power, and totally to decline it; but now being fortified with the indul- gences of the table '^, to which he had sat down at mid-day, he went out and accepted the title of * Germanicus,' which the army conferred upon him, though he refused that of' CEesar.' Soon afterward, Flaccus' troops forgot the republican oaths, which they had taken to the senate and people, and swore allegiance to Vitellius. Thus Vitellius was pro- claimed emperor in Germany.
As soon as Galbawas informed of the insurrection there, he resolved without farther delay to proceed to the adoption. Some of his friends, he knew, were for Dolabella, and a still larger number for Otlio; but without being guided by the judgement of either party, or making the least mention of his design, he sent suddenly for Piso, the son of Crassus and Scri- booia who had been put to death by Nero, a young
^ For instances of die various indulgences of this imperial gour- mand. Bee SueU Vitell. 13., Tac. Hisl. ii. 62.*
I
GALEA. 235
or abandon his design. In particular he relied upon Ptolemy ^^ because he had formerly predicted, that he should not fall bv the hand of Nero, but survive him and live to ascend the imperial throne. For, as the former part of the prophecy had proved true, he thought he had no reason to despair of the latter. None however exasperated him more against Galba, than those who condoled with him in private, and pretended that he had been treated with great in- gratitude. Besides, there were many people that had flourished under Tigellinus and Nymphidius, and now lived in poverty and disgrace, who in order to recommend themselves to Otho, expressed the utmost indignation at his treatment, and urged him to revenge it. Among these were Veturius, who was Optio or centurion's deputy, and Barbius who was Tesserarius, or one of those that carry the word from the tribunes to the centurions ^^ Onomastiis one of Otho's freedmen joined them, and went from troop to troop, corrupting some with money and others with promises. They were, indeed, corrupt enough already, and wanted only an opportunity of putting their designs in execution. If they had not been extremely disaffected, they could not have been prepared for a revolt in so short a space of time as
3* See Tac. Hist. i. 22. Called by Suetonius (0th. 4.) * Seleuca§.'*
33 The way of setting the nightly guard was by a tessera (or tally) with a particular inscription, given from one centurion to another throughout the army, till it came round to the tribune, by whom it had nrst been delivered.
The text, in this place, is corrupL Lipsius rightly obienret that, instead of ^»' «vv'>^ and ^/ oxm^an, we should read ^Myy*^it'» and ^oTTjjp^w, It will then run thus : 9xnu y«p Kx>H9Ttci ol ^ttyytXm xtu ii9XTr,fejf vKr,^ia-iui rf A»>Tt^. But, even then, Plutarch will not have given a description of the principal offices of the Optio and the Tesserarius, Messengers, it is true, they were ; but spies only oo casionally. It is necessary however to translate the text thus amended, at least in a note ; * So they are called, who perform tbe ofHces of messengers and spies/ (L.)
The two soldiers in question were introduced by Onomastus to Otho, whence Tacitus (ib. 25.) observes, SuscepSre duo mampulam imperium poptdi Romani trans/erendum, et transtuhrunL*
236 GALBA.
that of four days, which was the whole interval tween the adoption and the assassination ; for Piso and Galba were both stain on the sixtli day follow- ing, which was the fifteenth of January. Early in the morning Galba, in tiie presence of his friends, sacrificed in the palace. Umbricius the soothsayer no sooner took the entrails in his hands, than he declared, not in enigmatical expressions but plainly, that there were signs of considerable troubles, and of treason threatening immediate danger to the em- peror^'. Thus Otho was delivered up to Galba almost, as it were, by the hand of the gods; for he stood behind the emperor, listening with the utmost attention to Umbricius' observations. These threw him into great confusion, and his fears were evinced by his change of colour; when his freedman Ono- mastus came, and told him that the architects were arrived, and waited for him at his house. This was the signal for Otho's meeting the soldiers. He pre- tended therefore that he had bought an old house, which these architects were to examine, and passing by what is called ' Tiberius' palace' proceeded to that part of the Forum, where stands the gilded pillar terminating all the great roads in Italy ^^.
The soldiers who received him, and saluted him emperor, are said to have been not more than twenty, three. So that, though he had nothing of the das- tardly spirit which the delicacy of his constitution and the effeminacy of his life seemed to declare, but on the contrary was firm and resolute in time of danger, yet upon this occasion he was intimidated and wished to retire; but they would not suffer it.
" Adding, aecordinc to Suet. (Galb. 19.), Non longe percuisores abesse, ' That his murlTierers were at no great diBtajice.'*
" This pillar was set up by Augustus, when he took the high- ways under his iniipectioa, ai)d had the dittancea of places from Rome marked upon it. (L.) See I'liu. H. N. iii. 5-, and Dion. Cass, liv. 8. See also Brotier in Tac. Hist. i. 27- Csius Gracchus, about a hundred rears before, had erected mile^stonM. See his Life, V. 230.*
m^
3
GALBAi «97
They surrounded the chair ^ with drawn swords^ and insisted on it's proceeding to the camp. In the meanwhile Otho desired the bearers to make haste; often declaring that he was a lost man. There were some, who overheard him ; and they rather won* dered at the hardiness of the attempt with so sndall a party, than disturbed themselves about the conse- quences. As he was carried through the Forum, about the same number as the first joined him, and others subsequently by three or four at a time. The whole party then saluted him ' Caesar,' and con- ducted him to the camp^ fiourishing their swords before him. Martialis, the tribune who kept guard that day, knowing nothing (as we are told) of the conspiracy, was surprised and terrified at so unex* pected a sight, and suffered them to enter. When Otho was within the camp, he met with no resist- ance, for the conspirators gathered about such as were strangers to the design, and made it their bu- siness to explain it to them ; upon which, first from fear, and afterward out of choice, they joined them by one or two at a time.
The intelligence was immediately carried to Galba, while the soothsayer was yet in attendance, and had the entrails in his hands; so that they, who had previously been most incredulous in matters of divi- nation, and even held them in contempt, were astonished at the divine interposition in the accom-* plishment of this presage. People of all sorts now crowding from the Forum to the palace, Vinius and Laco, with some of the emperor's freedmen, stood before him withldrawn swords to defend him. Piso went out to speak to the life-guards; and Marius Celsus, a man of great courage and honour, was sent to secure the Illyrian legion, which lay in Vipsa- nius' portico.
Galba wishing to go out to the people, Vinius
3^ SuetcniuB says, he got into a woman's sedan, which was of a closer kind, in order to be the better concealed. (Oti^. 6*)
4
288 GALBA.
endeavoured to dissuade him from it; but CelsH and Laco encouraged him to go, and expressed themselves with some sharpness against Vinius. In the mean time, a strong report prevailed, that Olho had been slain in the camp ; soon alter wliich Julius Atticus, a soldier of some note among the guards, came up, and crying " He was the man that had *' killed Caesar's enemy," made his way through the crowd, and displayed his bloody sword to (.ialba. The emperor fixing his eye upon him, and asking, "Who gave you orders?" he replied, " My alle- *' giance, and the oath which I had taken;" upon which the people expressed their approbation in loud plaudits. Galba then went out in a sedan-chair, with a design to sacrifice to Jupiter, and sliow him- self to tlic people. But he had no sooner reached the Forum, tlian the rumour changed like the wind, and news met him that Otho wan master of the camp. Upon this occasion, as it waf natural among a multitude of people, some called out to him to advance and some to retire, some to take courage and some to be cautious. His chair was tossed backward and forward, as in a tempest, and ready to be overset; when there appeared first a party of horse, and then another of ibot, issuing from the Basilica of Paulua and crying out, " Away with this " private man !" Numbers were at this time running about, not to separate by flight, but to possess themselves of the porticos and eminences about the Forum, as it were to enjoy some public spectacle. Atilius Vergllio beat down one of Galba's statues, which served as a signal for hostilities, and they at- tacked the chair on all sides with javelins. As those did not despatch him, they advanced sword in hand. In this time of trial none rose up in his defence but one man, who indeed, among so many millions, was the only one that did honour to the Koman empire. This was Semproutus Densus*' a centurion, who
>T In the (ireek text, it ie ' \niihtrm i but that text (as wc ob> ttrvcd before}, in tlie Life of Galba, U cxueinely corrupt. Vie,
.kL
I
6ALBA. 259
without any particular obligations to Galba, and only from a regard to honour and the law, stood forth to defend the chair. First of all, he lifted up the vine-branch, with which the centurions chastise such as deserve stripes ; and then calling out to the soldiers who were pressing forward, commanded them to spare the emperor. They fell upon him notwithstanding, upon which he drew his sword and fought a long time, till he received a stroke in the ham, which brought him to the ground.
The chair was overturned at what is called the ' Curtian lake,* and Galba tumbling out of it, they ran to kill him. At the same time, he presented his throat, and said ; " Strike, if it be for the good ot " Rome^.*' He received many strokes upon the arms and legs, for he had a coat of mail upon hts body. According to most accounts it was Camurius, a soldier of the fifteenth legion, who despatched him ; though some say it was Terentius, some Ar- cadius®^ and others Fabius Fabulus. They add, that when Fabius had cut off his head, he wrapped it up in the skirt of his garment, because it was so bald that he could take no hold of it. His associates however would not suffer him to conceal it, but in- sisted that he should let the world see, what an ex- ploit he had performed ; he fixed it therefore upoa the point of his spear, and swinging about the head of a venerable old man and a mild prince, wlio was both Pontifex Maximus and consul, he ran on (like! the Bacchanals with that of Pentheus) brandishing his spear, dyed with the blood trickling from it.
When the head was presented to Otho, he cried out, " This is nothing, my fellow-soldiers j show " me the head of Piso/' This was brought not long afterward ; for that young prince being woundeOt
have therefore given * Densus' from Tacitus; as * Vergilio* kistead of * Sercello,' above.
3« Suet. Galb. 20., Tac. Hist. i. 41 *
39 In Tacitus, * Lecanius.' That historian makes no mention «f
Fabius.
and pursued by one Murcus. was killed by him at the gates of the temple of Vesta. Vinius also was put to the sword, though he declared himself an accomplice in the conspiracy, and protested that he sutlered against Otho's orders. They cut oft' his head however, and that of Laco, and carrying them to Otho demanded their reward ; For, as Archilo- chua saya.
So in this case many, who had no share in the ac- tion, bathed their hands and swords in the blood, and exhibiting them to Otho claimed their recom- pence. It appeared afterward, from the petitions given in, that the number of them was a hundred and twenty : all of whom Vitellius subsequently sought out, and put to death. Marios Celsus also coming to the camp, many accused him of having exhorted the soldiers to stand by Galba, and the bulk of the army insisted that he should suffer. But Otho anxious to save him, and yet afraid of contradicting them, told them ; " He did not choose to have him " executed so soon, because he had several import- *• ant questions to put to him." He ordered him therefore to be kept in chains, and delivered him to persons, in whom he could best place his con- fidence *°.
The senate was immediately assembled ; and as if they were become different men, or had other gods to swear by, they took the oath to Otho, which he had before taken to Galba, and violated ; and gave him the titles of ' Cffisar' and ' Augustus,' while the bodies of those that had been beheaded lay in their consular robes in the Forum. As for the heads, the
*° He had been most faithful to Galbs; and Otho jiidicioufilv, as it appeared in the issue, lioped he would prore as faltliful to niin- self. (Tat. Hist. i. 71.) His integrity indeed gained the admira- tion, and his preservation the applause, even of those who had urged hia execution.*
i
soMiers, whtn they had no farther use fbi* them; sold that of VmitH to his daughter fw jbwo thousand fivtf. hundred drachmas. Pisb's was ^ven to bis wiftr. Verania^ at her request ^^; and Galba's to'thesi^r^) vants of Patrobius and yitelUus^% who after th^r^ had treated it with the utcaost insolence and oatni|^ threw it into a plaoe called Sestertium^^ where llMI' bodies of those are cist that are put to death by tbbf emperors. His body was carried away, with Otho's- permission, by Helvidius Priscus, and buried in the night by his freedman Argius.
Such is the history of Galba ; a man who, in the points of family and fortune distinctly considered, was exceeded by few of the Romans, and who in the union of both was superior to all : he had lived like- wise in great honour, and with the best reputation, under five emperors ; and it was rather by his cha- racter, than by force of arms, that he deposed Nero. As to the rest who conspired against the tyrant, some of them were thought unworthy of the impe- rial diadem by the people, and others by themselves : but Galba was invited to accept it, and only followed the sense of those, who called him to that high dig- nity. Nay, when he gave the sanction of his name to Vindex, that which before was termed rebellion was considered only as a civil war, because a man of princely talents was then at the head of it. So that he did not so much want the empire, as the empire wanted him : and with these principles he attempted to govern a people corrupted by Tigellinus and Nymphidius, as Scipio, Fabricius, and CamiUus governed the Romans of their times. Notwithstand-
4' Tacitus (Hist. i. 47.) says, she purchased it.
^* Galba had put Patrobius to death, but we know not why the servants of Vitellius should have desired to treat his remains with indignity.
4' Lipsius says, it was so called qu. semitertium, as being two miles and a half from the city ; (L.) but it appears from TacituSt that Galba*s head was only carried to Patrobius' tomb. Of HelTi- dius Priscus, neither Tacitus (ib. 49.) nor Suetonius (ib« 20.) nuike any mention, upon this occasion.*
VOL. VI. R
M« OALBA.
ing his advanced age, throughout the military department he showed himself a chief worthy of ancient Rome. But in the civil administration he delivered himself up to Vinius, to Laco, and to his enfranchised slaves who sold every thing, in the same manner as Nero had left all to his insatiable vermin. The consequence of this was, that no man regretted him as an emperor, though almost every one was moved with pity at his miserable &te.
r .
T
THE
LIFE
OF
O T H O.
SUMMARY.
Oiho takes possession of his new dignify^ and enters upon the du»
charge of iCs duties; puts Tigellinus to death; and suffers ike
populace to give him the name of * Nero* Turbulent behaciomr
of the seventeenth preetorian cohort ; appeased by Otho. He voriies
to Vitellius: the anstver. Various omens. He marches to meet
Vitellius* lieutenants. Insolence qf Vitellius* troops, (Hho*s
forces gain some advantage over thenu OthOf in opposition to the
counsels of his officers^ determines to give battle. Skirmishes fe«
tween the parties. Otho orders his officers to proceed iotheat^
tack ; and is beaten : Causes of his defeat. His army send
deputies f and take the oath to Vitellius. Horrible carnage in the
tattle. Attachment of Otho*s attendant soldiers to their genends
he addresses them; sends away such of his friends andsenatorSf es
are present ; and kills himself. His troops give his body a nuigm*
ficent interment ; and take the oath to Vilnius,
The new emperor wdiit early in the morning to the Capitol, and sacrificed ; after which he ordered Marius Celsus to be brought before him, received him with great marks of his regard, and desired him
&2
rather to forget the cause of his confinement, than to remember his releaae. Celsus neither showed any meanness ill his acknowledgements, nor any want of gratitude. He said, " The very charge brought "against him bore witness to his character ; since *' he was accused only of having been faithful to " Galba, from whom he had never received any per- " sonal obligations." All who were present at the audience admired both the emperor and Celsus, and the soldiers in particidar testified their approbation '.
Otlio made a mild and gracious speech to the se- nate. The remaining part of his consulship he di- vided with Virginius llufus, leaving those, who had been appointed to that dignity by Nero and Galba, to enjoy it in their course. The respectable for age and character, he promoted to the priesthood ; and to such senators, as had been banished by Nero and recalled by Galba, he restored all their goods and estates which he found unsold. So that the Srfit and best of the citizens, who had befisre not considered him as a man, but dreaded him as a fury or destroy- ing diemon that had suddenly seized the seat of go- vernment, now entertained more agreeable expec- tations from so hopeful a beginning.
But nothing gave the people in general so high a pleasure*, or contributed so much to gain him their affections, as his punishing TIgellinus. This man, it is true, had long suffered under the fear of pu- nishment, which the Romans demanded as a public debt, and under a complication of incurable dis- tempers. These, and his infamous connexions with the worst of prostitutes, into which his passions drew him (though almost in the arms of death) were
■ See p. 240., not (4-0.) Otlio cxcniptcd the soldien from the fees, which thcv hud paid the centurions for Turloughs anil other immuniliea ; anu at thi: aame time promised to Bfltisty those officers. Upon all reasonable occuions, out of his own revenue. In coiue- quencc of these furloughi, the fourth part of a legion was oIK-q ab- tent, and the troops became daily more itnd more corrupted.
* In the close of the day, upon which he was inauguriuod, he pw laca and Iculus to death. -. )c^ii.> ..
1
OTHO. im
considered by the thinking part of mankind as tlie' greatest of punishments, and worse than many deaths. Yet it was a pain to the common people, that he should see the light of the sun, after so many excellent men through his means had been deprivra of it. He was then at his country-house near Sinn-' essa ^, and had vessels at anchor, ready to carry him- on occasion to some distant country. Otho sent to him there ; upon which, he first attempted to bribe the messenger with large sums to sufier him to escape. Finding that this had no effect, he gave him the money notwithstanding ; and desiring only to be indulged with a few moments till he had shaved himself, he took the rasor and cut his own throat.
Reside this just satisfaction which Otho gave the people, it was a most agreeable circumstance that he remembered none of his private quarrels. To gratify the populace, he suffered them also at first to bestow upon him in the theatres the name of ^ Nero/ and he made no opposition to those who erected publicly the statues of that emperor. Nay, Clau^ dius^ Rufus informs us that, in the letters witfi which the couriers were despatched to Spain, he joined the name of Nero to that of Otho. But, perceiving that the nobility were ofiended, he dis* continued the use of it.
Afler his government was thus established, the
Eraetorian cohorts gave him no small trouble, by ex- orting him to beware of many persons of rank, and to forbid them the court ; whether their afiection made them really apprehensive for him, or it was only a colour for raising commotions and wars. One day the emperor himself had sent Crispinus orders
3 A maritime city in Campania near the mouth of the Lirisi and celebrated for it's warm Bprings. See Plin. H. N. iii. 5., xxi. 2.*
'* This writer, who was a man of consular dignity and succeeded Galba in the government of Spain, was called not ^ Claudiiis/ but * Cluvius' Rmus. (L.) Otbo's assumption of the name of * Ner«^ is confirmed by Suetonius. (Otb. 7* See Tac Hist. L 8.)*
6
to bring the seventeenth cohort from Ostia', and i order to do it withoutiiiterruption, that oflBcer be^ to prepare for it as soon as it grew dark, and t pack up the arms in waggons. Upon wliich someM the most turbulent cried out, that Crispinus wa come with no good intention, that the senate hal some design against the government, and that tin arms he was going to carry were to be made use fl against Csesar, not in his service. Tliis notion s spread, and exasperated numbers; some iaid hold on the waggons, while olliers killed two centurions who endeavoured to ijuell the mutiny, and witii them Crispinus himself Tlie whole party then armed themselves, and exhorting each other to go to tlic emperor's assistance, marched straight to Rome. Being informed there that eighty senators were supping with him that evening, they hastened to the palace, exclaiming, " Now is the time to *' crush all Ca'sar's enemies at once." The city was greatly alarmed, expecting to be immediately plun- dered. The palace likewise was thrown into the utmost confusion, and Otho himself was in unspeak- able distress ; for he was under fear and concern for the senator.?, while they were afraid of him, and he eaw thc)' kept their eyes fixed upon him in silence and extreme consternation ; some of them having even brought their wives with them to supper. He therefore ordered the principal officers of the guards to go and speak to the soldiers, and endeavour to appease them, and at the same time sent out his guests at another door. They had scarcely made their escape, when the soldiers rushed into thc room, and demanded, " What was become of the "enemiesof Ctpsar ? " The emperor then, rising from his couch, used many arguments to satisfy tliecn,, and by entreaties and tears at last prevailed upoiil them with much difficulty to desist.
' This we lean) likewise from Tacitus (lliat. i. 80.) Ostia.attl mgulh of ilie Tiber, was a military station, estabUahed by thcC pcror Claiidii)8. (Suet. Claud. 5xv.)* '
OTHO.
Next day, having presented the soldiers with twelve hundred and fifty drachmas a man, he entered the camp. Upon this occasion he commended the troops as in general we)l-afiected to his government, but at the same time told them, " There were some " designing men among them, who by their cabals *' brought his moderation and their fidelity both into " question : these (he said) deserved their resent- " ment, and he hoped they would assist him in *' punishing them." They applauded his speech, and desired him to chastise whatever persons he thought proper ; but he pitched upon two only for capital punishment, whom no man could possibly regret, and then returned to his palace.
Those, who had conceived an affection for Otho, and placed confidence in liim, admired this change in his conduct. But others thought it was only a piece of policy, which the times necessarily required, and that he affected a popular behaviour on account of the impending war. For now he had undoubted intelligeuce that Vitellius had assumed the title of emperor and all the ensigns of supreme power, and couriers daily arrived with news of continual addi- tions to his party. Other messengers also brought information, that the forces in Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Mysia with their generals had declared for Otho. And a few days afterward, he received obliging letters from Mucianus and Vespasian, who both commanded numerous armies, the first in Syria and the other in Judtea.
Elated by this intelligence, he wrote to Vitellius, advising him not to aspire to things above his rank ; and promising, if he desisted, to supply him liberally with money, and give him a city where he might spend his days in pleasure and repose. Vitellius at first returned an answer, in which ridicule was tem- pered with civility. But afterward, being both thoroughly exasperated, they addressed each other in a stile of the bitterest invective. Not that their mutual reproaches were groundless, but it was ab- 7
I I
I
LJ
OTHO, 249
of the mother and wife pf Vitellius, and endeavoured to place them in a situation, where they had nothing to fear. The government of Rome he bestowed upon Vespasian's brother Flavius Sabinus, either with an intention of doing honour to Nero, who had formerly given him that appointment (as Galba had deprived him of it) or else of showing his regard for Vespasian by promoting his brother.
Otho himself stopped at Brixellum \ a town in Italy near the Po, and ordered the army to march forward under the conduct of his lieutenants Mariufl Celsus, Suetonius Paulinus, Gallus, and Spurina, officers of great reputation. But they could not pursue their concerted plan of operations, on ac- count of the obstinacy and disorderly behaviour of the soldiers, who declared that they had made the emperor, and would be commanded by him alone. The enemy's troops were not under much betted discipline : they two were refractory and disobedient to their officers, and on the same account. But they had seen service, and were accustomed to fatigue ; whereas Otho's men had been used to idle* ness, and their mode of life was quite different from that in the field. They had spent most of their time indeed at public spectacles and the entertain* ments of the theatre, and had reached such a degree of insolence, that they did not pretend to be unable to perform their appointed services, but affected to be above them* Spurina, who attempted to use compulsion, incurred the danger of assassination. They spared no kind of abuse, calUng him traitor, and telling him that it was he who had ruined Cssar'i affairs, and purposely missed the most favourable opportunities. Some of them came in the night intoxicated with liouor to his tent, and demanded their discharge ; '* For they had to go," they saidi *< to Cesar, to accuse him/'
The cause however, and Spurina with it, received
§
' Hud. Benello^ on the southern bank of the Po.
250 OTHO.
some benefit from the insult which these troops en- countered at Placentia*. Those of Vitellius came lip to tlie walls, and ridiculed Otho'a men who were appointed to defend them, calling them * players and dancers, fit only to attend the Pythian and Olympic games ; fellows who knew nothing of war, wlio had never made a single campaign, who were puffed up with pride, merely because they had cut off* the head of a poor unarmed old man (meaning Galba) ; wretches, that durst not look men in the face, or stand any thing like a lair and open battle." With these reproaches they were so mortified, and so desirous of revenge, that they threw themselves at Spurjna's feet, and implored him to command ■ aiid employ them on whatever service he thought
firoper, assuring him that there was no danger or abour, which they would decline. Ai'ter thia, the enemy made a vigorous attack upon the town, and plied their battering engines with their whole force ; but Spurina's men repulsed them with great slaughter, and thus kept possession of one of" the richest and most respectable (owns in Italy-
Of Otlio's officers in general, it must be ob- served, that they were more obliging in their beha- viour, both to cities and private persons, than those of Vitellius. Cecina, one of the latter, had nothing popular either in his address, or in his figure. He was of a gigantic size, and most un- couth appearance; for he wore breeches and long sleeves in the manner of the Gauls, even while his standard'was Roman, and he gave his instructions to Itoman officers. His wife followed him on horseback, in a rich dress, and was attended by a select party of cavalry. Fabius Valens, the other general, had such a passion for money, as not to be satisfied either by plunder from enemy, or by exactions and cootributions froai
' Not fur from Brixellum. Cremona, luentloned below, ■Imost ojipONtu to it. ttn the oUier nUt of Ae Po.»
OTHO.' 251
the allies ; insomuch, that he was believed to pro- ceed more slowly for the sake of collecting gold aa he advanced, and was therefore not up at the first action. Some indeed accuse Cecina of having has- tened to give battle before the arrival of Valens, ia order that the victory might be all his own, and (beside some smaller faults) charge him not only with having attacked at an unseasonable time, but also with not having maintained the combat so gal- lantly as he ought to have done : all which errors nearly ruined the affairs of his party.
Cecina, after his repulse at Placentia, marched against Cremona, another rich and great city. In the mean time Annius Gallus, who was going to join Spurina at Placentia, received intelligence by the way that he had been victorious, and that, the siege was raised : but being informed at the same time that Cremona was in danger, he led his forces thither, and encamped very near the enemy. Sub- sequently, other officers brought in reinforcementf* Cecina posted a strong body of infantry under cover of some trees and thickets, afler which he order- ed his cavalry to advance, and if the enemy at* tacked them, gradually to give way and retire, tiJl they had drawn them into the ambuscade. But Celsus, being informed of his intention by some deserters, advanced with his best cavalry against Cecina's troops, and upon their retreating pur* sued them with so much caution, that he ser- rounded the corps, which lay in ambush. Having thus thrown them into confusion, he called the legions from the camp; and it appears, that if they had come up in time to support the horse^ Cecina's whole army would have been cut in pieces. But, as Paulinus advanced very slowly ^ he was
9 Tficitus (ii. 25» 26.) informs us, that Paulinus was natmally slow and irresolute. On this occasion, he charges him with two errors: the first, that instead of advancing immediately to the charge, and supporting his cavalry, he had trifled away the time in filling up the trenches ; the other, that he did not a;? ail hkoielf cf tlic disorder of the enemy, but sounded, much too early ariDtrcat.
252 OTHO.
censured for having used more precaution than became a general of his character. Nay, the sol- diers accused him of treachery, and endeavoured to incense Otho against him ; insisting that the victory had been in their hands, and that if it was incomplete, it was owing entirely to the misma- nagement of their generals. Olho did not so much believe these representations, as he was willing to appear not to disbelieve them. He thereiiire sent his brother Titianus lo the army, wiih Proculus the caplnin of his guard ; Titianus to command in appearance, and Proculus in reality. Celsus and PaidinuB had the title of friends ami counsellors, but not the least authority in the direction of aflairs.
The enemy too, particularly the foi-ccs of Valens, were not without their dissatisfaction and disorder: for when they learned what had happened at the ambuscade, they expressed their indignation that their general had not put it in their power to be there, that they might have used their endeavours to rescue the brave men, who perished in that action. They were even inclined to despatch him ; but, having pacified them with much difficulty, he de- camped and joined Cecina.
In the mean lime Otho came to the camp at Bedriacum, a small town near Cremona, and there held a council of war. Proculus and Titianus were of opinion, " That he ought to give battle, while *' the army retained those high spirits, with which *' the late victory had inspired them ; and not suffer " their ardour lo cool, or wait till VJtellius arrived " in person from Gaul." But this was opposed bfd Paulinus: *' The enemy," said he, " have receiv^tfJ " all their troops, and have no farther preparation^'! " to make for the combat ; whereas Otho will haT#-| *' from Mysia and Pannonia forces as numerous as-J "those which he has already, if he will wait hiti " own opportunity, instead of giving one to th(f ** enemy. And certainly the army he now has, '" *• with their small numbers they have so mucK " ardour, will not fight with less but greater spirit,' 1
" when they see their numbers so much increased. *' Besides, the gaining of time is in our favour, be- " cause we have every thing in abundance ; whereas " delays must greatly distress Cecina and his coi- " legue for necessaries, because they lie in aa " enemy's country."
This opinion was supported by Marius Celsus. Annius Gallus coutd not attend, because he had received some hurt by a fall from his horse, and was under cure. Otho therefore wrote to him, and Gallus advised him not to precipitate matters, but to wait for the army from Mysia, which was already on it's way. Otho however would not be guided by these counsels, and the opinion of those who were for immediately hazarding a battle prevailed. Dif- ferent reasons are, indeed, alleged for this resolution. The most probable is, that the prsetorian cohorts (which composed the emperor's guards) now coming to taste what real war wa-s, longed to be once more at a distance from it, and to return to the ease, the company, and the public diversions of Home ; and therefore they could not be restrained in their eager- ness for a battle, for they imagined that they could overpower the enemy at the first charge. Besides, Otho seems to have been no longer able to support himself in a state of suspense; such a horror of the thoughts of danger had his dissipation and effeminacy created! Overburthened then by his cares, he has- tened to free himself from their weight : he covered his eyes, and leaped down the precipice : he com- mitted all at once to fortune. Such is the account given of the matter by the orator Secundus, who was his secretary.
Others say, ttiat the two parties were much in- clined to lay down their arms, and unite in choosing an emperor out of tiie best generals they had ; or, if tliey could not agree in their choice, to leave the election to the senate. Neither is it improbable, as the two who were called emperors were neither of them men of reputation, that the experienced and
p
25* OTHO.
prudent part of the soldiers should form such a de- sign. For they could not but retlect, how unhappy and dreadful a thing it would be to plunge them- selves afrt'sh into those calamities, which the Romans conld not bring upon each othei' without aching hearts in the quarrels of Sylla and Marius, of Cssar and Pompey : and for what — but to provide an empire to minister to the insatiable appetite and drunkenness of Vjteliius, or to the luxury and debaucheries of Otho'"! These considerations are supposed to have induced Celsus to endeavour to gain time, in the hope that matters might he com- promised without the sword ; while Otho, from his fears of such an agreement, hastened the battle.
In the mean time he returned to Brixellum ", which was certainly an additional error ; as by that step he deprived the combatants of the reverence and emulation, which his presence might have in> spired, and took a considerable limb from the body of the army (I mean some of the best and moat active men, both horse and foot) for his body-guard. There happened about that time a rencontre upon the Po, Cecina's troops endeavouring to lay a bridge across that river, and those of Otho to prevent it. The latter, finding their other e0brt3 ineffectual, placed a quantity of torches well covered with brin> stone and pitch in some boats, wliich were carried by the wind and current against the enemy's work. First smoke, and afterward a bright flame, arose ; upon which Cecina's men were so terrified that they leaped into the river, overset their boats, and were completely exposed to their enemies, who laughed at their awkward distress.
The German troops, however, beat Otho's gU-
"> Upon ihc improbability of this being a ecDcritl refiexion, n» Tac. IlU. ii 37, •
" It WHS dtboted in council, wbetb^r the emppror should be prib sent ill the action, or not. Marius Celsus aud I'auliniu durat Dot vote for it, lest they should seem inclined to expose hid [lerson, Hm Uiererori! Tctrei to Unxelluni, a circumstance which coiOribuMd not ■ liiiie to hit ruin. (Tac. ib. 31.)
OTHO. «5S
diators in a little island of the Po, and killed a coa-* siderable number of them. Otho's army in Bedrift- cum, resenting this affront, insisted on being led out to battle. Accordingly Proculus marched, and pitched his camp at the distance of fifty furlongs from Bedriacum. But he chose his ground in a most unskilful manner. For though it was in the spring-season, and the country afforded many foun- tains and rivulets, his army was distressed for water* Next day, Proculus wished to march against the enemy, who lay not less than a hundred furlongs off; but Paulinus would not agree to it He said they ought to keep the post which they had taken, rather than after incurring much fatigue immediately en«* gage an enemy, who could arm and array themselves at their leisure^ while they were making such a inarch with all the incumbrance of baggage and ser^ vants. The generals disputed the point, till a Nu- xnidian horseman came with letters from Otho, or* dering them to make no longer delay, but proceed to the attack without losing a moment's time^'« Upon this they decamped of course, and went to seek the enemy. - The news of their approach threw Cecina into great confusion ; and immediately quit* ting his works and his post upon the river, he re» paired to the camp, where he found most of the soldiers armed, and the word already given by Valens.
During the time that the infantry were fonniogy the best of the cavalry were directed to skirmish. At that moment a report was spread, from whiat cause we cannot tell, among Otho's van, that ViteU lius* officers were coming over to their party. As soon therefore as they approached, they saluted them in a friendly manner, calling them ' Fellow-soldiers:' but, instead of receiving the appellation, they answer- ed with a fbrious and hostile shout. The conse* quence was, that the authors of the compliment wete
«» See Tac. ib. iO.*
dispirited, and tiie rest suspected them of treason. This was the first thing, %vhich disconcerted Otho's- troops, for by this time the enemy had charged.' Besides, they could preserve no order ; the iDter«t iDixtureof the baggage, and the nature of the ground, preventing any regular movement. For the ground] was so full of ditches and other inequalities, that: they were forced to break their ranks, and wheel about to avoid them, and couid only 6ght in sniaU parties. There were but two legions, one of Vitel- lius' called ' the Devourer,' and one of Otho's calU, ed ' the Succourer,' which could disentangle them-i selves from the defiles, and gain the open plain.. These engaged in a regular Iwttle, and fought a lony time. OtIio's men were vigorous and brave, but they had not previously seen so much as a single action : on the other hand, those of Vitelliiis had much experience in the field ; but they were old, and their strength decaying.
Otho's legion coming on with great fury mowed, down the first ranks, and took the eagle. The ene- my filled with shame and resentment advanced to chastise them, slew Orphidius their commander, and took several standards. Against the gladiators'^ who had the reputation of being brave fellows and excel- lent at close fighting, Alphenus Varus brought up the Batavians, who come from an island formed by the Rhine, and are the best cavalry in Germany. Against these a few of the gladiators made bead but the chief part fled to the river, and falling it with some of the enemy's infantry whicii was postc there, were all cut in pieces. None, however, bi haved so ill that day as the pra3torian bands. Thi did not even wait to receive the enemy's chaq but in their flight broke through the troops which
'* Glsdiarorn, ■idcn the circum. high estiniaiion fii Sparta<:u«, however, i M thii rsmark.*
appears froin a dinlocue of Plato's, i*ho a> perfectly providential, wore seldoiu in litary pTon-osH. Tliose that fought unilc* tt be fulniiilcd to (oim a splendid exception
J
OTHO. 257
yet stood their ground, and threw them into dis* order. Nevertheless, many of Otho's men were ir- resistible in the quarter where they fought, and opened a way through the victorious enemy to their camp. But Proculus and Paulinus took another di- rection ; for they dreaded the soldiers, who already blamed their generals for the loss of the day.
Annius Gallus received into the city all the scat- tered parties, and endeavoured to encourage them by assurances that the advantage upon the whole was equal, and that their troops had the superiority in many parts of the field. But Marius Celsus as- sembled the principal officers, and desired them to consider of measures to. save their country : " After " such an expense of Roman blood," said he, ** Otho *' himself, if he has any patriotism, will not tempt " fortune any more; since Cato and Scipio, in re- fusing to submit to Csesar after the battle of Phar- salia, are accused of having unnecessarily sacri- *^ ficed the lives of many brave men in Africa, not- ^* withstanding that they fought for the liberties of ^^ their country. Fortune indeed is capricious, and ^' all men are liable to suffer her inconstancy : yet good men have one advantage, of which she can never deprive them, and that is, in every contin- gency to avail themselves of their reason." These arguments prevailed upon the officers, and on sound- ing the private men, they found them desirous of peace. Titianus himself was of opinion, that they ought to send embassadors to treat for a coalition* In pursuance of which, Celsus and Gallus were charged with a commission to Cecina and Valens. As they were upon the road, they met some centu- rions, who informed them that Vitellius' army was advancing to Bedriacum, and that they were de- spatched before by their generals with proposals for an accommodation. Celsus and Gallus commended their design, and desired them to go back with them to meet Cecina.
When they approached that general*s army. Gel*
VOL. VI. S
BUS was in great danger. For the cavalry, whldi had been beaten in the affair of the ambuscade, iiap> pening to be in the van, no sooner saw him, than they advanced with loud shouts against hitn. The centurions however threw themselves before htni, and the other officers called out to them to do him no violence. Cecina himself, when informed of the tumult, rode up and quelled it, and after he had made his compliments to Celsus in a very obliging manner, accompanied him to Bedriacum.
In the mean time Titianus, repenting that he bad sent the embassadors, placed the most resolute of the soldiers again upon the walls, and exhorted the rest to assist. But when Cecina rode up and offered his hand, not a man of them would oppose hira. Some saluted his men from the walls, and others opened the gates ; after which they went out, and mixed with the troops that were coming up. Instead of acts of hostility, there was nothing but mutual caresses and other demonstrations of friendship ; in consequence of which they all took the oath to Vitel- lius, and ranged themselves under his banner.
This is the account, which most of those that were in the battle give of it : at the same time how- ever they confess that they did not know all the par- ticulars, because of the confused manner in which they fought, and the inequality of the ground. Long afterward, when T was passing over the field of battle, Mestrius Fiorus a person of consular dignity pointed out to me an old man, who in his youth had served under Otho with others his coevals, not from in- clination but by constraint ". He told me also,
'' From thJB passage Dacier would infer, that tbe Life of OUio nas nut written by Plutarch. A pereon, he contetids, who liad ■crved m a young man under Otho. could not be old nt the time, when PJutarch can be supposed to have visitfd tlie field of battle. Hig argument is this. That battle was fought A. D. 69. Platorch returned from Italy to Chieronea about the end of Domitian's ttagn, A. D, 93 or 9*. and never again left his native city. As tbii re- treai of Plutarch's was only four or 6 vc -and- twenty years after llic battle of Be<lriacum. he conriudes that a person v ......
nty years after llic vho fought in liw^^H
OTHa 259
that on visiting the field after the battle, hei saw a huge pile of dead bodies as high as the head of -a man ; and upon inquiring the reason, he could nei- ther discover it himself, nor gain any information about it It was no wonder that there was a grut carnage in the event of a general rout, because m>a civil war they make no prisoners, as such captives would be no advantage to the conquerors ; but it is difficult to assign a reason^ why the carcases should be piled up in that manner.
An uncertain rumour (as it commonly happens) was first brought to Otho, and afterward some of the wounded came and assured him, that the battle was lost. That his friends upon this occasion strove to encourage him, and keep him from desponding, was nothing extraordinary; but the attachment of the soldiers to him exceeds all belief None of them left him, or went over to the enemy, or consulted his own safety, even when their chief despaired of his. On the contrary they thronged his gates ; they called him emperor ; they left no form of applica- tion untried ; they kissed his hands ; they fell at his feet, and with groans and tears they entreated him not to forsake them or give them up to their ene- mies, but to employ their hearts and hands to the last moment of their lives. In this request they all concurred ; and one of the private men drawing his
battle as a young man could not possibly be old, when Plutarch made the tour of Italy ; and therefore conjectures that this, as well as the life of Galba, must have been written by a son of Plutarch* But we think no argument, in a matter of such importance, ought to be adduced from a passage manifestly corrupt. Besides Lam- prias in the catalogue ascribes these two Lives to his father. Nei- ther do we discover such a dissimilarity to Plutarch's other writings, either in the stile or manner, as warrants us to conclude that they are not from his hand. Henri L'Etienne did not, indeed, admit them into his edition, because he found them among the Opuicula; some of which being supposed to be spurious, he too hastily con- cluded that these were of the number. The loss of Plutarch's Lives of the other Emperors, we regard as a real loss to the world; and we should have been ^lad if they had come down to us, even in the same imperfect condition of text as those of Galba, and Otiio.
S '2
OTHO.
d, thus addressed him : " Learn, Caesar, what
* your soldiers are ready to do for you," and liately plunged the steel into his heart.
Unmoved at this affecting scene, and with a chei !bl and steady countenance looking round upon thfl Dmpaoy, Otho harangued them as follows : " Thi 1^ day, my fellow-soldiers, 1 consider as a mott ' happy one than that upon which you made '. emperor, when I see you thus disposed, and staiul ' so high in your opinion. But deprive me not o
* a still greater happiness, that of laying down mi ' life with honour for so many generous Romani
* If I am worthy of the Roman empire, I ought U f shed my blood for ray country. I know the victor^ f which my adversary has gained, is by no means ' decisive. X have intelligence, that my army froa ' Mysia is at the distance of but a few days' march'i f Asia, Syria, and Bgypt are pouring their legioiM ^ upon the Adriatic; the forces in Judffia declare
* for lis ; the senate is with us ; and the very wiv
* and children of our enemies are so many pledgi
* in our hands. But we are not fighting for Italy
* with Annibal, or Pyrrhus, or the Cimbri : our dis- ' pute is with the Romans ; and whatever party
* prevails, whether we conquer or are conquered, our ' country must suffer. Under the victor's joy she
* bleeds. Believe me then, my friends, that 1 can ' die with greater glory, than reign. For I know ' no benefit which Kome can reap from my victory, ' equal to what I shall confer upon her by sacri* ' ficing myself for peace and unanimity, and thus •preventing Italy from beholding such another day
* as this '^!"
After he had made this speech, and showed him*
lelf immoveable to those who attempted to alter his
ilution, he desired his fjiciuls, and such senators
i were present, to leave liira and provide for their
*' Cnropore with tliis the different speech put into Otho's mouth f Tacitus, Hist. ii.+7. In hii subsequent address to Cocceiuf, jr mote MArljr agnm. (ib.iO.) * ' i
OTHO. 261
own safety. To those who were absent he sent the same commands, and signified his pleasure to the cities by letters, that they should receive them ho- nourably, and supply them with good convoys.
He then called his nephew Cocceius '^ who wasi yet very young, and bade hiin compose himself, and not fear Vitellius : " I have taken the same care," aaid he, " of his mother, his wife, and his children, " as if they had been my own. And for the same " reason, I mean for your sake, I deferred the adop- ** tion wiiich I intended you. For I thought proper " to wait the issue of this war, that you might reiga ** with me if I conquered, and not fall with me if I •* was overcome. The last thing, my son, which I •' have to recommend to you is, neither entirely to " forget, nor yet to remember too well, that yoa " had an emperor for your uncle." i
A moment afterward, he heard a loud noise and» ' tamult at his gate. The soldiers, seeing the senators retiring, threatened to kill them if they moved a step fiirther, or abandoned the emperor. Otho in the utmost concern for them, again showed himself at the door, but no longer with a mild and supplicating^^ air ; on the contrary, he cast such a stern and angry; look upon the most turbulent of them, that theyi
t withdrew in great fear and confusion. In the evening he was thirsty, and drank a little' J water. He then had two swords brought to him,- and having examined the points of both a long time,: i he sent one away, and put the other under his arm. After this, he called his servants, and with many ' expressions of kindness gave them money: not that^ be chose to be lavish of what would soon be ano*' ther's, for he gave to some more, and to others Ies8,> proportioning his bounty to their merit, and paying' ' a strict regard to propriety.
Od dismissing them, he dedicated the remainder '
'* Tocitiu and Suetoniiu call liim ' Cocccianui.'
of the night to repose, and slept so soundly, that bis chamberlains heard him at t!ic door. Early in the morning he called his freedman, who assisted him in the care of the senators, and ordered him to make the proper inquiries about them. The answer which he brought was, that they were departed, and bad been provided with every thing they desired. Upon which he said, " Go you then, and show yourself to ** the soldiers, that they may not imagine you have " assisted me in despatching myself, and put you to " some cruel death for it."
As soon as the freedman was gone out, he fixed the hilt of his sword upon the ground, and holding it with both hands fell upon it with so much force, that he expired with only a single groan. The ser- vants in waiting without heard the groan, and burst ioto a loud lamentation, which was echoed through- out the camp and the city. The soldiers ran to the gates with the most pitiable waitings and the most unfeigned grief, reproaching themselves for not hav- ing guarded their emperor, and prevented his dying for them. Not one of them would leave him, in order to provide for himself, though the enemy was at hand- They attired the body in a magnificent manner, and prepared a funeral-pile ; after which they attended the procession in their armour, and happy was the man, that could come to support his bier. Some kneeled and kissed his wound, some grasped his hand, and others prostrated themselves upon the ground and adored him at a distance. Nay, there were some who threw their torches upon the pile, and then slew themselves : not that they had received any extraordinary fiivours from the deceased, or were afraid of suffering under the hands of the conqueror ; but no king or tyrant, it appears, was ever so passionately fond of governing, as they were of being governed by Otho. Neither did their affection cease with his death : it survived the grave, and terminated in the hatred and destruction of
J
OTHO. 2fiS
Viteliius. Of that we shall give an account in it's proper place ^^
After they had interred the remains of Otho, they erected a monument over them, which neither by it's size nor by any pomp of epitaph could excite the smallest degree of envy. I have seen it at Brixdi* lum : it was extremely modest, and the inscription only this ;
TO THE MEMORY OF
MARCUS O T H O.
Otho died at the age of thirty-seven, having reign- ed but three months. Those, who find fault with his life, are not more respectable for either their numbers or their rank, than those who applaud his death. For, though his life was not much more correct than that of Nero, his death was certainly much more honourable.
The soldiers were extremely incensed against Pollio ^', one of the principal omcers of the guards, for persuading them to take the oath immediately to Vitellius ; and being informed that there were still some senators upon the spot, they let the. others pass, but solicited Verginius Rufus m a troublesome manner. They even went in arms to his house, and insisted that he should accept the imperial title, or at least be their mediator with the conqueror. But he, who had refused to receive that title from them when they were victorious, thought it would be the height of madness to do so after they had been beat- en : and he was afraid of applying to the Germans
'7 Viz. in the Life of that Emperor, which is now lost See p. 258., not- 14.»
*' Of this officer neither Suetonius nor Tacitus make any men* tion ; unless indeed, as Lipsius conjectures, he be the same with Plotius Firmus the praefect, spoken of by the latter writer. Hist, ii. 46.»
2M OTHO.
in their behalf, because he had obliged that people to do many things contrary to their inclinadoos. He, therefore, went out privately at another door. When the soldiers found that he had lefb them, they took the oath to Vitellius, and having ob* tained their pardon, were enrolled among the troops of Cecina.
ENJ) pF TH£ LIVES OF PLUTARCH.
GENERAL INDEX.
The Numeral Lettkrs refer to the Vdume^ the Figures to the
page^ and tne letter n. to the notes.
Whatever relates to Geography^ is marked xvith f •
ABANTES, iohabitants of Euboea, their tonsurei and manner
of lighting, i. 6. Abantidas kills Clinias, and sets himself up tjrrant m Sicyoni vi.
153. iAbaSf river, iv. 170.
AbUliusy otherwise Aollius, son of Romulus and Hersilia, i. 71* AhcsocrituSf vi. 167- fAbolus, river, ii. 270. Abra or Aura^ iv. S68. v. 327. Abrotonon^ the mother of Themistocles, i. 311. AbuUtes imprisoned by Alexander, iv. 342. •\Abydos^ ii. 154. Acaaemus discovers to Castor and Pollux, that Helen was kept pri*
vately at Aphidnse, i. 41. Academy^ so called from Academus^ and spared for his sake, i. 41.
Adorned by Cimon, iii. 313. The opinions of the Old and New
Academy, iii* 388. Middle Academy, vi. 156, »• New Aca-
demy, y. 296. Academy equally favourable to the Grreeks and
Romans, vi. 2. The groves of the Academy at Athens cut dowa
by Sylla, iiJ. 247. AcamaniiSf tribe of, ii. 5. -fAcanthianSf iii. 188. Acarnania^ ii. 32. iii. 72. -fAcamanians defeated by Agesilaus, iv. 98. Acamanian year, i. 200.
Acastus, the son of Pelias, dies of the Lousy Disease, iii. 282. Acca Lareniia^ wife of Faustulus, and nurse of R4wnMlos
rous, i. 54. \AcerrcBy ii. 395. \Achceans^ Philopoemen changes their arms, iii* 11
statue of brass at Delphi, to Philop<emePf 1^
INDEX. 267
Ad9j»tion^ required for a stranger, previous to the ceremonies of
initiation^ i. 4^, n. -fAdranum, and the god, ii. 244, 245.
Adranus^ II. 24f5. It's inhabitants join Timoleony 246. -fAdrastia^ Mount, iii. 338.
Adrastus assisted by Theseus in recovering the bodies of those that
were slain at the siege of Thebes, i. 37. -fAdrJay a Tuscan city, whence the Adriatic sea took its name, i. 380.'
Adrian, one of Lucullus' lieutenants, iii. 349. •fAdn/metuniy v. 110.
Adversity f iii. 328. iv. 50. v. S.
Adtdtery not known in Sparta, i. 136* Solon's law concerning adultery, 251.
JEaddes, king of the Molossians, deposed, iii. 66.
Macida, the Grecian confederates sacriGce to them, i. 385.
Macus, son-in-law of Sciron, i. 11. Alexander descended from him by the mother's side, iv. 329. His temple in £gina, v. 286*
\Mdepm$j iii. 267.
^diieSf two orders of them, iii. 124.
AEdui, See Hedui.
i/Ega, i. 348. iii. 104.
\jEgean Sea, iii. 304.
jEgetSy an Athenian tribe, ii. 142.
\Aigeiteans, iii. 417.
Mgetu, the father of Theseus, i. 5. Discovers his son, 13. His death, 24.
-f^gialia, island of, v. 187.
fJEgianSf retained in their duty by Cato, ii. 509.
JEgias, a banker at Sicyon, the service he did Aratus, vi. 170, 171.
-f.^gicoresy an Athenian tribe, i. 253.
^/Egina^ the eye-sore of the Piraeus, ii. 14. v. 250.
^ginetiEt signalize themselves in the battle of Salamis, i. 337. Join tne Achflcan league, vi. 188.
Mgitf or shield of Minerva, ii. 25> n*
fMeium, v. 172. vi. 196.
JEgtCy Theseus leaves Ariadne for her, i. 22, 37.
'f.£goS'Potamo$, ii. 168. iii. 197.
fjEgi/pt, it's soil, iii. 410. Subdued by Alexander, iv. 279.
jEgypiianSf Lycurgus supposed to have taken from them his distinc- tion between soldiers and mechanics, i. 115. Their opinion concerning the gods, 171. Their wheels, and mystical meaning of them, 193. Laugh at the mean appearance of Agesilaus, iv.ll8.
JElia, one of the wives of Sylla, iii. 240.
JElii, the poverty and content in which they lived, ii. 286, 321.
^lius Tubero, ii. 286.
SextuSf consul with Flaminius, iii. 32.
MmaihioYiy i. 50.
jEmiUan famil^r, whence they sprung, i. 180, ii. 281.
jEtniliay the wife of Scipio Airicanus, ii. 282.
wliich he works, ii. 22, The answer of Zeuxis upon it, ib. Kept ■T by Alcibiades, till lie liad tinislicd the painting of hk 1 34-.
•nthoclm, tlie mistress of Ptoleitiy Pliilopater, v, lfi9, \athfKles, the Syracuian, marries hia daugliter to Pyrrhus, iii. "8. Igave, iii. 4&7.
us, the brother of Agia, iv. TO. Ills person, education^ onil character, 71- Some would have set him aside on account ofhislameness, but he reigns notwithslanditig, 72,73. Command* in the war between the Greeks and Persians, 75. Humbiei Lysander, 78. Defeats TiraphemeB, 81. Indulgent to hi* friends, 85, 86. Intends to penetrate into the heart of Peniah but is recalled from Asia by the Ephori, 87. Paeses through Macedoo, 89. Defeats (he Pliarsaltans 90. Fights the Con&< derates at Cronen, 91, 9'i. Ra*agea the lerritoriet of Corinth, 96, 98. Defeats the Acarnanians, 96. Obliges the Greeks to ■ pence with the king of Pt-rsia, 99. JusiJIiea Phatbidas in faia seizing; the Cadmea, id. Uoea lo war with the Thebans, lOOi Teaches them the art of war, 104. His implacable hatred to the Tbebans proves at last almost the ruin of Sparta, lA. Taken ill at Megara, ib. 105. The Spartans defeated by Epaniinondas at Leuctrn, 105, n. Ageailaus marches against the Mantineana, 100. Quells a sedition in Lacedtemon, \\i. Agesilaus goes into Enypt, 117. Deserts Tachos, and enters into the service of
' Nectunabis, 1^. Sets out on his retnrn to Sparta, 122.
: driiren by a storm into the haven of Menelausii dies, ib. Hie corpse embalmed and brought U The crown remains in his faiuily to .4gis III. ration, ib.
'Agtsilam, one of (he Ephori, v. 145.
Agesipolis, king of Sparta, his character, iv. 95. and death, 100, IOI>
Ageiulrata, the mother of Agis, v. 136, 139. Murtbered by An- pharer, 153.
Agidie,iii.Ql9.v.\SS.
Asins and young Aiistotnachus enter Argoswith the king of Mace> 'don's troops, vi. |8'i.
Jvialh, tiie nidow of Agis, marries Cleomenes, v. 154^ H«r
• deaih, 177.
jigii, killed in battle, v. 280.
f ,8on of Archidamus.kingof Spans, {.128. iv. 70. Hii answer
lo an Athenian, i. 142. Another saying of his, 143. Mo*ejr
' first found it's way into Sparta in his reign, 158. His hatred « Akibiades for debauching his wife, iii.-2I6. iv. 72. '
Agis, son of Eudamidss, *. 135. His character, 1.16, 137. At> tempts to restore Ilie ancient laws and discipline of Sparta, 138. i Offers to distribute liit patrimony, and retain only what Lyenrgus had originally appointed, 142. Deceived by Agcsilsus, one of the Ephori, 146. Goes to assist the Acliceans againM the Mtrt- Rndi ^ pwpte mutioyipg t to ratuw, becmi*
1 Africa, and there oLacedsmoo, 123. ' 1 the fifth gen^
INDEX. m
firdm Ajax by the fkther^s tide, and bjr hk mother, DioehiaiBhe, Irom AlcnuBon, ii. 112. His fother Cliniat gains honour in the aea-ifight of Artemiaiuniy and falls in the battle of CQronea, iL The attachment of Socrates to him contributes to his fame, IIS. His beauty long retains it*s charm, t6« He has a lisping which is graceful, 1 14. Particulars of his childhood, t6. His reasons for not learning to pky upon the flute, 1 15. In spite of the blandish- ments of fortune and pleasure, he cleaves to Socrates, 116. Ffo- lics, in one of whioi he serves a poor man, 1 17-— 119. His behaviour to two school-masters with respect to Homer, 190. What he said of Pericles, as to giving In his aocoantsi ib, So- crates saves him in the battle of Potidoa, and he returns the fiivour in that of Ddiom, 121. Gives Hipponicus, a man re- spectable both for his birth and fortune, a box on the ear, ib. Humbles himself for his rude frolic, and afterward mairies his daughter Hipparete, who brings him a portion of ten talents, id, 122. Demands of his brother-in-Taw Callias ten talents more on the birth of his first child, ib, Callias declares the people his heir in case of his djring without' children, ib, Hipparete, of- fended at his dissolute life, leaves him : but being obliged to pre- sent in public court a bill of divorce, he seizes and carries her off in his arms, ib. She dies, while Alcibiades is on his voyage to Ephesus, t^. The affieiir of his dog, 123, and of his quail, t^. A popular act of his, ib. Chooses to recommend himself princi- pally by his eloquence, 124. Famed for his horses and chariots, tb. His victories at the Olympic games, ib. Several cities con- tribute to his eirpenses, 125» He imposes upon one Diomedes with regard to a chariot, ib. Phnax and Nicies his chief competitors for the public favour, 126. He joins with them, to turn the ban of Ostracism upon Hyperbolus, 127. Out of envy to Nicias, contrives to break the peace which that general had made with the Lacedemonians, 129. Engages the Manti- neans and Eleans, as well as the Argivesin alliance with Athens, 181. After the battle of Man tinea, an attempt is made toward aristocracy in Argos ; but Alcibiades supports the popular party, ib. He persuades the people of Areos, and those or Patrse too, to join their cities by Jong walls to the sea, 1S2. His luxui^, profusion, and effeminacy of dress tarnish his grear dualities, tb. His device upon his shield, 133. Sallies of his, which the Athe- nians called good-natured, 134. He makes a dreadful slaughter among the Melians, ib. What Timon the Misanthropbt said to him, 135. He puts the Athenians upon the Sicilian expedition, and encourages the young men to hope for the conquest of Carthage itself, 135, 136. The Sicilian war disapproved by Socrates and Meton, 136. Nicias, Alcibiades, ana Lamachus appointed generals, ib. 137. They are invested with discre- tionary powers, 137. Bad omens intervene, t^ 138. -Alcibiades IS accused of defacing the statues, and of a mock celebration of the Mysteries of Ceres, 138. His enemies get hia trial put off, till after hu departure to Sicily, 139. The forces he went out with, 141. He takes Catana; sher whidi he is soon recalled to
V
I.VDEX.
t*iz i< i«s:iL"is — 1 Teasel os'h^ 'zmn. :5. -:. Ki5Ccpirt-"trf- T*2C» iTii liiJic re ?'Iess.^tA- 14.'. Ke arrrTss i: Tbu-.. ri
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I
INDEX. 278
h ward offers Lysander batUe, but he declines it, ib* Thrasybulus
4 goes to Athens, to accuse Alcibiades, 167* The Athenians ap-
B point new commanders, ib. Alcibiades retires into Thrace^ where
0 ne had previously built a castle near Bisanthe, ib. He collects some g foreign troops, makes war upon some provinces of Thrace, and
1 defends the Grecian frontier, 168. Finds the new Athenian I generals ill-stationed at ^gos-Potamos, and unmindful of dis-* I cipline, ib. Goes to inform them of their danger, and is treated ^ ill, ib. Lysander destroys the Athenian fleet, takes Athens itself, I and sets up the Thirty Tyrants, 169. Alcibiades retires mto
Bithynia, and thence to the court of Pharnabazus, of whom he desires a safe conduct to Artazerxes, 170. The Athenians la- ment their ill treatment of Alcibiades, ib. Critias, one of the Thirty Tyrants, exhorts Lysander to procure the death of Alci- biades, 171. Lysander desires Pharnabazus to take him off, ib. His dream preceding his death, ib. The manner of his death, ib. His mistress Timandra gives him a decent interment, ib. 172.
AlddamnSy v . 257.
AlcimeneSf the Achsean, his friendship to Dion, vi. 22.
Aldmus the Epirot, a brave officer in Demetrius' army, v. 383* Killed in the siege of Rhodes, ib.
Alcmauy a celebrated lyric poet, i. 156.
Akmaon^ father of Megacles, i.26S.
— , general of the Athenians against the Cirrhawms, i, 231 •
'■ ' ' , son of Amphiaraiis, vi. 155.
, the last of the Archons for life, at Athens, i. 45, n,
Alcmena^ i. 9* Her body disappears as they are carrying it to the grave, 98. Married to Rhad^amanthus af^er the death of Am- phytrion, iii. 224.
Aki/aneuSf carries Pyrrhus' bead to his father Antigonus, and is reproved for it, iii. 117.. Behaves with some propriety to He- lenus the son of Pyrrhus, 118.
Alea, the sepulchre of Rhadaroanthos, iii. 224.
fAlesioy iv. 390.
Alexander VI. Pope, saying of his, i. 26, n.
Alexander^ or Paris, i. 43.
f son of Amyntas, killed by his brother Ptolemy, ii. 373, n.
V the son of Pyrrhus, by Lanassa, iii. 76. the son of Cassander, expelled by his brother Antipater^
iii. 72. Calls in Pyrrhus and Demetrius, ib. Is killed, 73. ' ' of Antioch, v. 489.
of Myndos, iii. 140.
the philosopher, entertained by Crassus, and ill supplied
with necessaries, iii. 450.
the tyrant of Pherse, beaten by Pelopidas, ii. 372.
Seizes Pelopidas and Ismenias, 374. Dereated by the Thebans and Thessaiians, 382. Killed by the contrivance of his wife, 386, 887. Alexander the Great, orders the Macedonian troops to shave their beards, and why, i. 7. A descendent of Hercules by C«-
VOL. VI. T
27* IXDEX.
ranus, aa(\ ol' jltacus by Neopuileinus, iv. 2M). Son of Ph^ and Olympia*, i6. Pre&ignificil by a dreain of his fatlierX l» be posfetead of a bold and lion-like courage, 340. Some &ccoal otbUpreteDiled divine extraction, 241. Bom the same d«y that the temple of Diana nus burnt nt Ephesus, 242. Philip tAa the city of I'otiOica, lias an account of a victory won for Un, another at the Olympic gamet, and of the birth of his too, US. LysippuB, the only statuary, whom Alexander nlloircd to rcprMCDl him, tb. His person described, i6. 244. He is continent, aod sublime in his ambition, ilt. A remarltable sayinj? of bis, 9i5. Gives no encouragement tu ihe Athletse, ib. His father hap- pening to be absent, he receives wlien verv young the Peisan embassadors, ib. They are astonished at nis lofty and enter- prising geniiu, lA. On each new victory of Philip's, saji, • hb lather will leave him nothing to conquer,' 246. Leonida*, a re- lation of the queen's, is his governor, and Lyeimachus, tJte Acar- uanian, his preceptor, ib. Bucephalus is ofiered in aaJe to Philip, and Alexander manages him, nhen none of the groonu were able to do it, ib. 247. Philip sends for Aristotle to iostnjct his son in philosophy, 248. Alexander's letter to Aristotle, on hia publishing treatises upon the profounder pnrls of scienc;e, S49. That philosopher's answer, ib. Alevandcr has a practical know- ledge of physic, ib. Loves polite literature, 250. His freai esteem for the Iliad, ib. What books Harpalus sent to him in Asia, ib. His saying concerning Aristotle, ib. Philip, upon his expedition to Byzantium, leaves him regent, 251. He re- duces Ihe Medari, a barbarous nation that rebelled durii^ his regency, ib. Fights against the Greeks in the battle of Chse- ronea, and is the first who breaks the Sacred Band, ib. Philip's marriage with Cleopatra brings on a quarrel between himwlf and Alexander, 252. Alexander places Olympias in ^Inu, and retires himself into lilyricum, ii. Demaratus, the Corinthian, procures a reconciliation between Philip and Alexander, tb. '25'.i. Alexander imagines that his father designs the crown for Arrhi- dttus, and therefore endeavours to supplant his natural brother in a match negotiating for him, 253. Philip banishes his mm's counsellors, t^o4. Fausonias being abused by order of Attalui and Cleopatra, applies to Philip for justice, is denied it, aud kilts him, ib. Olympias and Alexander, suppobed accomplices in bw murther, ib. He endeavours to wipe oif that aspersion, ih. The state of Macedon, and it's dependencies, at the death of Philip, 255. Alexander's council advise him to give up Greece, and In treat the revolting barbarians with mildness, i6. But, thou^ only twenty years old, he resolves to proceed with vigour, ti. Marches to the banks of the Danube, and defeats Syrmgs king of the Triballi, ii. Marches tu chastise the Thebons and Athe- nians, ib. Makes equitable proposals to the Thebnns at fint ; and, these being rejected, he begins the war with great fury, 2A6. Takes Thebes, and levels it with the ground, ib. Sella the inhabitants for slaves, a few excepted, ib. 2S7. The injuries donii ta Timodea, ber revenge and intrepid belutviour, S57> He
INDEX. 215
forgives the Athenians^ ib. Long remembers, with regret, his cruelty to the Thebans^ 258. Is elected captain-general of Greece against the Persians, id. What passed between him and Diogenes, i6, 259. He consults the oracle at Delphi, 259. Omen of his success, tb. The number of troops with which he passes into Asia, ib. The trifling sum he had provided for their pay, 260. He gives away almost all the revenues of Macedon, ib> Visits Ilium, sacrifices to Minerva, and does homage at the tomb of Achilles, ib. Fights the battle with the Persians on the banks of the Granicus, 261. Is in great danger of being slain^ 262. Saved by Clitus, 26S. Erects statues to his friends who fell in the battle, 264. Sends presents to the Greeks, ib. Sardis, and other cities, make their sunmission, ib. He takes Halicar- nassus and Miletus by storm, ib, A brass plate, with a prophecy inscribed, is thrown up by a spring in Lyda, ib. He hastens to reduce all the coast, 265. Marches by Climax along the shore of the Pamphylian sea, ib. He unties the Gordian knot, 266. Darius advances from Susa, with six hundred thousand raen« 267. Darius' dream, ib. He is encouraged by Alexander's long stay in Cilicia, ib. That stay owing to sickness, contracted by his bathing in the river Cydnus, ib. None but Philip the Acar- nanian ventures to attempt his cure, 268. Parmenio accuses Philip of a design to poison him, ib. The striking scene while Alexander takes Philip's medicine, ib. He recovers in three days, 269, n. Darius neglects the advice of Amyntas, and enters the straits of Cilicia, 269. Inconveniences of this situation, ib. Alexander is wounded, but kills a hundred and ten thousand of the enemy, 270. The mother and wife of Darius, and his two daughters, are among the prisoners, 271. Alexander behaves to them with great honour and humanity, ib. Knows no woman before marriage^ except Barsine the widow of Memnon, 272. Severely reproves Philoxenus for an* infamous proposal, ib. 27S. Gives orders for the punishment of two Mace- donians, who had corrupted the wives of some of the mercenaries^ 273. Is temperate in eating and drinking, ib. Restores Ada to the throne of Caria, ib. How he spent his days of leisure, 274. In what manner his entertainments were conducted, 275. Vain, and very capable of being flattered, ib. Seizes the Persian money and equipages at Damascus, U. The kings of Cyprus and Phoenicia make their submission ; only Tyre holds out, 276. He besieges that city seven months, ib. Presages of his success, ib. Makes an excursion against the Arabians of Antilibanus, and is brought into great danger through the indiscretion of his preceptor Lysimachus, 277. Tyre taken, 278. Gaza taken, ib. He sends part of the spoils to Olympias and Cleopatra, ib. Sends Bve nundred talents' weight of frankincense to his late governor Leonidas, ib. PuU Homer's Iliad in a valuable casket, which had belonged to Darius, 279. Fixes upon the happy situation of Alexandria, in consequence of an intimation from Homer in a dream, ib. 280. It's figure, 280. Omen of it's being a commercial place, ib. He visits the temple of Jupiter AmaiOD,
t8
>
•276 INDEX.
a. 2S1. The dangers atteDtling tliat journey, overconM by Alexander'B superior good fortune, 2SI. A flock of crowi con- ducts him on his way, 282. Ammon salutea him as biaioo; infonni him, that ' the death of Philip is sufficiently avenged;' iind promises hjoi ihe conqui^Bt of the world, ili. Goes to htu Ptammo, un Egyptian Philosopher, 2S3. His nretension* to divioity, how conducted, ib. At his return Trom Egygic to Pha- nicin, lie celebrates games in honour of the gods, 284. Dariui proposeAConditioDsof peace to Aleuindcn but Alexander iiuisu on his absolute subniissioD, 2S5. The wife of Darius diva ; and Ale%^nder, though on his march, returns and buries her with great magnificence, 286. Tireiis, one of D.irius' eunuchs, fiiw to his master with the news, ib. The important aotl afTecting discourse that pasjted belireen them, ib. 287. Darius prays, that ' if the period of ibe Persian glory was arrived, none but Alex- ander mightfiit on the throne of Cyrus,' 288. Alevandct having subdued all on this side the Euphrates begins his march agaipu Durius, who had taki.'n the tield with n million of men, ib. The servants of Alexander'ii army make parties, and choose two ^te^ one of whom they called Alexander, and the other Oarius, ib, Alexander orders the two chiefs to Gght in single combat; and the issue is considered as an omen of the event of tlie war, i6. Sacrifices to Fbar before the battle of Arhela, SSi). Parmeoto and others advise Alexander to attack the Persians in the night, 'i90. His answer, ib. Sleeps long the morning of the battle, i6. The batUc described, 291— 293. Darius fiies, and Parmenio's demand of assistance prevents Alexander from going on die pursuit, '29i. Alexander is acknowledged king of all Asia, S95. Declares against all tyrannies in Greece, ib. Gives orders for rebuilding the city of Platieo, and why, ib. Sends presents to tlic Crotonians in Italy, tb. Finds immense treasures in Sum, 298. Water from the Nile nnd the Danube, found in the repo- sitories of tlie kines of Persia, ib. He enters Persia, througn a country difBcuIt of access, and well guarded, and makes great slaughter at first jVi ffrrorem, li. 299. Finds as much treasure there as at Susa, 299. Enters Persepolis, it. ConeiJers whe- ther he shall rear again a statue of Xerxes, which was thrown down, ib. What Demnratus baid, when lie saw him first seated on the Persian throne, 300- He burns the palace of Xerxes at the instigation of a courtesan, 301. His rounlBccnce increase with his acquisitions, ib. Instances of that munificence, ii. 902. His mother Olympios endeavours to lessen it, but in vain, S02> Her attempts to direct tlie government during his absence. prove fruitless, 303. His great officers (,'ive into luxury and cfTeiiiioacy, and he reproves them with all the temper of a phito- Bopher, ib. 304. Sets them an example of love of toil, in the exercise ofhunting, 30t. His olBcers begin to speak ill of him, ii. His noble saying thereupon, 805. IIis attention to his friends, and the obliging letters he wrote to them, ib. He paid the stricttist rcffard to justice in the first years of his reign, and executed it with great moderation ; but afterward becomes in-
i
INDEX. 277
flexibly severe, and listens too much to informers, 306, 307. On intelligence that Bessus had seized the person of Darius, he dismisses the Thessalians with rich presents, 307. Makes an expeditious march, to get that prince into his hands, f^. Dis- tressed with thirst, but refuses to drink, while so many others wanted water, id. Darius is found extended on his chariot, and pierced with many darts, 308. A Macedonian gives him some water, to quench his thirst, 309. That noble-minded, but on- fortunate prince's last words, ib. Alexander covers the body with his own robe, id. Puts the traitor Bessus to a dreadful death, ib. Orders the body of Darius all the honours of a royal funeral, ib* Sends it embalmed to his mother, ib. Takes nis brother Oxathres, into the number of his friends, ib. Marches into Hyrcania, and takes a view of the Caspian Sea, ib. His horse Bucephalus is taken by the Barbarians, but soon brought to him a^ain, 310. In Parthia he first puts on the robe of the eastern kmgs, ib. Passes the Orexartes, and defeats the Scythians, 31 1 . There, said by some historians, to have been visited by the queen of the Amazons, 2^. His speech to the army on entering Hyr- cania, 312. He endeavours to unite the Asiatics to the Mace- donians by a mixture of fashions, ib. Selects thirty thousand boys, to be educated in tlie Grecian literature, and trained to arms in the Macedonian manner, ib. Marries Roxana, 313. His two favourites, Ilephaistion and Craterus, quarrel, ib. They are eftectually reconciled by him, ib. Philotas, the son of Par- menio, has great authority among the Macedonians, ib, 314. But takes too much state upon him for a subject, 314. Par- menio says to him, * My son, be less,* ib. By way of recom- mending himself to his mistress, ascribes all the great actions of the war to himself and his father, ib. This opens the way to his ruin, ib. He refuses to introduce persons to the king who came to inform him of a conspiracy, 315. The conspirator is slain; and Alexander wanting farther proofs against Philotas, has him put to the torture, 316. Not only Philotas, but his father Parmenio^ the king's oldest and best counsellor and general, is put to deaths ib. This makes Alexander terrible to his friends, tb. The sad storvof Clytus, 317 — 319. Alexander's inexpressible grief for his loss, 320. The efforts of Aristander, Callisthenes, and Anax- archus, to console him, ib. Circumstances, which brought on the ruin of Callisthenes, 321^—323. His severity ; his refusing to worship Alexander, 323. Unjustly accused of being cod« cemed in Hermolaiis' plot, 324. Various accounts of Callis. thenes' death, ib, Alexander, previously to his Indian expedi- tion, burns the baggage, 325. Alarmed by a prodigy, and soon refreshed by a better omen, 326. On breaking the ground by the river Oxus, he finds a spring of oily liquor^ ib. Dislodges Sisimethres from a rock apparently impregnable, 327. Besieges Nysa, 328. Acuphis comes with proposals of peace, from the citizens, and is appointed governor of the place, ib, Taxiles^ a powerful Indian icing, meets him in a friendly manner, ib, 329» Alexander makes him a present of a thousand talents, 829. After the cepitolatien of a certain cityi he destroys a body of
Tti INDEX
Indian Inetcollarit^s, tb. Hang* many ladian pliilosophen, ii. 330. Hi« war witli Porus, who takes post on the eaAem bank of the Hydaspea, 3S0. Passes the river wiih great danger, it. His saying thereupon, ill. The battle with Porus described, 891. The uncommon size of Poriie, and tlie care his i-lephaiil took or him when wounded, id. SS2. Alexander aaks Porus, do' his prisoner, how he desires lo be treated ; and he says, ' Like , » king,' 332. The conqueror restores him his kin^dntii, which he was to govern as his lieutenant, and addf a large countrj lo ii, H. Appoints Philip, one of his own friends, to the govemenent irf another large country, ij. Bucephalus dies, li. Alexander builds a city In memory of him, ii. Resolves to pass the (ian|[«j, but his troops absolutely refuse to do it, 333. His grief there- upon, i&. He builds great altars, and leaves arms and aaogtn much bigger than those in use, SSi. Forms a design to visit the ocean, and falls don-n the rivers for thnt purpose, ii, Maket several descents, and attacks cities by the way, ill. Is in extrene , danger from the Malli, ib. Takes ten Gyninosupliists, who had Uirred up Sabbas and others to revolt, 336. Puts abstruse ques- tions to them, and commanils them, on pain of death, to give right tolutioDs, 336, 337. What passed between hini and the philosopher Calanus, 339. Arrives at the ocean, and sails to the lele of ^cillouEtis, ib. CoDEiders the nature of the sea and the coast, ib. Orders his admiral Nearchus to sail round, keepiog India on the right, ib. Marches himself through the counti^ of the Oritcs, ii. Loses in his Indian eitpcdition one fnuith part of his numerous army, ifi. Reaches Gedrosia, which is a fertOe country, 340. Marches through Carmania in a Onccbanatian procession, ib. The procession described, ib. Is delighted with the account of Nearchus' expedition, and meditates himself a great expedition by sea, 341. On the report of that deaign, his new subjects revolt, and other great disorders arise, ib. Olyni- pias and Cleopatra league against Aotipater, and drive hun out of Macedon, ib. He chastises his own lieutenants, 342. KJIb Oxyaries with his own hand, ib. Gives every womau in Peraa a piece of gold, ib. Finds the tomb of Cyrus broken open, and puts the culprit lo death, ib. The inscription on the tomb, ii. Calanus burns himself, 343. His prophecy previous to that action, ib. Several of Alexander's friends killed by drinking in a great carousal, ib. S14. lie takes Statira, the daughter of Darius, to wife, and marries hi:i friends to Persian ladies, 344. Pays ofl' the debts of all, who had married Persian women, ii, Antignnu.t, though not in debt, puts hiraseir upon the list : but is detected and punished, ib. Alexander finds the thirty thousand ji^ersian boys perfect in their Grecian exercises, and is greaiiy delighted, Si.'i. Rut it is matter of uneasiness to the Macedo- juaiiK, ib. lie takes Persians for his guards, and rejects the ■bfscedonifine for their mutinous behaviour, ib.' They humble themselves and are pardoned, ib. 3W- His generous behaviour to the invalids, who return to MaceUon, ib. He celebrates games St Lrhatana, ib, HephtestJon sickens, and dies there, ib. His nnttvr'x grief on that occasion, ib. The mourning and mootii
J
INDEX. 279
ment fur him^ ib* 347. Alexander sacriRces the Cussaeans to the fna7ies of HephsestioD, 34'7. Procures orders from Amnion to te* vere him as a demi-god, 346, 34>7. Nearchus returns from a second expeditiooy 347. The Chaldeans warn Alexander not to enter Babylon, ib. 348. Omens of his approaching end, 348. He orders a madman to be executed for putting on his robe and diadem, ib. 349. Is jealous of the designs of Antipater and his sons, 349. Falls into a fever, in consequence of continued hard drinking, 350. An account of the progress of that fever, from liis own journals, 351, 352. Dies, 352. No suspicion of poison till some years after his death, ib. Koxaoa, now pregnant by Alexander, gets Statira into her power, and puts her to death, 353. Perdiccas is her accomplice, and uses Arrhidssus only as a screen, ib.
Alexander , the son of Demetrius^ by De'idamia, ▼•421.
-^— — and Cleopatra, twins of Cleoptitra by Antony, sumamed the Sun and the Moon, v. 460.
of Corinth, vi, 168.
, the son of Perseus, ii. 332.
■, the son of Polyperchon, v. 39, 371.
, — — — _ __^__-— — y .- ■^■^■f _, __ -[Alexandria founded by Alexander, iv. 279. Token of its being
a commercial place, 280. It's figure, ib. The great library
burnt, 414. Alexandrian war, iv. 414. Alexandrides the historian, iii. 209.
Alexis of Laodicea, punished for his infidelity to Antony, v. 495. f Alexia, hod, Alise, besieged by Cotsar, iv. S90. Surrenders, 391. AlexicrateSy chief cup-bearer to Pyrrhus, iii. 71* AlexippuSf the physician, Alexander's letter to him, iv. 305. Alimusj one of the wards of Athens, iii. 279. Thucydides belonged
to it, ib. \Alliaf river, i. 383. Battle of, in which the Gauls overthrow
the Romans, ib. fAllobroges^ their embassadors concerned in Cataline's conspiracy,
v. 313,314. Alopeccy one of the wards of Athens, Aristides belonging to it, ii.
444, and Thucydides, ib. t Alopecusy or Fox-hill, iii. 227. ^Alpsy mountains of, iii. 148. fAcsiPap V. 161.
AUur, ballots taken from it, ii. 49 and n. Aljfcusp son of Sciron, slain by Theseus in the cause of Hele«,
1. 42. iAltfcuSp a place near M^ara, i. 41. \AmantiSp mount, iv. 174. v. SS7f 416. AmarsyaSp i. 18. iAmathiman^ Pseon, the, i. 22. X Amazons^ their history and wars, i. 32. Their history as con
nected with Hercules allegorical, 32, it. Sacrifice ofered to
them at Athens, 35. Their s^uldires at Megara and ScotonM,
56. Said to assist the Albanians against Pompey, ir. 170. The
280
INDEX.
oountry they inhabheil, i6. Their wars represented by Fbidcu, ii. 48. Their queen's visit to Alexander a 6ctiori, iv. 311.
Ammonium, i. S4, 35.
AmbiorU, king or the Gauls, beats Cotta and Titurius, bttt is de- feated by Cmsat, iv. 387, 388.
Ambilioa censured, iii. 23*. iv. 79. v. 340.
Amiuscadr, at Sparta, what, i. 155.
fAmbracia, iii. 72.
^Amhrvnei, march against Marius, iii. 143. Defeated by Ma- rius, 144.
Ambtutus. See Fabiiu.
■\^Ameria, iii. 141.
AmeHrh, married to her father Arlaxerses, vi, 1*1,
Aminiot, the Decelean, i. 334.
Aminiun, the Phocean, one of Antigonus' officerG, marches to the relief of Sparta against Pyrrhus, iii. iOO.
Amintias, a friend of Cxear's, iv. 415.
■fAmuus, an Athenian colony, iii. 353. Besieged by Lucnlhi^ 352. Defended by Callimachiu, id. At kngth taken, and burnt, i6.
Aminon, the son oFPasiphae, iv. 142.
• , Jupiter, his oracle consulted by Lysander, iii. 21*. By
Cimon, 321. By the Athenian?, 418. By Alexander, it. 881.
Ammoniwij the philosopher, Plutarch's master, I. xxix, xxx.
Amnteui the senator, his saying, v. 63.
A'tcebaus, the niusician, vi. 169.
Amompharetus, tjie Spartan, i, 230. il. 471.
fAmorgos, v. 373.
Amphares betrays and murthers Agis, v. lol, 152.
Amphiaraiit, his oracle, ii. i75.
Amphicrates, an Athenian orator, dies at the court of Tieranes. iii. 358. '^
Ampliktyones, or ceneral assembly of the states of Greece, iii. 2*5, 246. Undertake the war against the Cirrhsans, i. 231. The remonstrance made to them by Themistoclcs, i. 3*2. Their de- cree against the people of Scyros, iii, 304.
^Amphilochia, iii. 72.
\AmpkipdU, an .Ithenian colonvi iii. 303.
fAmphtsa, v 272.
Amphitheuc, iii. 222.
Amphitryon, iii. 224,
Amakl, li. 58.
Amutius dispOBseseeth his brother Numitor, i. 52. Orders Romulus and Remus to be destroyed, 53. Is billed by these two princes, 60.
Amycla, the nurse of Alcibiades, i. IS7. ii. IIS,
Am^iilas, his advice to Dariua, iv. 269.
' -, liing of Lycaonia, sends forces to Antony, v. +84. Goes
over to Augustus, 486.
A«iynius, sent by Pliiiip to Thebes, v. 272.
Anacliartu, the Scythian, his conversation and friendship frith Solon, i. 224,
INDEX. 281
AnakeSf Castor and Pollux why so called, i. 42, 191.
Annalha^ Lucius, a senator, struck by Crassus, iii. 500.
fAnaptu^ river, ii. 257. vi. 27.
Atiarchy^ dreadfiil to a state, iy. 194, 195.
AnaxagoraSf of Clazomens, said to have taught Themistocles, u 313. Pericles indebted to him for most of his philosophy, ii. 8. Denies the world to be the effect of chance, id. Resolves to starve himself, 29. His explication of the lunar eclipses, iii. 435. A prosecution intended against him at Athens, and why, ii. 49. Pericles conducts him out of Athens, id,
Anaxarchus of Abdera, iv. 320. His impious advice to Alexan- der, ib.
AnaxidamuSy iii. 256.
Anaxilaiis, governor of Byzantium, treats privately with Alcibiades, ii. 159. Accused for it at Sparta, and is acquitted, 160, 161.
AnaximeneSy an orator, v. 286.
Anaxoy the Trcezonian, the rape of her by Theseus, i. 37.
Ancharioy mother to Octavia, v. 454.
Anchariusy despatched by Marius* guards, iii. 176.
AncUiay i. 190.
Anais Mara'uSf son of Marcius and Poropilia, and grandson of Numa, i. 182.
Andocidesy the Athenian orator, imprisoned, ii. 142. Hermes of, ib^ iii. 419.
Andrioy public repasts among the Cretans, copied by Lycurgus, i. 127.
AndrocleSy the orator, ii. 138, 139.
Androcleon, one of those that saved Pyrrhus in his infancy, iii. 66.
Androclides the historian, iii. 196.
— — — opposes the Spartan interest in Thebes, ii. 346. Is as- sassinated at Athens, 347.
— — -, a faithful servant to Pyrrhus, iii. 66.
— accused of being corrupted by the king of Persia, iii.
222. AndrocottuSy king of India, presents Seleucus with five hundred
elephants, iv. 333. Sees Alexander in India, 334. Androcydesy a painter who worked at Thebes, ii. 371. Androgeus, murthered on the confines of Attica, i. 15. On which
account the Athenians pay tribute, ib. Games instituted in ho- nour of him by Minos, 16. Andromache^ picture of her parting with Hector, vi. 78. Andromachusy father of Timseus the historian, governs Taurome-
nium with great equity, ii. 243.
betrays Crassus, iii. 491. Andron of Halicarnassus, his account of the Isthmian games, i. 32. Androfiicus, the Rhodian, makes tables to the writings of Aristotle
and Theophrastus, iii. 267. ^Andros, ii. 342. The answer of it»8 inhabiunto to Themistodes,
i. 343. Colonized by Pericles, iu 19. AndroHany i. 238. v. 269. 4ngeluSf one of Pyrrhus* senrants, iii. 66.
B INDEX.
iViiM, Lucius, the prxEor, seizes Gentius, kiDgoflUjiimiLflll
Animnh, how mercirutt; they ought to be used* li. 409. Iltgrti feiirful, the Imrdett to be tamed, vi. IM. Wbjr soiiWMedli^Y in the nigbl, and arc almoU blind in tbe doy^MM, tSjL '
■^Anio, river, i. 301.
Aiitct, See Diana.
fAitiiu or Aoiu, river, iv. 402.
Ai"<iiMtl cnten Italy, gnini the grent battle of Trebis, and vm I runs all Etruri^ ii. 65. Bents Flaminius the consul n Thrasymenian lake, 67. Sensible of I'abius' prudence ii iug a battle, while others coDdemnetl thai conduct, 71, 73, be 1 by his {guides to Casalinum, instead of Casitiuiu, 73. Ss- I rounded, and the rear of his army attacked by Fabius, 74. Hi 1 stratagem to extricate himself from that difficulty, ib. 75, Oi^a I the lands of Fabius to be spared, while the rest of the comi if. ravaged, 76. Defeats Minuciue, 81. Says of Fabioi, 4. ' the cloud which had long hovered upon the oiountaiu * come down in a storm at last,' 82. The good e&ects of a jMH his upon Cisco, 87. Chooses his ground, and draviK up h' in a most excellent manner at Cannae, ib. Says of the cavalry, when he saw them dismount, thai ' tltey were delin to him bound,' SS. Kills fifty thousand, and takes ibuitcB^ thousand prisoners, 89- His error in not pursuing his victaty, fiO. Attempts in vain to ensnare Fabius, 94-, Fights Mn- eeltiks, 427, 429. His observations upon Marcellus' retumiif to the charge nest day, ii. 430. He ravages Italy, +31 . Dnm Marcellus into a enarc, 93, 435. His generous behsriour N Marcellus' remains, 436. He acknowledges, that the diviot
counsels ore irresistible, ib. Plutarch's observation c
being wouuded in battle, 440. Goes to the court of AtU
iii. 42. Thence to that of Prusios, king of Bythj-nia, 57, death and speech immediately preceding il, 58. Whom judged the greatest generals, 59. iii. 75. His advice to the kj of Armenia to build the city of Artaxata, 372.
Anniiu murthers Marc Antony the orator, iii. 178. ' , Caius, sent by Sylla agaiost Sertorius, iv. 10.
Galliis, one o'f Otho'a generals, vi. 251. MarcbeB to d
relief of Cremona, ib. His advice to Otho, 253.
, Titus, his question which puzzles Tiberius Gruccbus. t 215.
Anlaus killed in vrrestling, by Hercules, i. 12. His iiicr«dible size, I*. 12. Where said to be buried, ib.
Aniagoras of Chios, his behaviour to Pausanias, ii. 483.
AnttScidas, his saying to Ageailaua, i. 131. iv. 103, 104. Another saying of bis. 111. Sent by the Lacedaemonians to negotiate a peace, .08. By the peace which bears his name, the Asiatic Greeks are betrayed, ib. 90. In great favuur with Artaxarxes, vi. 138. His death, 139.
■fAntanna, i, 76. iii. 275.
fAnCrmnaUs defeated by Romulus, i. 76.
Antenor, i. 180.
A
INDEX. MS
fAnthedottf iii. 268.
Antkemion^ ii. 191.
^nthemocritwi^ the Athenian herald, sent to Lacedsemon and the Megarensians, ii. 46. The Megarensians suspected to be guilty of his death, ibm
Anthcsterion^ month of, iii. 251. v. 389.
AuthOf the daughter of Amulius, i. 53.
Antias* snd Vatinius made praetors through Pompey's interest, iv. 191.
^AntiateSy and other Volscians, defeated by Cominius, ii. 184, 185. Their other wars with the Romans, 197.
Anti'CaiOf CsBsar's answer to Cicero's Cato, iv. 420. v. 341.
AniicriUeSf the Spartan, kills Epaminondas in battle, iT. 116. He and his posterity exempted from taxes, t^.
Anticyra^ one of Demetrius' mistresses, v. 386.
t , vL 93.
Antrirenes, one of the principal officers of the Argyraspides, Ir. 61. Conspires against Eumenes, ib. Is put to death by Antigoaus, iv. 66, n.
■ , banished from court by Alexander, and why, iv. 344. Pardoned, 345.
ArUifenidaSy v. 363.
Anttgoney daughter of Berenice, married to Pyrrhus, iii. 70.
, of Pydna, mistress to Philotas, betrays him, iv. 314.
j-AnHgonia. See Mantinea,
AntigoniSf a new tribe added by tlie Athenians, ▼. 373.
AntigonuSy the most powerful of Alexander's successors, v. M5. A saying of his before the sea-fight near Andros, ii. 342. Said ' Pyrrhus would be the greatest general in the world, if he lived to be old,' iii. 75. Refuses to establish Eumenes in Cappadocia, iv. 41. Conunissioned by the Macedonians, alone with Anti- pater, to manage the war against Eun^enes, 48. Disperses par pers in the camp^of Eumenes, setting a price upon his head, 49. His saying on Eumenes* forbearing to seize his ba^^age, 51. Besieges that general in the castle of Nora, 52. v/ffers him peace, 54. Defeated by Eumenes near the Pasitigris, 57. His saying 9n Eumenes* being carried in a litter through the ranks, 59. Is deceived by a stratagem of Eumenes, 60, 61. Takes thft baggage of the Argyraspides, who acted under Eumenes, 6S» O&rs to restore it, if they will deliver him up, 63. Puts Eu- menes to death, 65. Punishes the Argyraspides for their trea- chery, 66. Desires certain embassadors to tell their masters how happily he and hb son Demetrius lived together, ▼• 365* Suspects Mithridates one of his own courtiers on account of a dream, 366. His wars with Ptolemy, 367. His raillery upon his son, 379. Reproves his son for enquiring into his councils^ S92, 393. Killed in the battle of Ipsus, 393. What a peasant of Phrygia said with regard to him, 34, 35.
Gonatasy son of Demetrius, reigns in Macedon, iii. 103.
Defeated by Pyrrhus, ib. Called to Argos by Aristippus, 110* The answer he sent I^rrhus upon his chiulenge, 112. Reprovea
6
INDEX. 985
l| .jftttipkanei, y. S68.
% jUfUphaUi^ i. S38.
i| tfiiiiiphUuSf an Athenian genera], v. 28, SO.
^ Jbdnpho^ the Rhamnusiany iii. 405. Accused by Demosthenes,
^ and condemnedy v. 268.
I , his invective against Alcibiades, ii. 115.
K Antiquity^ fabulous, i. 2.
Anti'Senatorian band, an abandoned set of men, a kind of guards
* to Sulpitius, iii. 164>.
I AntistheneSf a saying of his concerning the Thebans, 1. 161. Ano-
• ther concerning kmenias, ii. 3. Awtutia^ married to Pompev, iv. ISO. Divorced, 134.
' , wife of Appius Claudius, and mother of Claudia, v. 203 AntUHuSf the prsetor, iv. 129. Gives his daughter to Pompey, ISO.
Loses his lire in espousing his interest, 135« ■ Vetm^ praetor in Spain, iv. 362.
, an officer of the navy, his services to Brutus, vi. 79. AntoniOf daughter of Mark Antony by Octavia, married to Drusus,
V.508. Antonias^ Cleopatra's royal galley so called, v. 5^^, AntoniuSf Lucius, rebels against Doraitian, ii. 314>. f Caius, consul with Cicero, v. 305. Marches against Ca- tiline, 311. Defeats and kills him, 319. Father of Mark An- tony's first wife, 434.
, Publius, Caesar accuses him, iv. 360.
Caius, brother of Mark Antony, defeated by Cicero's
r
son, vi. 81. Surrendered to Brutus, and kept close prisoner, id. Put to death after the^ proscription of Cicero ana Brutus Albinus, 82.
■ CreticuSy father to Mark Antony, his character, v. 425. HonoraiuSf vi. 223.
Aniony^ Mark, the orator, discovered by the simplicity of a ser- vant, iii. 177. Marius sends a party to despatch him^ 178. His eloquence disarms the soldiers, ih. Killed by Annius, i^.
Antony, Mark, grandson of Mark Antony the orator, and son of Antonius Creticus, v. 425. His mother Julia has Cornelius Lentulus for her second husband, and Antony his education under her auspices, 426. He conceives a strone resentment; against Cicero, for his putting Lentulus to death, ut. Engaging in his person, but unfortunate in his connexions, 26. Forms a friendsnip first with Curio, and subsequently with Clodius, per- sons of the most profiigatc character, ih. Huns deeply in debt, ib. During the troubles which Clodius had brought upon the state, retires into Greece, 427. Employs himself there in military exercises and the study of eloquence, 16. Adopts the Asiatic stile, ib. Goes with Gabinius into Syria, with a command of cavsdry, ib. In besieging Aristobulus, he is the first to scale die wall, t^. Takes Aristobulus and his son prisoners, }6. Gabinius and he restore Ptolemy to his kingdom, ib. Antony prevents Ptolemy from putting the citizens of Pelusium to death, 428. His humane care of the bodv of Archelalis, ib. His person de-
596 INDEX.
scribed, ib. 429. Hi's free manner engaging to the eol<li«r«, tSK I His great liberaJity, i6. Tlirougli Curio's means is eleclei] lA I bune of the people, and is very serviceable U> CteMT agatm | Pompey, 430. After some equitable proposnle in behalf oflrsi to the senate, lie is commanded by Leniulus the consul to leivc i the house, ib.^'Sl. Disfjutsea himself lilie a servant, sn<t |m< ' immediately to Cie^ar, ISl. Upon this, Cttssr enters Italy, i#. '. Leaves the command of the army nf Italy to Antony, during ha expedition to Spain, and on his return connives at his jnrgui^ i rities, tS'i. Antony beats offLibo, and carries a considerab^ rr- ' inForcement to Ciesar, i6. 433. Distirguislies himsetf in ewrr , engagement, 43S. Has the cnramand ofCiesar's left u^n° in the ' bftttle of Pharsaliu, ib. Cassac going in pursuit of Pompey, teaii Antony to Itome in character of general of the horse, tb. Dob- bella, one of the tribunes, proposes a decree for abolishing d ebb, ill. Antony, who suspects him of a criminal commerce irith hil wife, opposes him, 434. He dismisses his wife, n-ho was the daughter of Caius Antonius, ib. Ail sober people are offended at hie excessive irregularities, ib. Ciesar, to show his dislike of these proceedings, takes Lepidus, and not Antony, For his ad- legue in the consulship, 435. Casar orders him to pay for Pow pey's house, which he had, ib. He marries Fulvia, the widow tf Clodius, a woman of a most ambitious spirit, ib. Ciesar on his f^ turn from Spain, takes Antony for his collegue, ^36, Anioitf, in the feast of the Lupercolia, attempts to put a diadem on tl^ head of Cxsar, 4S7. Some of the conspirators against Cce> propose, that Antony should be taken off with him, but Bru objects, 438. Antony is amused without, while Corsar is or snatched in the senate house, ii. He absconds in the habit ot ■ slave, ib. Sends his son to the conspirators in the Capitol, as fl hostage, ib. Proposes an act of amnesty to the senate, ii. AtiK bilion draws him from these moderate councils, H. In makinc Caesar's tiineral oration, he exasperates the people against tlH conspirators, ib. 439. Brutus and his party leave the city, and Cxsar's friends join Antony, 439. Calpurnia, Cxsar*B relief entrusts him with her treasure, i{i. The advantage Antony niak« of Ctesar's papers, ib. Octavius, the relation and heir of Cksv, arrives at Kome from Apollonia, i6. As CsesaHs executor ho applies to Antony for the effects, and is refused, 440. An ac comniodalion between Octavius and Antony takes place, but is soon destroyed, ib. They both prepare for war, ib. Cicero persuades the senate to dcclsxe Antony a public enemy, utd to commission Hirtius and Pansa to drive liim out of Italy, i6. 441 . Theconsuls are slain near Mutina, but Antony is defeated, 441. Antony and his troops are distressed by famine, ib. He is a pattern of fortitude, ib. Passes the Alps, and draws over the troops of Lepidus, but attempts nothing against his life or honour, ib- 442. Munatius Plancus joins him, U% He leaves a suffi- cient force in Gaul, and returns to Italy with a great annj, ii. Octavius, finding Cicero resolved to restore the commonwealth, •monies to an accommodation with Antony, ib. llicy and Lcpidui
1
INDEX. £87
nMet in a iittia river-iilandy aod divide the empire of the world among theaiy ib. They proscribe no fewer than three hundred Romans, 443. Octavius asrees to marry Claudia, the daughter of Fulvia, ib. Antony orders Cicero's hemi, and the hand with which he had written the Philippics, to be placed on the Rostra, t^. The mother of Antony saves Lucius Cesar, iS. 444w The triumvirate is extremely oppressive, 444. Antony disgraces Pompey's house with the vilest excesses, ib. Octavius insists on a division of the treasure and the army, ib. They eo against Brutus and Cassius, and leave Lepidus governor of Rome, ib. Cassius is defeated by Antony, and puis an end to his life, 445. Brutus is beaten in a second battle, and slays himself, ib. The honour of this victory, too^ fiUk to Antony, ib, Antony skys Hortensius on the tomb of his brother Caius, ib, Throwa his purple robe over the body of Brutus, and orders him an honour- able funeral, t^. Csesar » conveyed to Rome sick, ib, Antony raises contributions in Asia, having promised five thousand drachmas to each private man, ib. Uetuma to Greece* where his behaviour at first is very acceptable, ib. Passes again into Asia, where he lives in the most luxurious manner, 446. Is cele- brated at Ephesus in the character of Bacchus, ib. Disgraces his jollity and freedom with the most savage cruehy and extor- tion, 447. His real character more develbped, ib, Cleopatra comes into Cicilia, to answer a charge laid against her, and Antony falls into her snares, 448. She sails along the Cydnus in the character of Venus, 449. Their mutual invitations, 450. Her address and versatility, t^. She sings admirably, and speaks most languages, ib. While Fulvia is supporting the interests of Antony at Rome, he is revelling with Cleopatra at Alexandfia, 451. Antony's son nmkes a magnificent present lo Philotaathe physician, 45S. Cleopatra attends him in his night-rambles in the habit of a slave, t^. His fishmg story, 453. He receives disagreeable news from di£R?rent quarters, tb. He awakes from his intoxication, marches to Phoenicia, and thence saik to Italy, i6. 454. Fulvia dies at Sicyon, ib. This event opens a way for recon- ciliation between him and Csesar, ib. The triumvirate settle their respective claims and powers, t^. Csesar gives his sister Octavia to Antony, in marriage, ib. Sextus the son of Pompey, having gained a considerable maritime power, is allowed to keep Sicily and Sardinia, 455. Sextus has an opportunity to destroy Antony and Csesar at an entertainment on board his galley, but forbears it, t^. 456. Antony sends Ventidius into Asia against the Par- thians, 456. Takes upon himself the office of high priest to Csesar the dictator, ib. The star of Octavius' fortune superior to that of Antony, ib. Antony leaves Italy, and takes Octavia with him into Greece, ib. Celebrates Gymnastic games at Athens, on news that Ventidius was successful against tlie Parthians, 457. Ventidius engages Pacorus, son of the king of Parthia, in Syria, and kills him, ib. He brings Antiochus, the son of Commageue, to terms, 458. Antony, as well as Octavius, more successfid by their lieutenants, than where they acted in
Z88 INDEX.
person, id. Upon eonie dissgreeable news concernii,
designs, Antony sails with three hundred ships foe
Octavia interposes, and reconciles them, i&. 459. CssargMlH
If^'War witli Pompey tor the recovery of Sicily ; and Antony, teinn;
^. bis wife and children in the care of CKsar, sets out for /Uaa, iSi.
t On his arrival there, he sends for Cleopatra, i6. He prettu
» her with several considerable provinces, 460. Gives tbe is-
Ki names of the Sun and Moon to the twins he Iiad by hfr, it,
f PhroBtes slays his fattier Orodes ; upon which many of the Pr-
Kthian chiets fly to Antony, i&. He gives Moneses three cibs
,>461 . Reviiyvs Ins army in Armenii, which consists of a huadni
bithousand men, tb. His attachment to Cleopatra precipitate* hi
r-measures, id. He lays siege to Fhraata without his batleriw
k engines, 462. Fhraales lalls upon Tatianus, who was conductii^
•', the engines, kills ten thousand of his men, aud destroys theco-
bi^nes, ii. Artavasdcs, king of Armenia, witlidrans in despair, ii.
E'lAntooy attempts to bring the Parthians to a pitched battle but
ir>(loes not succeed, 46^. The Parthians gall the Romans in (his
IfttRlurn to their camp, ili. Antony finds that his troops bad fled
bain his absence from before Phraata, and punishes thcni with ito-
^ruation, ib.iGi. Phroates pretends to come to terms with Ao-
, but intends all the time to harass him in his retreat, i6*,
Antony designs to take his route through an open counttj,
^tbut is advised, by a certain Mardian, to take the safer road^
t the mountains, 465. Tiie Parthians make their apiteorance the
third day, and attack the Romans, 4G6> Antony, after thit,
marches in so judicious a form, that the enemy can make UtUs
impression, and think of retiring, ib. Flavins Gallus propoae* U
perform some considerable exploit with a select party ; but 6nw
mg too far from the main body, is surrounded, ib. 467. Aoiony
himself, at last, beats the enemy off. 467. The great afTectkm of
the troops for him, ib. His address to the army on that occoHOt^
46S. The Uonians, when attacked again, assume the form of ■
pent-house, 469. I'amine prevails among tliem, ib. Tbey eat
on herb, which brings on madness and death, ib. Antotiy ofteo
cries out, ' O the ten thousand I ' 4~0. Mitbridates, couau to
Moneses, comes in the nighl, and warns Antony not to descend
into the plain, ib, 471. Tlie Parthians, contrary to custom,
' pursue him in the night, 471. The Romans have to contend
' with thirst, and with the Parthians, at the sume time, id. ThcT
come np to a river, whose water is sharp, and drink of it too
freely, H. The fVIardian acquaints them, tlmt there is aoother
at no great distance, sweeter and more salubrious, ib. Mithri*
dates comes again, and odvi^a the Romans to hasten to that
river; because it would terminate the puisuic, 472. Antony,
accordingly, moves on ; but a strange disorder happens ia his
army, and his tent is plundered, tb. The Romans pou the lost*
mentioned river in peace, 473. Six days after this, ihey reach
the Araxes, nnd when they have passed it, kiM the grouod iit
Armenia with great avidity, ib. The new plenty throws Uicm
into the dropsy and the cholic, 47t. Antony docs not cl
IJJDEX. 28^
Arbvdsdes, wfio had deserted hiniy at present, biit seizes him afterward, and leads him in triumph into Alexandria^ ib, An- tony, who had lost twenty four-thousand men already in his retreat, loses eight thousand more through the severity of the weather, ib, 4eJ5. Waits for Cleopatra at a fort between Berytus and Sidon, 475. The Parthians and the M^des quarrel about the Roman spoils, and the Mede offers his assistance to Antony, 475. Octavia expresses her desire to visit Antony, and Caesar l^ves her leave, in hopes that some event would lead to a quarrel, tb. Commanded by Antony to stop at Athens, she sends Niger to him, with an account of the na^uny valuable nresents she had brought him, t^. 476. Cleopatra affects to be aying for the love of Antony, 476. He returns to Egypt, and puts off the Mede till summer, t^. Betroths one of Cleopatra's sons to a daughter of the Mede, 477. Csesar appears to be, and indeed the Romans in general are, offended at his neglect of Octavia, and his dis- posing of kingdoms in favour of the children of Cleopatra, ib. Caesar accuses him in the senate, 478. Antony recrimmates, ib. Csesar replies, ib. Antony sends Canidius to the sea-coast with sixteen legions, 479. Goes to Ephesus, attended by Cleopatra, ib. Assembles a fleet of eight hundred ships, two hundred of which were supplied by Cleopatra, ib. Cleopatra, jealous of the mediation of Octavia, bribes Canidius to persuade Antony to permit her to attend him in the war, ib. They spend their time in all kinds of revelry at Samos, ib. Visits Athens, where Cleo- patra endeavours to surpass Octavia in her favours to the people, 480. He sends some of his people to turn Octavia out of his house at Rome, t^. Antony, instead of attacking Csesar imme- diately, gives hini time to prepare himself, 481 . Titius and Plancus are ill used by Cleopatra, for opposing her stay in the army, and they go over to Csesar, ib. Cssar takes Antony's will from the Vestals, and reads it to the senate, ib, Antony's friends, and Geminius In particular, point out to him his true interest, but they are driven away by the creatures of Cleopatra, 482, 489. Csesar declares war against Cleopatra, 483. Pro- digies announcing the event of the war, ib. 484. An account of their respective forces^ 484. Antony, notwithstanding his strength at land, is persuaded by Cleopatra to decide the dis- pute at sea, ib. Circumstances previous to the battle of Actium, 485. Domitius^ Amyntas, and Delotarus, go over to Csesar, ib. 486. Canidius gives Antony salutary oounsdl; but the fascinations of Cleopatra prevent his listening to it, 486. An old soldier remonstrates against a sea*fight, 487. Caesar has omens of victory, 488. The battle described, t&.
489. Cleopatra flies, before the battle is lost, and Antony is infatuated enough to follow her, 489. He enters Cleopatra's galley, and sits three days ib sombrous silence, ib. 490. Has- intelligence that his army is safe in Macedon, but instead of^ going to it, sends orders to Canidius to conduct it into Asia,
490. ' Divides a ship-load of treasure among his friends, and dismisses them, ib. The gallant resistance, which his flaet
VOL. VI. U
J90 INDEX.
made nfkerhe hid (brtaken it, 491. His Und-lbrce* re(Bamt» bodied seven days and do not surrender to CRur, till their offittn
< desert them, ib. CsEar relieves ihe ciiies of Gr»«ce, whjck W been murh oppressed, i&. Aatony landa in Lybia, and ieiA Cleopatra into Egrpi, 492. Uetiroi into a deaert, with allium altendanU, it. The comniBiider of hia Iroops in L^bia revoht; he altennpta to kill himself, ii. It prevented by hia frieMb,aid conveyed to Alexandria, ii. Finds Cleopatra eocaged b U
. attempt In draw her ^hips over the hihrniu into the Red-sea, ud
- with all her wealth and forces to seek aomo remote country, ii But the first gallieg that are carried over are burnt by the' An- bianaof PeUKii.i'i- Antony betakes himaelfto a kind of Timoaiu retirement near Pharos, 493. After he is infarmed that hia anw and all his allies had deserted him, he obandoru hia bofiM ui his cares together, and returns to Alexundriq, l-IH. Cleopatn aiid he furiji the Eociety of ' the CniDpaniona in Ocath,' ai ilwr had befnre instituted that of ' the Inimitable in Life,* ib, Thq p3<^ their time in mutu^ treats and diversions, iit. CltcmMU
»nakes experiment of several paisons, and gives the ^
to the asp, 495. They send Euphroniu?, their children** tii on an embassy to Cn-sar, ib. Cssar encourages CleoMtn
• hope every thing, provided that ehe gave up Antony, vid am her with a pretence of love, 4(J6. Antony causes Thyrei^ Cssar's frecdman, to be whipped, ib. Cloopatra redouble* ^ attentions to Antony, ib. Cmsar renews the war, take* Peluains, and advaaces to Alexandria, 497. Antony makes « brisk sail;, and repulses the enemy, ib. Send* a cltallesge to C^aar, wludi ia as much disregarded as one that he had sent formuly, «£. A noise at departing Bacchanals presage the fate of Antony, MS. Antony ileiigns to attack Csiar both by lea nad land ; bm tbe fleet and cavalry desert him, ii. His infantry are .vootM^ nd he exclaims, that Cleopatra has betrayed him, I'i. Tbe quso retires to her monument, and orders that Antony ahouVd be >>• formed she is dead, ib. He conimaods his servant Ere* to despatch him, but Bros despatches himself, 499. Plunge* hii sword into his bowels, but the stroke does not prove mortal, it, Clepatra sends for hini, and she and ber women draw hiia op Into the monument, ib. Their affecting meeting, ib. AtOamy dies. 5(X). Antillus, son of Antony by Fulvia, is put to dotth, 502. Theodorus, who betrayed him. is crucified for theft, ii. Clenpaira is permitted to bury Antony, which she doei in a tnw- nificent manner, .lyOS. Her last oblations and speech at Antonjrt tomb, 50,5. Antony's children, 508. His detcemlents corae to be emperors, U. Antony and Demetriu! coropart'd, 509.
jtnhniui, Ludis, brother of Antony, crented tribune, v. 439^
»■' ■ ' ■!, toa of Antony by I'ulvia, v. .^OH.
- '■ ■ , the first who Isya violent bands on S«rtorius, i«. 35. Ant^liias, Ihe Hctor kilk^' in the Capitol, ». 8fi7.
Aah/lhia, sod of Antony by Fulvia. v. 4t4. Is piM to dealh» 5QS. Anytui, son of ADthemiua, Alcibiades' IVolic nt his lutuie, ii. 118. The first vbo bribed the jud^jes at Alliens, 191.
i
INDEX. f91
Aobiui. SeeAbUUus.
A]^maf cbnighter of Artaxcrxet, mnrriod to PhinHlMBn% ▼!. 146. -9 wife of Seieucus, ▼• 395.
AftlUe^ 4nm% Alesaider't picture^ iv. 244. Does not ni^ceed at to his complexioDy ib. Surprised at Protogenes' paintings v» S^i Enters himself of the school of Sicyon, vk ld5.
, in the coorl of the younger Riilip of Maoedon, vii 909.
ApeUiamf the Teiaa, faia library carried by Sylki to Roney iii. 9&7.
Ap$mamtm$^ iHMi he Mud to TimoB, and Timou'sJoiswery. v. 4M.
fAverantians^ iii. 50.
AjmnmimBf Aiohaa at Atfaena^ m, M$4
\ApnidfUBt a city near Athens. Theseus sends Helen thilKer, i. 40. Taken by Ctttor and PoUox, 41.
Aphidmmf a Irimid of Theseas, i. 40.
TAphysiBans^ a people of Thraoe, iii. 314i
Ajns, the ox worshipped by the iEgyptians, t. 190.
Apoliay daoghter of Agesihns, by Cleora» tr. M^
ApoUo DelphiniuSy Theseus consecrates his hair to hiin^ i'6* Sft* crifices the Marathonian bull to him, 15. Makes ao ofiemg tcr him on his departvsefor GfetOt l». The Ltfunlied, 8951 lfl» meniusy iii. 226. Lyceus, 113. Pythius, 256. TegVv«ii% n, 360. ThuriuSy iiL 256. His temples plundered by piitti% k^
AfoUof the name of one of Lucullus' dining^rooiMy iii. ISY^ jfyoUoeraim, the eUestioo of DiooytiuB^ vi. 86. SofMndMlM
castle of Syracuse to Dion, and goes off Co his firtheiv 47r ApoUstknUf the Aiiloticn, i. 110.
— ., governor of Babylon, iv. 348.
-, Uie Phalerian, an extravagant adolirvr «ff
T-gi5v
"" y tkm SicUiaot carriee Cltopfllni to Casttr^ iv. 4d4»
r^mmtm
f thm AtAmmm, h^ orations irrittea Ssi kans by Dt*
mosthenes, v. 268. iApoUonia, ii. SMU in. 266. vi. 76^ ?9l ApoUanitki^ seat by Seleucw t» Demettiul^ t. 41(k , the stoic, is with Cato at Utica, v. 116^ Apolionius MolOf teaches rhetoric at Rhodes, v. 297* Cibnr aiil
Cicero his scholars, iv. 359. v. 297. His speecJi to Cioeso^ vw
297. Ap&Bcpkumm of Gviicaiii proonrai • ca«(bMido beliieou PInvMM
bMuo and AgiiilauSy iv. 64. ApMdkemUf the historian, u i6S^ ApmiM», a ootodi nfonner^ kew pnt to dealK ft. 218* .^^MgaAtfti^fisf. See&i^ni^j^ Apvlheimf m deep* pit into vrkich tbey threw childseli^ at 6pMa
wlww they deemed not fit to be reared, k 186^ and a^ i4oeori(ioa seen by Brutus, vi. 96^ lOli^'i-Seen by Dion^ vi % 5h4^
Of Theseus at the battle of MbratiMHi^ 1 45». AfpariHous at Chitroneav in ceascyince o^ awwlhir, iiL 264.**
Opinion of the Bpacofeaaa concctaiog thei% m. 90^ 9^' Afpt/tmUf if s diffiieiit elects^ ii. 176.
u2
292
ITTDEX;
jippiaii Road. See Wai/s.
Jppim, coinpetitor for the cenKtrship with Scipio Africanm, ii. 332.
— — ^ — pcreuades Pompey that Cesar's army would revolt U> lum, iv. 199-
Marau, v. 325, i
C/auditu, prffiior of Sicily, ii. 404, and «.
Claudius, his remonstrance to the senate ia the case of Cs*
riolanue, ii. l^. Hib ^eech against maldng peace with Pjr- rhus, iii. 91.
C^iujrus betroths, his daughter Claudia to Tiberius Giac-
cbus, V. 2(W.
Clavdiiu, killed by Telesinus, iii. 273.
Claiisus, a Suhine, migrates wiih live thousand fnmjliw t"
Rome, and is made a senator, i. 300. 301.
Clodius, sent hy Lucuilus to Tigranes, iii. 355.
Varus, left governor in Africa by Porupev, v. 105.
\Apsust river, iii. 34.
\ApteTB, a city of Crete, iii. 111.
Apuleitis, LuciuB, bia accusation against Camilliu, i. 376.
\Apjdia, it. 427-
\Aqita Sextice, iii. U2.
tAquUii conspire in behalf of Tarquin against the comnionwe^. i.275. Their fate, 279.
Afniliut, Marcus, v, 86. A sharp saying of Cicero's about him. SS6-
, ManiiM, iii. 137.
, one of Melelius' lieutenants, beaten bv Sertoriua, it.
18, 19.
\Aqmnum, *i. 34«.
Arabs, draw Demetrius into the deserts, v. 3G8. He defeats Ibem. and carries off seven hundred camels, ib, Alexander's esipedi- tion against them, iv. 277. Burn Cleopatra's gallles, v. 492.
\ Arabia Petra-a, iv. 176.
t Arabians, Nabathican, v. 368. Scenite, iii. 3
Aracus, titular admiral of the Lacedrtnoniau fleet, iii. 195. •
^Arachtma, iv. 66.
fAnr, river, iv. 389.
■fAraterion, i. H.
fAratium, vi. 208.
AaAToa, the bod of Clinias, in danger of being slain, when Aban- tidaa aet himself up tyrant in Sicyon, vi. 153. Preserved by Soso, the sister of Abantidas, till she can send him to Argos, lai. He i:i educated at Argos in a liberal manner, but distinguishes him- iic\f most in the Palcestra, ib. He undertakes the deliverance of Sicvon, 155- Though he is not yet quite twenty years old, Ni^ codes, the reigning tyrant, is afraid of bim, ii. Aristamachus and EcdeluB join in the enterprise, ib. 156. Aratus gets intel- ligence of a part of tlie wall that may be scaled, ii. Xenocirs and others reconnoitre the wall, and confirm the intelligence, H. n which he provided men, arms, a:]d scoling-ladders. Deceives the cpiei ¥fbom Nicocles sent to Argus, ii.
J
INDEX. 993
' Finds some dogs kept near the wall let loose, but plants his lad- ' dcrs notirithstandingy 158. His company is much uarmed at the watch, which pass by, Uf. But not discovered either by these, or by the person who kept guard in the tower, ib. He comes ■ suddenly, with a small party, upon the tyrant's guards at the palace, and takes them all prisoners, 159. Calls together his Iriends in the town, ib, A herald, by his order, proclaims liberty to the citizens, 160. They set fire to the tyrant's palace, to. Not a man lost on either side, ib. The tyrant escapes by a sub- terranean passage, ib. Aratus recalls all, who had been banish- ed by the tyrants, i^. Is laid under difficulties, on account of dthers being possessed of the property of the exiles, ib. Unites
* Sicyon to the Achcan league, ib. In what manner the Achasan league became so respectable and important, 162. The character of Aratus, ib. He serves in the Achsesn cavalry, and distinguishes
* himself by ready obedience to his general, whoever be might hap- pen to be, 163. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, makes him a present of twenty-five talents, and he lays out the whole for the advantage of bis fellow-citizens, ib. The exiles being clamorous for their pro- perty, he takes a voyage to ^gypt to get money to satisfy all parties, f^ Encounters with great dangers in his passage, ib. 164. Is well received by I\olemy, on account of his supplying him with paint- ings, for which Si<^on was celebrated, 164. Aratus hated ty- rants to such a degree, that he could not be persuaded to spare the picture of one, 165. Ptolemy gives him a hundred and fifty talents, payable at several times, 166. By this money he re- condles the poor to the rich, and secures the commonwealth, ib. The exiles erect his statue in brass, ib. The inscription upon it, ib. Antigonus endeavours to gain Aratus, or make Ptolemy suspect him, ib. Aratus is chosen general of the league, and ravages the territories of Locris and Calydon, 167. Marches to the assistance of the Boeotians, against the ^tolians, but comes too late, ib. Is general again, and undertakes to recover the citadel of Corinth from the Macedonians, ib. For this purpose lie foms a connexion with certain Syrians, who had a brother a soldier in the garrison, and having purloined the king of Maoe- don's treasures, thereupon retired to Sicyon, 170. Erginus, one of the brothers, undertakes to conduct him to a part of the wall not above fifteen feet high, ib. The plot near being discovered, 171 9 172. Aratus gets into Corinth by night, and advances to- ward the citadel, 178. The town is alarmed, and he proceeds up the rock notwithstanding, ib. Archelaiis, who commanded for Antigonus in the town, marches to attack Aratus' rear; but the three hundred, whom Aratus luid left behind, fall upon Archelaiis, and put him to flight, 174>. Erginus comes to the three hundred, and conducts them up the rock, ib. The citadel is gained by Aratus, ib. The rest of Aratus' forces arrive from Sicyon, and the Corinthians open their gates to them, ib. He persuades the Corinthians to join the league, and delivers to them
' the k^ of their city, 175. How he disposes of the prisoners, Mb. He seizes the Hercum, and the harbour of Lecheeum, 17(». ^er-runs Attica, and ravages the isle of Salamis, H. Sets U19
r 991, INDEX. 1
Wt Athenian prisoners free without ransom, and t hereby 60W wB
^^^^ seeds of a defeciion from the Macedopiana, i£. Brings Ptoii^^
^^^^L into the Achaan league, by declaring him ita protector, ii. h
^^^^H choien general every otiier year, iit. Attempts to rescue Anoi
^^^^1 from the yoke of tyranny ; but one of his OMociatcis discoven wt
^^^^K design to the tyrant AristomachuE, 177> ITS. AristomachoiB
^^^^1 ile^atched soon al\er by one of bis own terr&nts, ) 78. AriMip-
^^^^H pus succeeds to the tyranny, and gets a fine laid apoD lat
^^^^1 Achican* for the lata breach of the peace, ili. The tnisnaUt
^^^^1 life of B tyraut described in that of Arisiippui, 179. AratM
^^^^H makes several fruitless aliempts upon ArgMt ISO. The Argfw^
^^^^1 for whose liberties lie fights, give him no ossistsDCtf, ii. Ha
^^^^V fights a pitched battle with Aristippiu, and lets the riclorr ibl
■^^^ out of his hands, id. Adds Cleonee to tlia Achaean leagucj Itl.
F Celebrates the Nemean games at Cleanse, i6. lakes thtmt who I
W were going to Argos far the same purposei and sella ihain for 1
m slaves, il>. Draws Arislippus against Cleoiis by a siratagnn,
■ puUhim to the rout, and kills him in the purKuil, (i^. 182. This in K good measure removes the imputation of cowardice, which MMoe W endeavoured to fasten upon him, Ift^. Agias and young Aristo- m raachuB enter Argos with ihe ting of Macedon's troops, U. I' Aratus endeavours to depose Lyaiades, tyrant of Megalopolis,
■ 183. SiilEiirb the j^lolians Lo enter Peloponnesus, but falls upon P. them while they are plundering Pellene. dialodges ihenn, and I kills a considerable number, 184, 18^. Makes peace nhh
them, 186. Makes several aiiempta upon the Pirous, and in one of them breaks hii leg, iJ,. 187. Is defeated by Bithya. Deme. (rius' general, 187. On the deatb of i>emetrius, the Atb«tii«n« call in Aratus to their assistance, and he prevails upoo I3ioK«Des, llie Macedonian governor, to deliver up to them die Pirvws, Munychia, $qlamis,andSunium, forn hundred and fiiYy taleots.or whicli he furnishes twenty, ti. 186. The Aclitcan league receives several very considerable states into it's community, J SR. Among theeo ii Argos i Aratus having persuaded it's tyrant Artatomacfaus to quit the vovereignly and join the Achxans, i6. ATiatoiiinchus is ciiosen general of the league, and proposes to carry his arms into Laconia, t8j). Aratui opposes a war with Cleomon«H as impolitic, but at last consents, ib. Clenmenes offers battle at Pulantium, but Aratus prevents the ofiec from being accepted, i6. Lyitadca accuses Aratus to the AchiBaDa, ib. He is cliosen pnelor the ne\t year notwithstanding, ii. Beater by Cleo- menes, ib. Collects his army, and sui-prises Mantinea, fi. Ly- sindef, in another action, puts the right wing of the Lacedcetiio- niani (o flight ; but going too far upon the pursuit, is entaiifHed in an intricate piece of grnund, nnil slain by Cleumenes, IM). The loss of that brave man, and the defeat of the army, is in- pulcd t« Aratus' neglecting id siipnort bim, U)l. Aratus is some lime considered in adisgrocelui bf^t by the Acliasons. id. He redeems his cndjt a little, by beating Megistonous, iathor* in-law to Cieomenes, and taking bim prisoner, ti. Wbe« it n comes to bis turn a^ain, he declines the command, on accooDt
I of the gruwirig power of Cleoniencs, ill. The liad policy of ^_
INDEX* fiM
Aratus, in caliittg in the Macedonians, inatead of mlferhlg Cleomenei to be appointad general of the league, 19S« Cleo* menes is exasperatea by frUiUeas negotiations, and makes a still greater progress with his arms, 193, IM. Aratus attempts to cut off tlie innovators in Corinth ; and with difficulty escapes with his own life, ib. 195* The Corinthians put their city mto the bands of Cleomenes, and he shuts up the citadel with a wall of drcumvallation, 198. Aratus applies to the Atelians and Athe» niani for asststaooe, but without dfeot, t^ Cleomenes oftit him a yearly pension of twelve talents, on certain conditions* 196. Aratus* insincere answer, ib* Cleomenes blocks up 8i^ cyon, ib, Aratus escapes with much difficulty, to iSgium, and by a decree of council calla in Antigonus, and sttrrendetB to him Aerocorinthus, ib. Goea with the AcliMn magistrates to meet Antigonus, 197. Antigonua* friendship for him, ib. Several actions under the walls of Corinth, 198. Argos revolts to the Macedonians, and Cleomenes retires to Mantinea, ib, Ariitill submits to many mortifying things, after Antigonus was beoocno master of Aerocorinthus, 199» Has the meanness to oall Mantinea (after it was retaken) * Antigonia,' 200. After the death of Antigonus, the ^tolians attack Aratus^ and defeat bim, 201, 202. He calls Philip to his assistance, 202. The iAeon* sistency of Philip's behaviour to him, 203. Aratus advisee Philip not to seise the castle of Ithome, 906. Philip orders a dose of skiw poison to be ^ven him, 207. Aratas diei at iEgium, ib. Is buried at Sicyon, 208. The tcatimony which the orado of IMphi paid to his virtue^ ib. Divine honours pud him, ib.
Aratus the Younger, his bed dishonoured by Philip, vi. 20^ Has a-poison given bim by Philip, which deprives him of his intidleeill,> 207.
fAraxeSf river, iv. 167. v. 478.
ArbaceSf how punished by Artaxerxes fbr desertion, vi. 129.
Artela^ battle of, iv. 288, 289.
fArbeliiii, district, iv^ 289.
f Arcadians f called acorn-eaten, ii. 177. Come into Italv wkh Evander, i. 86. Defeated by Arohidamus, without the loss of one Spartan, iv. 114.
Arcadian year, i. 200.
Arcadius^ said to be the person that killed Oalba, vi. 239,
ArcesHauSf and Amphares betray Agis, v. 151, ', the Acaoemician, iii. 2. vi« 156.
ArchedamuSf the ^tolian, ii. 311.
Archelausy king of Sparta, i. 118.
, one of Mithndates* generals, iii. 246^ 252, 26d. AU
terward in the service of the Roasaos, 265.
— — — , a merchant of Delium, iii. 263. ■ ' , a pbysioian, iii. 299.
— — — , the poet, iii. 297.
-, an oliicer of Antigonus, vi. I74w
-^ Antony's care of his dead body, ?. 428.
t
■296 INDEX.
Archeptolis, ooe of tlie sons of ThemistocleE, i. 3>57> ,^
Archestrattts, at what time this poet lived, ii. 146* ana i saying concerning AlcibJadcs, iii. 212.
. , propoEca a decree apoinst Pliocion, v. 40-
Archias, one of the Tlicban tyrants, Ji. 347. (lis saying, 352, 35J. I 1b killed, 3.5-t.. I
■ , the Athenian high-priest, ii. 353.
, the Athenian captain, surnanied ' Phugadothcras,' ▼. SSG.
Arcftibiades, an Athenian, affects the Spartan gravity, v, IS. Re- proved for inconsistency by I'hocion, ib.
Archibius, his generous behaviour with respect to Cleopatrs, afte her death, v. 508.
Arc/iidamia, what she said to the Lacedfemonian senate, iii. 106.
, the grandmother of Agis, v. 13G. Gives up liR
estate to the public, IV2. Is niiiriliered by order of Alllml■te^ 153.
Archidamidoi, sayings of his, i. 143, 144.
Archidamui, king of Sparta, son of Zeuxidamua, and fnfhnr of Agis and Agesilaus, iv. 70. Fined for marrying a little wqdmd, 72. Endeavours to reconcile the Greeks to each other, a. 45. Marches into the territories of the Athenians, .50. Oclier psni- culars, iii.316, 317.
, son of Agesilaus, iv. 102. Cleonyraua is his favoat-
ite, ib. Intercedes for Sphodrias, ib. Defeats the Arcadian!, 114. His valour, 115, Slain by the Messapians, v. 135.
, son of Euilamidas, v. IS.*!.
-: , brother of Agis, save* himself from Lconidas by s
timely retreat, v. 13 k Is recoiled by Cleomcnesand murthercd, 159, 160.
Arcliidemuf, i
ArehilotJiui _
172, Veraea of his," i
Archimedes, ii. 408. Invents several military machines at the le- quest of Hiero, 409. The power of his machines, ih. -V lo. De- feats Marcellus, who calls him * a Briareus,' 413. Commits no account of his machines to wrltinc, ib. So intent upou bis studies, that he hears not the tumult when the town is taken, 418. How killed, ih. Regretted by Marcellus, 419. The de- vice on his tomb-stone, 414.
Arckippe, wife of Themtdtocles, i. 357-
Archtppiu, the poet, ii, 114.
Archom, the chief magistrates in Athens, i. 45, n. their office, i. 344, n. ii. 444.
Archottides, sent by the Syracusans to Dion, vi. 39.
Arcii/tas, one of the first inventors of mechanic
, the Pythagorean, security for Plato's safely in Sicily, »i,
17. Demands him of Dionysius, 19.
Ardsaus, a Spartan officer, executed for surrendering the Codmea, ii. 356.
Aretunu, his rising attended with tempeatuoiis weather, vi. 24.
ATdtttm, a place at Atheni, i. "
it to persuade Plato to return to Sicily, vi, 17, a Greek poet, the gods do iionour to nis memorT> '
a accotu tcf
t. 408.
INDEX. 397
AreopagiteSf i. 245.
Areopagus^ court of» established by Soloa, on a better footing, i*
2-^^f n. Examines whether every man has a visible livelihood,
251. It's power lessened, ii. 12, 16. AreicBtis^ vi. 81. AretCy daughter of Dionysius the Elder, by Aristomache, and wife
of Dion, vi. 7. Compelled to marry Timocratcs, 20. '\Arethusa, u 162. v. 461. AreuSf king of Sparta, iii. 105. Arrives seasonably from Crete to
Uie relief of Sparta against Pyrrhus, 110. Cuts off a number
of Pyrrhus* men in their march to Argos, 111. Assists the Ar-
gives, lis. Ar^f the name of a poet, and of a species of serpents, v* 254.
Demosthenes so called, f^. ArgUeoniSf mother of Brasidas, a saying of hers, i. 151. iArpnusap iii. 194.
ArgtveSf their kings, i. 122. Invited by Alcibiades to join the . Athenians, ii. 128, 131. Celebrate the Nemean games, vi. 181. Argius^ Galba's freedman, buries his master, vL 241. ArgOf the name of Jason's ship, i. 21. fArgoSf and Messene ; the cause of their ruin, i. 122. ■■ ■ , Aratus delivers it from it's tyrants, vi. 188. Cleomenes '•makes himself master of it, v. 173. Loses it again, 176, 177.
Pyrrhus makes an attempt upon it, iii. 112, 113. Argyraspidei^ or silver shields, commanded by Antigenes and Teu-
tamus, iv. 61 . Never defeated, 62. Their treachery to Eumenes,
63. Punished by Antigonus, 66. Ariadne falls in love with Theseus, and gives him a clue to tiie
Labyrinth, i. 20. Government of Crete devolves on her, 21.
Different accounts of her, ib* Has two sons by Tbeseu^ 2SL Is
cast upon the isle of Cyprus, ih. Divine honours paid her there,
23. Two Ariadnes, ib. AruBus^ a friend of Cyrus, vi. 125. AriameneSf Xerxes' brother and admiral, a very brave man, i. 334.
Killed in the battle of Salamis, ib. Ariamnes, an Arabian, sent by the Parthians to mislead Crassus,
iii. 476. Cassius reproaches him with perfidy, 478. AriartUheSy king of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, iv. 41. Taken
prisoner by Perdiccas, 42.
, one of the sons of Mithridates, iii. 246. Poisoned by
his father, iv. 172. AriaspeSf one of the sons of Artaxerxes, his mildness and timidi^,
vi. 149. Poisons himself, ib, ArimaniuSf a Persian deity, i, 352. Supposed the author of evil,
t^. It. vi. 149, n, ^Ariminum^ taken by Caesar, iv. 202. Arimnestusy general of the Plataeans, his dream, ii. 464.
, a Spartan, kills Mardonius, ii. 475.
Ariobarzanesy king of Cappadocia, expelled by Mithridates, re-es- tablished by Sylla, iii. 264. Sylla reconciles those two princes, . 266.
SM INDEX.
JHolarssaru-s, re-established by Cicero, v. 336,
Ariomandes, son orGobi^as, e Penian general, iii, 310.
Ariowitiis, king of the GerTnans, Cteiar's war with him, iv. S7fl.
Ariphron, guardian to Akibiadei, ii. 113.
^ni/(ene(«.t, general oC the Acheans, iii. 17,23.
Aristtigm-ai, of Cyzicuin, his dreHDi, iii. S+0.
Aristander, of Telniesus, interprets Philip'e dream, iv. 240. Hit obserTation to Alexander concerning tne sneating of Orphen' statue, 259. foretells the taking of Tyre, 277, 278. SftcriAcca to Fear, 289. What he does to encourage Alexander's meo, 292. Forewarns Alexander of an impending evil, 317. En- deavours to comfort him after he had killed CliluB, 320.
ArUteai, the Proconne^iaRi the stor^ of his vanishing, i. 97.
— , a citi/en of Argos, invites Pyrrhus thitier, iii. III.
Opens ODO of the gutes for him, 113.
Aristides, son of L^simachus, of the tribe of Antiochis, and t])« ward of Alnpece, ii. 444. Different accounts of his estate, iA. 445. On what account appointed Archon, 447. A favourer of aristocracy, rt. For that, and other reasons, always opposed by The mist oclcF, ib. Their dijferent dispositions, and characterv, ib. The iDlegrity, patriotism, and steadiness of Aristide*, 448. His speech to the Athenians with respect to their wanting to be ftittereU in their degeneracy, 451. Datis arrives with Daring fleet at Marathon, and ravages the neighbouring countrj, i$. Of the generals Bjipoinfed to act a^ingt him, Miltiades wsa fint in dignity, and Aristides next to him, id. The latter sivea op his turn in the command, nntl greatly strengthens the bands of Ihe former, 452. The battle of Marathon described, ib. While the Greeks march to defend Athens, Aristides is left at I^emtboo to guard Ihe prisoners and spoils, ii. 455. He acquits hinaeelf of that charge in the most upright manner, iBS. But Calliaa and others enrich themselves unknown to him, ib. Chosen Archoo, and fiurnaroed ' the Just,' 454. Banished by the Ostracism, iSS, ExttaortUnary instance of his moderation, 456,457. Hii prayer for the Athenians in going into exile. 457. Recalled, ii. Tor the good of the public, scruples not to join his enemy ThemlMo> cles, ib. Takes the nephews of Xerxes prisoners, 459. Oppoaea the proposal of Themistocles, WO. What he commanded tb« Spartan embassadors to tell their mastevs, 44il. His ordera to Ihe priest?, 4€2. Has the chief command of the Athenians in the war with Mardonius, 463. Marches to Plntteie, ib. Conaulls the oracle of Apollo, and receives a perplexing answer, irln'^ IS at last unriddled, ib. 464. Puts an end to the dispute betvreen the Tcgenta and the Athenians, about Iheir post in the battle, by referring it to the allies, 465. His prudent behaviour oo dis<overiiig a conspiracy in the .\thenian camp, 466. The Me- garensinns bebg diftresEtd by the Persian cavalry, Arfrtlde* ^onds a party of Athenians to their assistance, 4fi7. Alexaiidw, king of Macedon, comes in the night, and informs Aristides rf the design of Mardonius to attack the Greeks the next day, 409^ Ariiiides immediately acquaints PausanJas, the connnas ' ~ *
I
INDEX* t»d
chief, with his intelligence^ t^. Reprores tht Atfaesiiat for find- ing Auilt with their bting romorgd tothe ri^ht wingi fiieinff the Persians, 470. MardoniiiB alters his disposition to «¥oid fighting with the Athenians, 47 !• The day passes without a hatUe, to. The Greeks make a movement, to gain a camp mora adnmta- geous for water, ib. Dangers frorli the sepamtion of the troops, and from waiting long for auspicious tokens in the sacrifices, 471—474. The Lacedsemonians make great havock among the Persians, who behsre with great gallantry, 474. Aristides balteDs to join the former, but is attadced by the way by the Thebans and other Greeks, allies to the Persians, ib. He defeats them^ 475. The Persian camp is taken, and prodigious slaughter m»de, 476. What the loss on both sides was, tk The Greeks rear an altar to Liberty, 477. The Athenians and Laoedwno- nians dispute about the chief honour of the day, but compromise the matter by adjudging it to the Pktseans, 478. The decree, which Aristides proposed in their favour to the general assembly of the Greeks, 480. Their annual procession in memory of those, who died fi»r liberty, ib, Aristides permits Archons to be chosen out of the whole body of citizens, 481. The high testimony which the Athenians gave to his virtue, in ordering Tbemwtoclea to communicate a certain project to him only, ib. 482. Joined in commission with Cimon in an expedition at sea, 482. The justice and candour of these two generals draw the chief coiik roand of the allies from the Lacednnonians to the Athenians, ib. The Laoedaemooiana desire, that Aristides may r^nlate the quotas of all the states of Greece, for the war with the barbarians, 484. He executes that commisston with his usual integrity imd ability, ib. What he said to Themistodes on the qoafifiestiono of a general, 485. Makes a diffiereoce between private and political justice, which has no foundation in foc^ ib* 486^ Allows it to be unjust to bring the public treasure of Greece from Delos to Athens, but at the same time says it was expedient, 486. Though he made the public rich, himself continues poor, t^; Reckoned by Plato the greatest and most illustrious uMt ti€ his time, 487. His candid behaviour to Themistocles, ib. Varioua accounts of his death, ib, 488. His monumeDt at Phalerium, erected at the public charge, 488. His son and daughters pro- vided for by the public, ib. Aristides the Locrian, ii. 238.
, son of Xenophilus, ii. 227.
' '■, author of the Milesiacs, iii. 495.
AristioHy tyrant of Athens, compels the ci^ to oppose SySe, tit.
24>7. His vile character, 249. Surrenders the citadel for want
of water, 251. Poisoned by Sylla's order, 264. Aristippms of Argos set himself up tj'rant there, vi. 178. The mi»
serable life of a tyrant, 179, 180. Killed in hia Bight, 182.
■ the Crrcntan, what he said of Dionyaius, vi, 18. A
jocuhir prediction of his, ib, Aristo the Chian, v. 263. Aristobule. See Diana,
IMDBXi sot
-'Afid§ile of Ai^gM ' pemuklei the Argh«l to quit <3aoiMnei^ r^ interett, ▼• 176.
^' the logidaii aiiistB in killiii|^ the tjiwitof Scjob, vi. 155.
Aritiaxenus the musician, his question to DioDysrai concerning Plato, ii. 249.
■ , his commentaries^ iv. 244. ^ Aristratusy tyrant of Sicyon, his picture excellently drawn by Melanthesy vi. 165. Aratus desired to spare it on that ac- ^ county ib.
Arithmiadet assists Lycurgus in forming the Lacedsemonian com- monwealth, i. 117. Ariui the philosopher honoured by Octavius Caesar, v. 501, 502. -f Armenia, ▼. 473. Armenians, thdr cavalry, v. 474. Armilustrium, i. 89.
Amaces, a Persian, sent by Themistodes to Xerxes, i. SS6, 337. -fArpinum, and it's district, iii. 122. Arrenides, ▼. 282.
ArrhitUnu, natural son of Philip of Macedon, iv. 258. By Phi-
linna a courtesan, 353. Promising in his childhood, but hurt
both in health and understanding by Olympias' potions, ib.
His commission to Eumenes, 55.
Arrius, Quintus, informs the senate of some particulars of Catiline's
conspiracy, v. 310. Arron. See Aruns, Arruntius commands the main body of Augustus' fleet at Actium,
V.489. Arsaces, a common name of the kings of Parthia, iii. 473> n. ■ Orodes, the first who sends an embassy t6 the Romans, iii.
235, 472. Understands the Greek language, 496. Makes peace with Artavasdes, king of Armenia, and marries his son to that princess sister, iL His second son Phraates gives him aconite, and afterward strangles him, 498.
Harpates, son of Tirilmzus, murthers Arsames, vi. 150.
Arsametf natural son of Artaxerxes, his character, vL 149* Slain,
150. ^-Arsanias, river, iii. 373. Arsenal of Athens, iii. 251.
fArsian grove, where the Tuscan army was brought up, i. 282. Arsicas, at first the name of Artaxerxes Mncmon, vi. 114. f Arsis, river, iv. 133. Artabaxus, a Persian officer, ii. 476.
, father of Barsine, iv. 39, 272.
Artofrerses, general of the Caducians, vi. 124. Slain by Cyrus, ib. Artasuras, called « the King's Eye,' brings ArUxerxes an acooont
of Cyrus' death, vi. 127. Artavasdes, king of Armenia, goes with six thousand hone m aid
to Crassus, iu. 474. His excellent advice to Cimsos in pcffson.
ib. Makes peace with Orodes, 496. Writes tragediea and eibcr
pieces in Greek, ib.
ArtavMieit anally loAnt(uir,T.461. Wbjr ha wiAdfew RomBD camp, 463.
Artasat king of Annmia, iii. 373.
^Artasata, buUtbj the advice of Annibal, iii. 378. 373.
Artaxerxes, Bon of Xerxes, suroamed ' Longiraanus,' vL 11*. His character, \15.
Aetaxexxbs II. BurnQmed 'Mnemoo,' vi. 114. Sob of Dviui and ParyKitii the daughter of Arlaxerxes Longiinamia, U>. Hu (hree brolherB, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres, ib. Of a nnW diapoeition, the very reverie of his brother Cyrus, 115. Utfna Statira, and with much difficulty keeps her, whea tbe kinf M put her brother to deatli, and designed that she ihouJd ahara hk fate, ib. His molher has the greater affection for CyrtM, avdil desirous of raiiting him to the throne, 116. Tl>a j>reMao* iIm makes use of for that purpose, ib. Darius appnint* taia cUaB son liis successor notwithitanding, and changes hU imhm ftvoi Areaces to Artaxerxes, ib. Cyrus reeoives to ataaastnat* Aita- xerxes, when that prince goes to Fasargadx, to be conwcnlcd king.ii. 117. The ceremonies of tile consecration, I1&, Tlw conspiracy is discovered to the king by Tisaphernes ; but Cynii escapes vrith impunity, through the intercesGioa of tb« qoMn- mother, and continues to aspire to the sovereignty, 117. CjfRU enlists foreign troops under various pretence*, 117. Vuya^th always endeavours to exculpate him, ib. Artaxerxaa pf k dila* tory turn of mind, 1 18. Other particulars of his cluiractar, ilL Some i)i his sayings, A. 11^. He admits his broibers ftniaaii and Oxathres to his table, contrary to the custom of Peraa, II9. The queen Slatini bebavcs in a popuW Dtanner, ib, Cyim marches against tbe king his brother, with a bundred thMsaaDi barharians, and nearly thirteen thousantl Greeks, 19CX Tin- pfaernes informs tbe king of the real designs of Cyrus, sA, 1 reproaches Parysatia with patronizing a rebel; EU>d Pbj resolves to destroy Sialira, ii. Artaxcncs draws a vast liawili along the plains, out Cyras is sai&red to pass it, and lo aaanb almost to Babylon, 121. Tiribazus rouses the king to acti«S, A The king brings nine hundred thousand men into the field tmd draws them up judiciously, ib. 122. The battle tS Cuaaxa, tb. Engagement of Cyrus with Artaxerxes, 124, 13o. The ha ha viourof Artaxerxes on the death of Cyrus, 137.12a HodrMt some bad water with avidity, 127. 'Ine right-hand and tbe htad of Cyrus ore cut otT, 128. The king collects a coniderahle bvd^ of men, and returns to his camp, ib, Sontetbing of a» analogy between tbe punishments which the king infficttd, and ihacruaa, 129. He is antbilious of hating it belietod, that Cyrua i«U by hia band, ik. The poor Carian and .Milhridutes the Panian. who are his competitors for that honour, come to a niaerable and, 130. Psrysads indulges her vengeance upon tbetn, and oa ibeeuDucIswhocut ofi'Cyru*' head and ri^ht-hHiid, ili. Hitbri- diles sufiers the cruel paniihment of 'the boat,' ISf. Arta- xervcp, contrary to his promise, puts Clcarclius, and the other
INDEX. SOS
Qi^ciaii olBken to death, 1S4. Paryvatis poitons the queen Statira, 135. Artaxerxes puniihes Gigis, woo was an accessary to the iniirthar» after the manner that prisoners were punished in Persia; but only confines his mother to the city of mbylon, 1S6. The Ten thousand Greeks make good their retreat out of the heart of the enemy's country, t& The Lacedsemonkms attempt to deliver the Asiatic Greeks from servitude^ and fisil in the first tf^ expaditiens s but eucceed under Agisilaus, ib. 137. Artaxerxes, by his money, stirs up a Grecian war against Lace- daemon, 137. Agesilaus is called to the defimce of his own country, H^ Artaxerxea guns the sea*figbt near Cnidus, by Conon and Fhamabazus, 138, The peace of Antalcidas follows, which makes the Asiatic Greeks, andf the islands reckoned among
. their dependencies, tributary to the Persian, ii. The king pays great attention to Antalcidas ; but after the Spartans had lest the battle of Leuctra, treats him with contempt, ii« )99. Felopidaa keeps up his dignity at the Persian court, while Ismeoias dis- honours his Qommisaioot 1S9. The king makes rich presents to Timagoras the Athenian, who is aftarwavd capitally condemned by his countrymen for having received them, 140* Parysatis is recalled by the king, ib.. At her instigation he puts Tisaphemes %o deatb» H^ She cherishes his passion for his own daughter Atossa, 141. He marries Atossa, and also another of his own daughters named Amestris, ib. Sends Phamahazua and Iphi-
. crifdes agami the Egyptians; but the expedition miscarries l^ the difierence between tne generals, ib. 142. Marches in person
. afatnsi the Cadusians, H2* His numerous army is greatly distressed for want of provisions, ib. Tiribazus extricates them from the di£Bculty by a stratagem, H. Artaxerxea shomrs himself
. very patient of fatigue, 143. On his arrival in his own dominions, he permits his troops to fell the trees of his parka for fuel| ib. Thinks himself despised by his graadees for his ill success in the expedition, and becomes cruel and sanguinary, 144* His sons make parties for the crown, ib. The eouitable part of his subjects favour Dariusy the eM«it soa^ hut Ochus hopes to gain the crown, through the interest of Atossa, ib. Artaxerxea declares Dariaa his successor, ik The heir apparent^ according to cus- tom, being to bo granted his first request* he asks for Aspasia, late the concubine of Cyrus, i^ 145. The king gives her> but soon afterward takes her away, and consecrates her to Diana Anitis» ib. 146. Darius is highly offended at the affront, 146. Ticibaaoa* whom the king had disappointed of one of tlie prin- <:es3es, WMales Darius to conspire against his &ther, ii. 147. Afftaxerxet receives inteiUganoe^ that tbe conspirators design to enter hia chamber in the night, and kill him in Us had, 147. Tho pnideot sseihod wUeb he adopted to he convinced of the truth, and for his own safety, ib. 148. Tirihazus falls fighting
• in hia own defesiee. 148. Darius is tried for tlie oonspiracy^ oendemoed, and put t» death, ib. Artaxerxes dies, at the age of ninety-four^ havinff reigned sixty years, 150.
ArtemidoruSy a Greek, his services to LucuUus, iii. 347*
II tvritlng of A
30t INDEX.
Ariemidorvs, the Cnidian, gives Cfesar a conspifBcy against him, iv, 433.
Artcmuia, queen o)' Hall cam assus, takes up the body of Ariaibtifli brother of Xerxes, i. 334..
-\ Artemisium, sea-fight of, ii. 112.
Artemiiim, mouth of, iv. 261.
Ariemim, of Colophon, Alexander's speech to him, iv. 318.
Ariemon, engineer to Pericles, why called ' Periphorettis,' ii. 41,
Arthmias, the Zelite, declared infamous for attempting to coAut the Greeks with Persian gold, i. 330.
Arloriut in a vision advises Octavianus to quit the camp, vi. 96.
Arts, compared to the senses, v. 3C2,
\Ar\'erni, a people of Gaul, iv. 389, Defeated by Cicsar, 390.
Antns, son of Tarquin, flghts Brutus, and both fall id tbe eonbtt i. 282.
— , son of Porsenno, i. 297.
, a Tuscan, persuades the GauU to invade Italy, i. 379.
Arybas, son of Alcetas, and father of ^aeides, iii. 66.
Ari/mbas, brother of Olympias, iv. 210.
As, a small coin, i. 377.
Asiolomeni, who, iii. 29.5.
Asadis, kjn^ of Mauritania, expelled, iv. 12. Assisted by Cilician pirates, ii.
Ascatiiiu, son of ^ueas, j. 50.
Asdepiades, brings the first account of Alexander's death Athens, v. 26.
Aidvukal, and Hamilcar, Carthaginian generals, sent into Sicily, ii. 261.
Arymim, Tstanda, a Persian word, iv. 267, n.
\Asia, opprCBBed by Sylia, iii. 266. Mithridates' massacrw' Romans there, ib,
Asia, youngest daughter of Theuiistocles, i. 358.
Asialicits, one of Galba's freedoien, vi. 231.
/fiiafiV style, V. +27.
Asinaria, a feast of the Syraciuana, iii. 443.
•f Asirtanu, river, iii. 441.
Aiinius Pollio, his account of the battle of Pharsalia, iv. 319, tends Cffisar in Africa, 418. A friend of Cssar's, v. lOS.
, a friend of Antonj, v. 434.
Asopiis, father of Sinope, iii. 360.
Asp, its bite occasions an easy death, v. 49.?.
Amtsia, Pericles accused of making war on the Samians at her mstigation, ii. 36. A native of Miletus, ib. Skilled in rhe- loric, ib. Socrates one of her visitors, 37. Periclen marries her, and has a son by her, ib. She is accused of impiety, and of being procuress to Pericles, and with difficulty soved by tliat great man, 48, 49. — , of Phoctea, concubine to Cyrus, ii. 38. Her name ori- ginally Milto, ib. Made priestess to Diana Anitts, vi. 145, 146'
Aspetoc, Achilles so called lu Epirus, iii 66.
Asphaliut. See Neptune.
.cily,
I
INDEX. 305
/Ispis, the citadel of Argos, v. 173. Why so called, iii. 113, «.
AsSy kicks a lion to death, iv. 348.
t Assus, river, iii. 254.
Asteria^ of Salamis, one of Cimon's mistresses, iii. 299.
Aster opusy the first that raised the power of Ephori, v. 164.
Asiyanaxy vi. 77.
Asti/ochusy the double part he acts between Phrynichus and Alcl- biades, ii. 150.
Astyphilasy the Posidonian, interprets Cimon's dream, iii. 320.
Assi/rianSy iii. 363.
Ast/lceiiSy his temple made a place of refuge by Romulus and Re- mus, i. 61.
Atargatasy a Syrian goddess, treasures of her temple, iii. 472, n.
AteitiSy his imprecations, as tribune, against Crassus, iii. 470.
f AlhamanianSy iii. 50. iv. 210.
Aiheisty Theodorus called one, v. 44.
AthencBay feast so called, enlarged by Theseus, and made common to all Attica, i. 29, n. See Panathenaa.
Athcnceumy a temple of Minerva near Belbina, v. 158.
f Atheniansy pay tribute to Minos, i. 15. Apply themselves at a late period to navigation, 19, n. Celebrate the Oschophoria in Plutarch's time, 25. Divided into three classes by Th^eus, SO. War between them and the Amazons, i. 32. Rebel against Theseus, 41 . Commanded by the oracle to bring his bones to Athens, 45. I'ay divine honours to Theseus after his death, 46. Make a law against mentioning the recovery of Salamis, 227. Solon gets that law repealed by stratagem, ib. Allow Pisistratus a guard, 265. Their victory at Salamis, 334, 335. They reject a very advantageous proposal (the burning of the fleet of the allies) because it is unjust, 341. Six hundred of them colonize Sinope, ii. 33. Under Pericles they beat the La- cedaemonians, 34. Their war with Samos, 39. Some of thena branded in the forehead by the Samians, 40. Forbid the Mega* rensians their territories, 46. Their small number afler the plague, 57. Beaten by Lysander, iii. 199. Under Thirty Ty- rants, 206. Delivered from their yoke, 214. Recover the Cad- mea for the Thebans, iv. 99, 100. The care they took of their poor, ii. 489. Their humanity, 490. The three things they taught men the use of, iii. 307. Jealous of men of parts, 405. Their eagerness for the Sicilian expedition, and great designs in consequence of it, ii. 136. Their armies and generals ruined in Sicily, iii. 438, 441. Some of their men saved for repeating a few verses from Euripides, 444. They declare war against Philip of Macedon, v. 19. Receive a Macedonian garrison into Mu- nychia, 33. Their servility to Antigonus and Demetrius, 372. Their ingratitude to Demetrius, 394, 413.
f Athcnsy rebuilt by Themistocles, afler it was burnt by Xerxes, i. 340. Beautified by Pericles, ii. 22. The plague there, 53. The famine, iii. 249. v. 39S. Beseiged and taken by Sylla, iii. 247, 250. It's good men the best, and it*sbad men the worst in the world, vi. 53.
VOL VI, X
306 INDEX.
Athenian connnonfrealth, sra of its establiibment, i. 2, n. Alhenodfi-auhe acior, iv. 285. Victorious in Alexand. , lion, fined for being absent on the fe^tivd of Bacchus, i6.
- the Imbrian, released by Alexander, at tlie teqimtai
I'huc
, V. 23.
- the Etoic philosopher, brought by Caio to Etofne^H
1
Alhtiiophaaes, one of Alexander's servants, iv. 296.
t Atkesit, river, iii, 143.
Athtettta, their discipline inconsistent n-jth iliat of •eldiers fl
Their five exerciaei and voracious appetite, vi. 1 54, ft. .
Aihletic exercises, not admired by Philopcemen, iii. 5. Nor b^i^
auder the Great, iv. 2*j. Atlantic Islnnd, a work of Solon's led unSniahed, i. 258. Ptalilfr
tempts the eatne, but does not finish it, 26S.
f islands, tv. 1 1.
I ■ — — ocean, iv. 11,
Alosia, daughter, and wife to Artaxerxes, vL HI, Vuon
Ochus, IW. Atrcus,\.298. f Attali/i, iv. 223. Attalui, king, assisU Plaraioins in his operations in Greece, w, Kk.
Dies, ib.
, uncle 10 Cleopatra, wife of Philip of Macedon, iv, 25&
— < Philomeior, leaves his kingdom to the people of Boot^ t.
21S, Sli, and n. Amuses himself »' it b piaiitiog poisononi be^
sei.
Attia, mother of Augustus, v. 348.
Attic boroughs, incorporation of, a:rn of, i. 2, n.
Attica, llie people of it coUecled into one city by Tlieseuf, i. 21
Oil the principal commodity, 2,54'. AHellim, advises Brutus not to give battle to Augustus, vi. 93. Atlilio, daughter of Soranus, and wife of Cato the Youamer^
Is divorced, 73. *^
Alliliat Vcrgiiio, gives the signal for tilling Galba, vi. 238. Atlis, two of that name, iv. 2. Altim ruUui,v.2X.
Ati/i, i. no.
Avarice, it's effects, r. \Hi.
f Avantine, Mount, i, 62, M. v. 238.
Aufidita, aflauerer of Sylla, iii. 277.
' , conspires against Sertorius, iv. 34.
Augurs, their ceremonies, i. 176- Their power, ii. 28S^fl
Aiiguriet' See Oment. ■
Auguttut Canar, Antooy at first despises his youth, v. 4tQ. He collects Ca»ar's veterans, :34'7. Associates with Cicero, MO. vi.77. i'orms the triumvirate wiih Antony and Lepidus, T.MS. vi. 83. Agrees to a list of two hundred proscriptions, v, 443. vi. 82. Marries Claudia, the daughter of Fulvia, v. 443. De- feated bv Brutus at I'hilippi, 4-44. The western proriacec ■•- signed fiim, 454. ilis ansner to .'Antony's coDiplniiit^ ^fS.
lUeseUf, 1.2S. ^s, vi. 93.
J
Index. so?
DBclares war against Cleopatra, 483. Commands tlie right squadron against Antony at Actium, 487. In consequence of an omen, erects the statues of a man and his ass, 488« Enters Alexandria, 501* Endeavours to save Cleopatra for his triumph, 503. But is at last obliged to carry only her effigy^ 507* Buries her magnificently with Antony^ tb, Iiis arrival at Rome upoB the death of Julius Caesar* vi. 76. Is chosen consid at the 9fS^ of twenty, 81. Prosecutes Brutus and Cassius for the murder of Caesar, ib. Musters his army, 92. Is conveyed out of the camp, 96. His fleet beaten by that of Brutus, 101.
Augitst, month of, so called from Augustus Csesar, i. 201.
fAuliSf iv. 76.
Allium Gabiniusy a friend of Pompey*s, v. 83.
Pompeius, the tribune, his sudden death, iii. HI.
Aura^ or Abra, servant maid to Pompeia Csesar's wife^ iv, 369* V. 327.
Aurelia^ Caesar's mother, iv. 364, 366.
AureUuSy Caius, a Roman Knight, reconciles Pompey and Crassus, iv. 151.
, Quintus, proscribed by Sylla for the sake of his Alban villa, iii. 277.
AuiarctuSy brother-in-law to Xerxes, his three children sacrificed in a barbarous and superstitious manner by the Greeks, i. 332^ 333.
AutocthoneSf why the first inhabitants of Attica called themselves sOy i. 4. n.
Autoleon^ king of Pseonia, gives his daughter to Pyrrhus, iii. 76.
Autolj^cus the wrestler, afironts Callibus, iiL 206. For which the Thirty Tvrants destroyed him, 207.
, founder of Smope, iii. 859.
f Auximumy iv. 132.
AxiochtiSf father of Aspasia, ii. 36.
Axitis, or rather Accius^ supposed to have had a criminal commerce with the wife of Crassus, v. 323.
t , river, v. 408.
AxoneSf tables on which Solon wrote hb laws, i. Q55*
B.
' BABYCE, i. 120. ii. 362.
- ' Babylon^ the soil about it bituminous and hot, the climate also
very hot, iv. 297. f Babylonian sea, iii. 364. Bacchiadce^ who had long governed in Corinth, when they retired
to Lacedsemon seemed despicable to the Spartans on account of
their being shaved, iii. 188. Bacchides the eunuch, employed by Mithridates to kill his wives
and sisters, iii. 851 . Bacchusy washed when an infant in the fountain of Ciss^sa, or Til-
physa, iii. 224. Marries Ariadne, u 23. Sumamed Omestes,
X 2
308 INDEX.
or * the Demurer/ i. 332. Statue of Bacchus carriecT in procef^
sion to Eleusis, ii. 164. Called Evius and Thriamboi, 48(.
Avenger of Thebes, the place of his nativity, iv. 258, and i»
Son of the Bona Dea, 366, 367. Antony imitates him, v.4H
447. Nicias manumits a slave for personating him, in, Ml. BacchylideSy i. 172. Verses of hi6 on peace, 203. Bachetorsy law against them, i. 133^ Perfectly ridiculoni bek|»
in Sparta, ih, Bdctrian cavalry, iv. 291. BabitiSy Marcus, i. 207. t BcBtisy river, ii. 506.
Bagoas, his house given to Parmenio, iv. 803. ■ wins the prize in a public exhibition, iv. 34- !.
Balbus Cornelius, See Cornelius, Balinusy iv. 215. -fBalissus, river, iii. 480. Balloty the Spartans chose members into their societies of rcpat
by it, i. 129. Ballots on some occasions taken from the altar, ii. 49, n. BallCy the nymph, said to be mother of Epimenidfes, i. 233. Band, sacred band of the Thcbans, iL 359, 362, iv. 251, Bandiusy Lucius, ii. 400, 401'. fBantiay city of, ii. 433. Barathrum, ii. 449. Barbery Caesar's, discovers a plot against him at Alexandria, iv.
414. Barber*s shop at Athens, the first news of the defeat in Sicily told
there, and near being fatal to the poor barber, iii. 445. Barca the Carthagenian, tells Annibal * he knew not how to use a
victory,* ii. 90. Barcas, Ilamilcar so surnamed, ii. 503. Bardiccansy a band of ruffians kept by Marius as his guards, iii.
T78. By whom destroyed, ib. BardtjUisy king of lllyriu, iii. 76. Barlej/y given to the Roman soldiers who misbehaved, instead of
wheat, ii. 430: Barrelsy in which the vestal virgins kept their most sacred utensils,
i. 388. Barsine, daughter of Artabazus, widow of Memnon, and mistress
to Alexander, has a son by Alexander, named Hercules iv
39, 272. BafsinCy sister to the former, given to Eumenes, iv. 39. Basilica Porcioy or the Porcian hall, built by Cato the elder, iu
518. Bacilica built by Paulus near the Forum, iv. 393. vi. 238. BasilluSy Lucius, an officer of Sylla's, iii. 244. Basiardsy not obliged to maintain their fathers, i. 251. They, and
persons of the half blood, could not perform their exercises in
the Gymnasium at Athens with the true-born Athenians, i. 311.
Law against them at Athens, ii. 57. Bastard son of Pericles registered by bis fathcr*s name as legtti-
INDEX. 80»
inaTe, l)ecau6e he had lost his other chHdren, ii. ^7- That son aRerwards condemned to die^ ib. t Bastarnce^ a warlike nation, auxiliaries to Perseus, ii. 292. Every horseman had a foot soldier by him, 295. Perseusi, by his avarice, loses their assistance, ib. BatabaceSy priest 'Of Cybele, what he foretells the Romans, iii. 14L BataiuSf Demosthenes so called, v. 254.
I , a poet and musician of that name, v. 254. + BatavianSf their cavalry the best in Germany, vi. 256. Bathing how practised among the Romans. See Decency, BathydeSj a sculptor, i. 223. Bato of Sinope, v. 147.
Battle^ of the Romans and Sabines, i. 76, 79, 80. Of the Ama- zons and Athenians, 34. Of Marathon, ii. 452. Of Leuctra, .368, 369, iv. 105. Of Piatcae, ii. 473—478. Of Mantinea, iii. 13, 14. iv. 116. Oflpsus, iii. 69, v. 393. OfSalamis, i. 333, el seq. Of Allia, i. 383. Of Chacronea, iii. 256, iv. 91. v. 273. Of Coronea, ii. 32. Of Pharsalia, iv. 214—219. Of Granicus, 261—263. Of Issus, 270. Of Arbela, 293, 294. Of Alexan- -der with Porus, 33Q, 331. Of Philippi, vi. 95—98. Of Ac tlum, V. 488, 489. Of Bedriacum, vi. 255. Of Qrimesus, ii. 263—265. Of Cunaxa, v*. 122. of Cannffi, ii. .86—88. Of Artemisium, 113. Of Orchomenus, iii. 261. Of Sucro, iv. 26, 146. Of Selasia, iii. 7, 8. v. 184. Of Trebia, ii. 65. Of Tegyrae, 361. Of Thrasymenus, 67. Of Tanagra, iii. 318. Of Jimoleon with the Carthaginians, see Crimesus, Of Pyrrhus with the Romans, iii. 88, 95, 102.— With the Carthaginians, 98. — Mamextines, 99, 101. — Pantauchus, 74. In Argos, 115. Of Philopoemen with Machanidas, iii. 13, 14. — With DiDOcrates, 25. — With Nabis, 19. Of Archidamus with the Arcadians, commonly called ^ the tearless bat tbt,' iv. 114; Of PorseDaa with the Romans, i. 295. Of Quintius with the Macedonians, near the Apsus, iii. 35, 36. Of the Romans with Philip at Cynosccphalae, 39, 40. Of Sertorius with Memroius, Pompe/s lieutenant, iv. 28. Of Sylla with Telesinus and Lamponius, iii. 273. — With Marius the younger, 272. Of Marius with the Ambrones, 144. — With the Teutones, 146.— With the Cimbri, 152. Of Crassus with the Parthians, 481 — 4^. Of Antony with the Parthians, v. 463 — 473. Of Lucullus with Tigrase^, iii. 367. Of Nicias with the Syracusans, iiu 437. Beards, why Alexander .ordered those of the Macedonians to be
shaved, i. 7. Beasts^ .three most qiischievous ones, y. 28^ Bcckmann^ i. 18, Ji. Bedriacum^ vi. 252, 255.
Bees^ stocks of them, by Solon's law at what distance to be placed by the Athenians from their neighbours', i. 254. Bred from ^ead oxen, v. 197* Omens from swarms of bees. See Omcnt and Prodigies, Beetles bred from dead asses, iv. 197. ^Ulceus provides a ship for Marius in his distress, iii. 171a t Belbina, ?. 158.
310 INDEX,
t Bclgee conquered by Casar, iv. 381. Belitaroi, said to have provided the poison for Stattm,
Artaxerxes, fi. 135. BelUnus, the prator seized by pirates, iv. 154. Jiellona, ill 243, 270.
Belurit, secretary to ArUxerxea Mnemon, vJ. 199. Behis, his temple, iv, 26". Bi.-renicc, wife of Ptolemy, gives Antigone, her daughter by a fiv>
raer husband, to Pyirhus, iii. 70- -one of the wives of MilhtidatPS, iii- 351. Takes fKriM^
but not enough to dispatch her, and is strangled, 352. t Bfrenicis, a city built by Pyrrhua, iii. ''■i. t Bfraa, iv, 206. t Bcrytas, v. 4-75.
lietsus, his treason Bgainst Darius, iv, ^07. nnd punislimeiitt 309, Beslia, an officer of good family, but without capacity for war.B.
129.
, the tribune, v, 317, Bias, the wise man, i. 223. Bibtiltts, Calpumius, Cssar's collegue in the consulship, tv, Uk
185, 372, 373. ■
— -, Cato's Boo-in-law. v. 73, 74.
— ■■ , son of Bibulus and Porcia, vi. 68.
Bum, i. S3.
Billiiii, Caius, v. 220.
Bircenna, daughter of Bardyllis, king of Illyria, and wife of
iii, 76. + BisalUr in Thraeo, colonised by the AtlieDiaos, + Biianlkc, ii. 167.
t Bithynia, \. 3». ii- 157. iii. 246. vi. 74. BHki/t, Demetrius' general, beats Aratus, vi- 18 Biton and Gleobis, preferred in point of happiness, bv
Crasus, i- 261. i rr j
Blood, that of a bull accounted poisonous, i. 357- Biotfiw, the philosopher, v. 207, 218. Resolutely (leclares to the
patricians, that he would have done whatever Tiberius Gracchui
ordered him, 221- Kills himself, ib. Boat, a dreadful kind of punishment among the Persiutid, vi, ij]. BocchorU, his verdict called in question by l.amia, v. 391. Bacchus, king of Upper Numidia, or Mauritania, Jugurtha's father- ', betrays him to Sylla, iii. 130, 131, 233. Presents Sylla
in-law, irithr
lagoificent figures, representing that peace of history, igl, Revives the quarrel between Marius and Sylla, 161. SSS
e quarrel between Marius and Sylla, — , king of Lybin, in Antony's army, v. 481, Doedromia, an Athenian feast, i, 34. Biedi-omion, month of, i. 34, v. 33. Beentarehts, or annual governors of Bccotio, ii. 268. t Baotia, Lysander'a expedition against it, iii. 223. EpsmraooX
calls its fields the orchestra of Mars, ii. 421, 422. Dcetiaut have the sole right of sacri&ung at Aulie, and therefore
insult AgcsilBus for attempting il, iv. 77. Boiorix, king of the Cimbri, iii. 151.
i
lODOM
rtfore
J
INDEX. Sll
t Bola, 11. 209.
f Bombj^ce, v. 461.
JBona Dea^ the goddess so called, iv. 366.
f Bononia^ v. 850.
f Bosporus^ Cimmerian, i. 34. iii. 246*
^ Bottueans^ a people of Thrace, i. 16.
Bottomrt/y ii. 52:5.
Boucation^ one of the Theban months, ii. 370.
BrachyUelis^ a Theban, friend to Ph lip of MacedoD, ill. 38.
Brnsidas opposed the peace o^ Greece for the sake of displaying
his own braverv, iii. 410. Slain in the battle near Amphipolis, ib, f Brauron^ a borough of Attica, i. 230.
Brasen shield falls from heaven into the hands of Nuraa, i. 189. Brennuf^ king of the Gauls, his bold answer to the Roman embas*
sadors, i. 380. He marches to Rome, 381. Defeats the Romans^
383. This event little known in Greece, 389. He besieges the
Capitol, 390. Agrees to march off for a stipulated sura, but adds
his sword to the weights, 397. He withdraws his troops on the
approach of Caniillus, 398. BriareuSy Archimedes compared to him, ii. 413* Bribery, at Rome, ii. 190, 191. iv. 180, 194, «• Wlien it began
at Athens, ii. 191. Bridge over the Rhine built by Csesar in ten days, iv. 385. Stibliciany or wooden bridge at Rome esteemed sacred, i.
182. When built, ib. Bribes, servants and sutlers to Brutus' army, vi. 99. f Britain, Cxsar's two expeditions into it, iv. 386. It's existence
doubted amongst the Romans, ib. f Brixdlum, vL 249. Broth, black, of the Lacedsomonians, i. 129. What gave it it*$
chief relish, ib. Brothers, union, a rare thing among them, ii. 286. f Brundusium, iv. 206u t Brutii, ii. 96, 251. Bruiius Sura, deputy governor of Macedon, drives Arcbdaus out
of Greece, iii. 246. Bruiiis, Lucius Junius, puts on the appearance of an idiot, i. 272, n.
Expels the Tarquins, vi. 56, Condemns his own sons, and
attends the execution, i. 278. How represented in bis statue,
vi. 56.
, Junius, the first tribune of the people, ii. 181. — — , the praetor, sent by the senate to Sylla, iii. 243.
-, one of Carbo's generals, iv. 132. 1 , the father of Marcus Brutus, defends Mutina against
Pompey, iv. 143. Surrenders it, and Pompey, by a breach of
faith puts him to death, ib. , Albinus, in the conspiracy against Caesar, iv. 432. Laughs
at augury, and draws Cxsar out on the ides of March, ib. 433.
Is put to death, vi. 82. Brutus, Marcus, his great ancestor was Junius Brutus, who ex- pelled the Tarquins, vi. 56. Happily formed to virtue by nature.
112 INDEX,
and hns all the advantages nl' cultivation, tb. His mother S» vilia, 57- He roarries Porcia the daughter of C«to, 58. At- quainled with the doctrines of all tlic pbilo; opben ; but tbt I'latonisti and the Old Academy stood highest in his etleem, li. SpeaWs with f^ieat ability both in the field, aod at the bat, is, In Greek, affects the bconic stite, ib. Accompanies C*U M Cyprus, in hie expedition against Ptulemy, 59. Di&poeea of Uw prince's cHects, and curries the treasure to Rome, it. Oottt principle, joins Pompey against Csnar, though Pompcy liadntf his father to death. 60. Acts some tinie as lieutcnuot to Seam, in Sicily, but goes volunteer to Macedon, before the battle o( Pharaalla, ib. Employs tlie hours thai he could spare from At duties »f the camp, in study, ib. Cicsar bad a bif;li esteeai bt hiiQ, having some reason to believe tliat he was liis son, ii.H, Atter the battle of Pharsaiia, 13rutui^ escapes to Larasa, tai thence writes lo C»sar, who tends lor him, and cnteruina bin amongst his friends, 61, He reconciles Ca-sar to his TrieadCaMUi^ 63. ijamc account of the character of Brutus, it. CtBUilf-
Saints him governor of Cisnlpnc Gaul. ji. Dissension betvKO rutus and L'u£siuE, though Cossius had married his sister Judm, 6S. Brutus gains a more honourBblc prietorship than Casuut,4 Casslus is ulTended, and represents Ctesar lo Drutus as a tynnt, ib. Ctcsar has his suspicions, yet trusts lo the honour of BrutSi ib. tijayingsof CiCEar concerning him, ili. 64. Uruius hated ttie imperial power, and Cnssius hated the emperor, 64'. Brutus il animated to take oiF Cssar, by private intimalioas and taot^ mous letters, 65. Cassius informs Brutus, that the frieitd* tt Cesar intended to move that he should be declared iiiag, (&. What Brutus said upon it, ib. He visits Q. Ligarius, who offen to join in the design against Ctcsar, 66. They take ii> others o{ their friends, but except Cicero, on account of bis timidity, li. The great secrecy, with which the design was conducted, 67- Brutus becomes Dens ive and full uf anviety, ib. The greatn^ of Porcia's conduct upon thai occasion, 68. Her addreat t» Brutus, ib. The senate assemble on the ides of March in Pom- pcy's basilica, the day that Brutus and liis associates had pitched upon for the execution of their purpose, ib. 69. He lakes a dagger with him ; a circumstance knowu only lo his wife^ ib. "Yhe great firmness of tlie contpiratorv OD that occosioo, ii. Cffisar delays his coming, ib. Ambiguous expressions to sooie of the friends of liberty, which make them think iheir secret is discovered, 70. The agonies of Porcia, ib. Pupiliua Lirm* addresses Cesar, and the conspirators are afraid that he is open- ing their design, li. 71- The conspirators get close about CiEsar's chair, under pretence of presenting a suit to him, 71. The pro* cess of their great undertaking, ib. Casar is slain, 72. Brutus, in altempting to have his share in the sacrilice, it nounded tu the hand, ib. Proposes to make a speech, but the senators fly, it. Prevents the taking off Mark Antony, Cintrary to the opiniOD of hi* associates, ib. He and bis party betake themselves to tbc Capitol, ib. They proclaim liberty Co the peo^e as ifa^ pwiS H'
1
INDEX. SIS
Afler the first alarm is over, the senators and the people go in a body to the conspirators in the Capitol, 73. Brutus* speech it well received, and he and his party come down into the Forum, f^. Brutus is heard there with reverence ; but Cinna, attempting to accuse Cssar, is loaded with the most opprobrious language, t^. The conspirators retire once more into the Ca- pitol, to. The senate assemble the day following, and an aro« nesty is decreed, ib, Antony sends his son to tlic Capitol as a hostage, ib, Brutus and his associates come down, and there is an appearance of a general reconciliation, ib. Antony has the thanks of the senate fur preventing a civil war, and the principal of the conspirators have provinces assigned them, ib. 74. Brutus tommits a second and greater error, in permitting Antony to publish Caesar's will, and to give him a public funeral, 74. The people snatch brands from the pile, and run to fire the houses of the conspirators, ib, 75. Cinna the poet is mistaken for Cinna the conspirator, and torn in pieces by the mob, 75. Brutus and his party retire to Antium ; but the shows with which he was to entertain the people, as prsetor, are exhibited with great roagni« ficence, ib. 76. Octavius comes to Rome, assumes the name of Csesar, and greatly ingratiates himself with the people, 76. Ci« cero joins him, ib, Brutus' spirited letters to Cicero on that junction, ib, 77. Brutus resolves to leave Italy, 77. The affect- ing circumstances of Porcia's parting with him at Elea, ib. 78. He sails from Elea to Athens, 78. He attends the lectures of the philosophers there ; but privately prepares for war, f^. Sends Herostratus into Macedon, while he secures the young Romans that were in Athens, and among the rest the son of Cicero, ib. Goes to Carystus, a city of Euboca, were a friend of bis was arrived from Asia with some ships laden with money, ib* Lets fall an ominous expression at an entertainment on his birth-day, ib, 79. Antistius gives him five hundred thousand drachmas of the money he was carrying to Italy, 79. He collects forces, ib. At Demetrias, seizes the arms which Julius Cossar intended for the Parthian war, ib. Macedon is delivered up to him by Hor- tensius the Praetor, ib. He makes a forced march to Dyrra- chium, in order to reach it before Caius, the brother of Mark Antony, and is seized with the disorder called * Bulimia,' ib. Makes himself master of Dyrrachium, Apollonia, and Buthrotus, and the troops that held those cities, 80. Takes Caius, the bro- ther of Anthony, prisoner, 81. Youn|; Csesar finding the senate inclined to favour Brutus, reconciles himself to Anthony, and ob- tains the consulship by force, ib. He is no sooner consul than he orders a process against Brutus and his accomplices for having murthered the first magistrate of Rome, ib. The triumvirate di- vide the provinces amongst them, and settle a list of two hundred proscriptions, Q2. Brutus and Cassius meet at Smyrna, ib. 83. Their forces very respectable, 83. Their different dispositions and views, ib. Brutus desires Cassius to let him have part pf his trcasurei and obtains a third, 81. Cassius behaves with
great severity on il Brutus, and he lay: rations againRl the a people had of death, itances, in which a X. I reivaril
INDEX. fitting or Rhodes, ib. The Lye&aii C^pm lege to the city of Xsnlbus, 85. Bit gofr nthians, and ihe paBsJonnte dean^mt b. Brutus weeps at the afTecting circnh nhian woman was found, 86. Prod^n who could save a Xanthinn, id. Btinp
the Patareans and other* to surrender, by diKrutesing Mm Romea without ransom, and other instances of justioe and nwAt- ration, i6. Raises only a hundred and fifty tolitnts in Lydi, while Cassiu^ amasses eight thousand at Rhodes, 87. Theodgtiii, who nd'istd the muriher of Potnpey the Grear, f&lls into the hands of Brutus, and is put to dealh, ib. SB, Drutus and Cmhm meet at Sardis, and fall into debates and mutual accusations, "fiS. Favonius puts an end to those disputes by an act of cyaksl freedom, ib. Cassius blames Brutus for disgracing Luciui Pella, on account of his embezzling the public mooey, and Brutus puts him in mind of ' the ides of March,' 69. A little before they Icfl Asia, Brutus has an extraordinary apparition, 90L ('ossius, who was oa Epicurean, disputes the reality of apparilbiis, ib. 91. Omen of their defeat at I'hilippi, 91. Brutiu cones tipon Norbanes near Symbotum. and must have destroyed his whole army bad not Antony with incredible celerity marched to his relief, ib. Circumstances previous to the battle of Philippi, H2. Cassius inclined lo protract ilie war, but over-ruled by Brutus, 9'1. Cassius asks Brutus, what his resolution is con- cerning flight and death, 94-. Brutus' anstrer.iA. The hirille ■escribed, 95,96. Brutus is victorious in the right wing, and
CussiuH defeated io the left, !
The V
knowing ir
lime the circumstances of each other proves the ruin of l>otfa, 97. Cassius, in consequence of an unfortunate mistake, orders liis freednan Pindarus to despatch him, 98. Brutus laments over Cassius, and calls him the last of the Romans, 99. Encuurwct ('assius' troops, ii. The enemy's lots greatly exceeds his, ib. Demetrius, a servant of Cassius, goes over to Antony, with his Master's robe and sword, iti. The reason why Brutus resolves to avoid another battle, ib. A bicraiab in the character of Brutus, that he promises his troops, in case of victory, the plunder of the cities of Lacedsmon and "Thessalonica, 100. The aifairs of Cic- sar and Antony in an indifferent posture, 101. An unfortunate circumstance to Cruius, that he does not gel intelligence of the victory gained by his fleet, 102. The spectre appears to him again, ib. Omens announce his fall, ib. 105. Brutus routs the enemy's left wing : but his own left wing, at (he same time, is defeated and he is surrounded, 103. The valour ami glorious death of Marcus the son of Cuto, l(H. Luctiius passes iiimsc If for Brutus, and is taken prisoner, ii. Brutus, attended by n few of his officers and hts friends, stops under thu cavity of a large rock, 1U5. Appeals to Heaven, r'A, Si^hs deeply at the mention of llavius and Labeo, ib. Statiliiis iindcTtiikes to make his way tlirough the enemy, to see whether the tamp of Brutus was safe.
i.
1
INDEX. 815
106. Holds up A torcfay being the signal he had promrsed, but was slain in his return, ib. Brutus desires several of his friends to assist in despatching him, and is refused, ib. His last address to his friends, ib. He falls upon his sword, 107. His friends behave with great honour, ib. His wife Porcia, being prevent from any olher kind of. death, puts burning coals into her mouth, and dies, ib. 108, He receives an honourable interment from his enemy Antony, 111. What passed between Octavius and the MU lanese, with regard to the statue of Brutus, f6. 112.
Bnbulci, numbered by Plutarch among the Roman surnames, t. 287.
f Bucenphalia^ iv, 332.
Bucephalus^ Alexander's celebrated horse, how managed by him and obtained, iv. 246, 247. His age, 332.
Bulimia^ a distemper in which persons are extremely hungry, vl« 79.
BuU^ of Marathon, overcome by Theseus, and sacrificed to Apollo Delphinius, i. 14, 15.
Bull and wolf in brass at Argos, emblematical, iii. 114. Of brass, upon which the Cimbri laid their hands in the solenmity of ati oath, 149.
■ sacrificed to the Euphrates, by Lucullus, iii. 861*
Bulia^ a Roman ornament for children, i. 83.
Burials^m what manner regulated by Lycurgus, i. 153.
Buried alive, two Greeks and two Gauls, by the Romans, in com- pliance with the Sybilline prophecies, ii. 392.
BunriSf king of -/Egypt, sacrificed by Hercules, i. 12.
Buskin^ Theramenes so called for his versatility, iii. 399.
Butasy Gate's freedman, v. 120. ■ , the poet, i. 86.
BtUesj general of the Persians, being beseiged by Cimon, bums himself, iii. 302.
t ButhrottUy vi. 80.
■f Byzantium^ recovered by Alcibiades, li. 160. Saved by Pho- cion, V. 18.
C.
CABIRI, country of the Cabin, iii. 345, 846.
Cabirif the c/rt magni^ or Samothracian ^ods, iii. 343, «. 345, n, ii.
316, ft. Their temple plundered by pirates, iv. 153. Caddo&y what, L 129. t Cadmeoy the citadel of Thebes so called, iv. 99. Most unjustly
surprised by Phoebidas the Lacediemonian, ib. Cadmia^ sister of Neoptolemus, iii. 71. Cadmus J iii. 256.
Caduceusy ^Icrcury's rod, carried by a herald, v. 239, ft. f Cadudans^ vi, 124, 142. CteciaSy the wind so caliled, iv. 23. CaciliOf mother of LucuUus, iii. 325.
3i« INDEX.
Cecilia MeUUa, daughter of MetelluB, the chief pontiff, wrft rf | Sylla, lii. 239i and mother la Emilia by Scaurus her roroierhc baiid, 2711. iv- 134. Dies, ill. '^Vy.
Caciliiis Metelltu, son of Metellua Numidicus, iii. 123. Deilkl the picture of Flora in the temple of Castor and Pollux, iv. U Desired by tlie array to take the conimand in Rome against U riusand Ciona, but refuses, iiL 175.
Cxcilius, Ihe rhetorician, v. 252.
. , aa emancipated slave, v. 300.
, or rather Ccclius, the jEdile, applies to Cicero, ■ .
governor of Cilicia, for panthers, v. 337. Cicero's anstrer, (L
CiElia. See Cselia.
-J-Cenon.iT. 172.
C>/jAwiai, a musician, iii. 75.
iUepio, defeated by the Teutooes and Ciinbri,iv. 4. iiL 366.
, marries Pumpey'a daughter, who had been contr*cUdk | Faustus the son of Sylla, iv. ]»-l'.
, half brother to Cato the younger, much beloved by h 51,52. His deatli, 56.
C^SAR, CaiuB Julius, Sylla endeavours to bring him to rcpudiiU Cornelia, the daughter of Sylla, and being unable to eflectiit confiscates her dovvry, iv, S56, 857. Marius, by marrying JdUi; CfiEsar's aunt, had a family couaexion with hini, 357. Cw loses the priesthood through Sylla's means, li. Sylla *ay%, 'tbtt iu Ctesar were many Mariuses,' ih. Cxsar conceals himsdf, tt. Svlla's hlood-hounds tall in with him, ib. He bribes one Cone- lius to let him go, ib, 35S. Repairs to Nicoroedes in Bitbynii, 358. Re.ea]barus, and is taken by pirates, ib. In wh^t maaaec he lived, while among the pirates, iL Pays his ransoin, tam some vessels, takes tnose pirates, and cruciiies them, it. 359> Studies under Apollonius Molo at Kliodes, 359. Has gratt powers as an orator, ib. Accuses Dolabella and Publiua Anto* nius, 3()0. Gains a considerable interest by defending perwm impeached, and a still greater by his condescension. Mid tlie generous manner in which he livus, ib. Persons in power dis- regard him at lirst, imagining he must soon exhaust his estate, (^ Cicero seems to have been the first, who discovered in him deep and dangerous designs, ib. 361. He obtains a tribuneship in the army before his competitor Popilius, 361. Pronounces (he funeral oration of hii aunt Julia, ib., and has the hardrnesa ta bring forth the images of Marius, ib. Pronounces a funeral pa- negyric for his own wife, which (as she was a young woman) was contrary to custom, 362. Goes out questor to S|)uin with Aaiis- tiuB Veter, ib. Takes Pompcia \a bis third wife, ib. A thousand three hundred talents in debt before he got any public employ- ment, ib. Exhibits three hundred and twenty pair of gladiators, when »dilG, ib. Revives the faction of Marius, and reKiores bis images, 363. Catulus impeaches him for this, ib. The teiuiLe acquit him, ib. Metellus, the chicf-pontiS*, dies, and Cscsar stands for that high office against Isauricus and Catulus, 36*. Catului o&ra him large sums, on condition that be will c~
he will dnm liia ni*>
Jl
INDEX. 517
tensions, but he rejects them, i6. His saying to hit mother on that occasion, t5. Piso and Catulus blame Cicero for sparing Caesar in the time of Catiline's conspiracy, ib. The speech, which Cttsar made in the senate at that tmie, for a lighter panishment than death, 365. In danger of bein^ killed on that occasion, as he goes out of the senate-house, ib. During his prsctorship, while the women are celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Uea in his house, Clodius concerts an intrigue with Poropeia, ^6^ S67. Claudius is detected, 368. Ceesar divorces Pompeia, ib. His celebrated saymg thereupon, ib. Csesar has the government of the Farther Spam after his prsetorship, 369. Crassus engage* for him for debts of eight hundred and thirty talents, beforehe can leave Rome, ib. Another saying of his, on passing through a village on the Alps, 370. His concern on reading the history of Alexander the Great, ib. He reduces some of the nations of Spain, and penetrates to the ocean, ib. His civil government satisfactory to the Spaniards, though he fills his own coffers, ib* At his return he drops his triumph, because his application for that and the consulate at the same time was not consistent, 371. Reconciles Pompey and Crassus, ib, Cato alone foresees the bad consequence of that union, ib* Caesar is appointed consul with Calpumius Bibulus, 872. Procures decrees for a division of lands and distribution of com, ib. Gives his daughter Julia to Pompey, ib. Marries Calpurnia the daughter of Piso, and pro- cures the consulship for Piso for the year ensuing, ib. Bibulus, finding his opposition fruitless, and his life otten in danger, attenos the public assemblies no more, 373. Pompey fills the Forum with armed men, and Caesar has the government of Gaul decreed him for ^^e ycairs, ib. Caesar sends Cato toward prison, but does not commit him, ih. His question to Considius, and that senator's answer, ib. He gets Clodius elected tribune of the people, 374. Js the greatest general and conqueror the Romans ever had, ib. Instances of the valour of his soldiers, 375, 376. The great example he set them in that respect, 376. Has the falling sickness first at Corduba, ib. His indefatigable powers, ib. 377. An excellent horseman, 377. Not difficult in his diet, ib. Defeats the Hclvetii and Tigurini, who burned their own towns, and designed to penetrate into Italy, 378. Obliges them to settle again in the countries they hsKi quitted, 379. His war in defence of the ^dui, against Anovistus kine of the Ger- mans, ib. He puts his army in winter quarters m the coun- try of the Scquani, and repairs to Gaul on this side the Po,
381. Great numbers come to him from Rome, and he carries on a variety of state-intrigues, ib. The Belgae revolt, and he soon reduces them, ib. Marches against the Nervii, who attack him suddenly, and at first gain considerable advantage^
382. His own valour, and that of the tenth legion, restore the action, and he destroys almost all their troops, t^. 383. The senate order a thanksgiving for fifteen days, on account of this victory, 383. He crosses the Alps again, and strengthens his interest by bribery, ib. Pompey and Crassus, with a midtittide
318 INDEX, of other seaatore, wait od iiim at Lucca, i6. It is Ogree^d they Bhall be consuls the year ensuing, and l^^get CasMc's^ verotneot prolonged Tor five years more, i^. Toe Ueipetea u the Tenchteri, two German nations, renewtlie war, 384. C« kills four hundred thousand of them, 38^. The Sicaiitbri W bourthe few who escaped, aud this afTordi! Itiin a pretence u enter Germany, lA. He throws a. bridge over tlie lUiine, ij The Suevi and the Sicambrl retire into their forests, ii. Oav, after having laid waste the country with fire, relnrns to Gaul, ii I 386. His two expeditions into Britain, 386. He receive* nen of Julia's donth, ii. The people bury her in the Campus Mti- I tiuB, 387- He separates his legions for the convenience of winter-quarters, I'l/. The Gaub, under the conduct of Ambioiix, fall upon them, and cut ofl'some of his lieutenants, iS. He^ intelligence of thb, on the road to Italy, aud hastens badi to& relief of Quintus Cicero, i£. Tlie Gauls march against him, id he defeats them by Mratugem, i6. S83. Pompey lends liita tn legions, in the room of those he had lost, SSS. The Gftlbfe volt again, and, under the conduct of Vereingetorix, begin baMt lilies, ID tbe midst of a severe winter, ii. 3S0. He defttt them with his usual good fortune, 390- Tlic remainder t^ ityir army retires into Alesia, i&. He besieges them there, ii, A prodigious army comes to raise the siege, but lie pucs it 10 tbt rout, 390. The besieged surrender, and Vercingeiorix psB himself in tbe hands of the conqueror, 391. The dealo oT Crassus opens the way to the civil war between Caesar and Rw^ pey, ib. The corrupt state of Rome at that time makes tt n^ to subsist any longer as a commonwealth, 392. Pompey b 4e* clured sole consul, uid has his governments of Spain and Afrlct continued to him, ili. Cxsai applies for another consulship, and tor the continuation of his commission in Gaul, ib. The cotuuli behave to his agents with rancour, and even disfranchise the colony of Novocomum which he had lately planted, 393. After tbe considship of Alareellus, Cassor gains the new consul Pauloc, and the tribune Curio, by money, ib. fiends back the two le- gions, which Pompey had lent him, i&. These troops gire it out, that Ciesar's whole army was ready to come over to Pom- pey, i6. Pompey opposes his enemy only with speeches sod decrees, 391- Cssar's requisitions have a great appearance of Justice ; but Scipio and Leniulus carry it against him in the se* note, ib. 395. Cicero almost brings matters to a compromue, 395. But Lenlulus, in the rage of party, drives out the tri- bunes Antoiw and Curio, and tiiey fly to Ctesav in the habit of slaves, ii. Ciesar b perplesed in his deliberations on the banks of the Rubicon, 39G. He passes it, 3<)T. Takes Ariminum, ib. Komc, and the rest of Italy, arc in a great consicrnalinn, ib. Favoniua bids Pompey ■ stamp with his foot and bring his legions out of the earth,' ib. Pompey leaves Rome, and orders the senate and every friend to liberty to follow him, 398. La- bienuB goes over to Pompey, ib. Ctesar lakes Domitius in CorfiDJura, who, though pardoned by his captor, '
INDEX. 819
again to Poropey, i^. 399. Pompey retires to Brundusiom, and thence to Dyrrochium, 399. Caesar, having reduced all Italy io sixty days, repairs to Rome, ib. Takes money out o£ the pub- lic treasury, notwithstanding the opposition from Mctellus, 400. Marches into Spain, reduces Pompey 's army there, and incor- porates it with his own, ib. lleturns to Rome, and is declared dictator by the senate there, id. His acts while be holds Uiat office, which is only for eleven days, ib, 401. Declares himself consul with Serviiius Isauricuf, 401. Marches to Brunduslucn, $b. Crosses the Ionian Sea with part of his troops, ib. Takes Oricum and ApoUonia, ib. Sends back his ships, to bring over the rest of his forces, but those ships are taken by the enemy, ib. Resolves to cross the sea in a twelve-oared boat, to fetch the rest of his forces, but the winter storms prevent it, 402, 4r03. An- tony arrives from Brundusium with the troops, 403* Ciesar is distressed for provisions, ib. Has the advantage in several skirmishes ; but in one is driven back to his camp, and in danger of having it taken, 404. Cscsar's saying on that occasion, 405. He marches against Scipio, who lay in Macedon, ib. Pom- pey for good reasons is for waitiog the advantages of time, but not a man, except Cato, is of his opinion, ib. 406. Ceesar takes Gomphi in Thessaly, ib. Asks his troops whether they chose immediately to risque an action, or to wait for reinforcements, 407. Omens of victory to Caesar, 408. Circumstances pre* vious to the battle of Pharsalia, ib. 409. The battle, 409, 410. Pompey flies, 41 1 . What Caesar said, on viewing tlie enemy's camp^ tb. He incorporates with his own troops most of the pri- soners, and pardons many persons of distinction ; Brutus among the rest, ib, Caesar bestows liberty on the whole country of Thessaly, 412. Grants the same privilege to the Cnidians, at the request of Tbeopompus, ib. Discharges the inhabitants of Asia from a third port of their imposts, ib. His behaviour, when Theodotus presented to him the head of Pompey, i^. He has the satisfaction of saving every day one or other of his fel- low-citizens, 413. Is ill-treated by Phodnus, and sends Air Cleopatra, tb. Demands the sums due to him from Ptolemy, ib. The stratagem by which Cleopatra was conveyed into his palace* 414. He insists that she shall reign along with her bro- ther, ib. Achillas and Photinus plot against Caesar's life, ib. Caesar kills Photinus ; but Achillas escapes to the army, and involves Caesar in a very dangerous war, ib. The Egyptians stop up the aqueducts, that supplied his quarter, ib. He is forced to burn his ships in harbour, i^. The flan?es destroy the great Alexandrian library, ib. Caesar's extreme danger in the naval fight near Pharos, 415. Ptolemy is never heard of af^er it, ib. Cleopatra brings Caesar a son, who is named Caesario, il: On intelligence that Phamaces, son of Mithridates, had defeated his lieutenant Domitius, he marches against him, and defeats him near Zela, ib. His laconic account of that action, 41^. lleturns to Rome near the end of the year of his second dicta- torship, 1^. Is declared consul for the year ensuing, it. Does
320 INDEX.
either hii lieutenants or his soldiers Begins the war ia Africa against Ctt^ Scipio, and Juba, 417. Gives one Scipio Sallution the nomiml cnnimanil, on account of an oracle which declared * the Scipiat would be always victorious in Africa,' id. Is much annoyed bj (he Numidian cavalry, 418. Falls upon Scipio, as he ktoti- ^ing tlie camp of Tliapsus, and gives hini an entire defeBt, tk Tates the camp of Afraniue, and destroys that of Jnba, nik the tame tide of success, ii. Hastens to Uttca, in hopei tf Mking Cato alive, 419. His saying on linding that hebsdd^ upatched himself, ib. He writes the 'Anti-Cato,' 420. Letdi »ip his triumphs, ii. Entertains the people at twenl_v-iw» thousand tables, f'i. Exhibits games in honour of liis daugbtv Julia, ib. Marches into Spain, and fights the battle of Mmuta, in whiuli he defeats the sons of Pompey with great difficult. 421, 422. The elder of the sons is taken, and put to deU^ 425. His triumph for this victory displeases the Itomant, ik He is created perpetual dictalor, 423. Other extravagant bih nours are conferred upon hira, ib. A temple is built to Cfe> meocy, tb. He rears again the statues of Pompey, which hii been thrown down, ib. Cicero's sj^iiig on that occasiooi A Refuses to have a guard, and why, ib. ColoniTies Carthage nd Corinth, i6. Studious to gain all ranks of people, 424'. De- signs lo conquer I'arlhia, and from thence to march northward^ extending the Itoniun empire to the ocean on tver^ side, 4K Attemps to dig through the Isthmus of Corinth, and medittfa other i^reat things, tb. Corrects the calendar, 426. His paniOl for the title of kin^ proves his ruin, 4?7, He does tiot rise ts the senate, when they wait on him in a body, ib. Antony ofal him a diadem, at the festival of the Lupercalia, 4SB. He findl the people against his receiving it, 429. Two of the tribuiMi lake the persons into custody, who first saluted him king, and the diadems from his statues, t&. He deposes the tribuoea^l Brutus is desired to lake off the tyrant, ib. He hesitates on ' count of the obligations he had to Cassar, ib, Cfcsar has intimation of (he conspiracy, and suspects Cassius, but Kill lieve nothing ill of BrutU)-, 430. Presages of CtEsar'g death, 431. He prefers u sudden death to any other, ib, Calpurnia's dream, 432. He sends Antony to adjourn ihe senate, iA. Bru- tus Alhinua laughs him out of his tears, and conducts hint to the senate hou&e, ib. 43S. Artemidorus puts a paper into his hand, containing an account of the conspiracy ; but he has aot opportunity to read it, 43!^. Cassius addrexscs the statue of Pom- pey, 434. Antony is held in discourse without the house, ib. fhe conspirators appi-oach htni under pretence of petitioning for the brother of Cimber, ib. Casca gives hira the first hlov, ib. CKsar makes some resistonce, but on perceiving the sword of BtuIus, yields to his fate, 435. He dyes the pedestal of Pom- pey's statue with his bloud, ib. The body of Ctcsar is burnt in the Fotum, 436. He died at the age of filly-six, and survived Pompey only four years, 437. Those who dipt their bandtj
buiMi
1
0 nipt uicir bandtji^^—
INDEX. 821
his blood; come t'o an untimely end, ib. A comet appears after his death, 438. Reflexions on Plutarch's Life ofhim, 4S9, n.
Casar, Octavianus. See Aiigtislus.
-, Lucius, sent by the council of Utica to intercede with Caesar, iv. 1 16. GiVen Op by Antony in the proscription, through his uncle, v. 443.
— -, Sextus Julius, iii. 235, n.
Ctesario^ son of Julius Cssar, by Cleopatra, iv. 415. v. 494. Murdered by Octavianus, v. 503.
CaitiSf foster-brother to Mithridates, steals his diadem after hh death, aiid gives it to Faustus the son of Sylla, iv. 178.
I— ^— Cornelius, Of Padua, foretells Caesar^s victory, iv. 412. See the other Caii under their family names.
Cdanusy the Indian philosopher, iv. 838, 339. His symbol of the ox's hide, 339. Burns himself, 343.
^Calauria, ii. 268. iv. 153. v. 34, 287^
Valerius, iv. 407.
CallcecianSj iv. 370.
CalUeschrus, ii. 162.
Callippus, an acquaintance of Dion^s, with whom he lodged at Athens, vi. 15. Goes with Dion to Syracuse, 50. Murthen him, 52. Killed, 53.
CalliadfSy an Athenian officer, defeated in Thrace, iii. 406.
Callias the Athenian, makes a declaration in form, that if he died without children, the people should be his heirs, ii. 122. Takes the Persian gold, and kills the person that directed him to it, 453. First cousin to Aristides, and accused of suffering him to want necessaries, 486. Vindicates himself against that charge, 487. Marries Elpinice, iii. 299. Negotiates a good treaty with the king of Persia, 312.
— , the Syracusan, v. 257.
Callibius appointed governor of the citadel of Athens by Lysander, iii. 206.
Callicles the usurer, v. 1 1.
— , the son of Arrenides, v. 282.
Callicrates, a Spartan officer, wounded at the approach of the battle of Platss, ii. 473. What he said, just before he ex- pired, ib.
■ , the Syracusan eencral, challenges Lamachus, and they die by each other's hano, iii. 426.
■, and Ictinus, the architects, rebuild the Parthenon,
ii. 23. Callicratidas, the Spartan general, succeeds Lysander, iii. 193.
Not a popular or courtly man, but brave and virtuous, ib. Fails
in his application to Cyrus for money, 194. Defeated and slain
at the battle of Arginusae, ibn Caltidromus, Mount, ii. 510. Callimachus, the poet, i. 26, n.
■ » an excellent engineer in the service of Mithridates, iii« 352. Sets fire to the city of Amisius, when he can no longer
VOL. VI. Y
»Sfl INDEX.
defend it, ib. Taken prisoner by LucuUua at KisibU, and hqc I ia chains, S75. f
ColUmaioi, surnatned Carabus, v. 3^, 284'. Flics froto AUieia V. S9. Seoteace of deorh pasted ngainst him, 42, 43.
CaiUphon, an Atheniao exile, interceileB wiili S^Ua for Atbcos, iii. 251.
CaUipedes, the Tragedian, iv, 96. His vanity, ai. 97.
Calbxtltenec, one of Lucullus' freedmen, gives him apotioa iriicL afiectE his brain, iii. S90.
- , the .philosopher, endcavoun to console AlfxanJffi
when he had killed Clitue, iv. 320. His Garcasin on Am- archus, 321. His character, i'^. His oiatiau in praiteoftk Macedopians, 322, and another in their diEprttise, i&. Aricutli'i observation on him, S20, n. 323. Nephew to Aristotkw 3Si ■ VlW ■ ^ ■ ■
Kefuses to worship Alexander, S23. U hat lie was saying to Hermolaiis, 324. His death, 325. ■ I — — , one of the orators, whom Alexandt;r detnaitdedj Athenians, v. 279. , the hi)
CaUktratui, eeaetary to Mithridates, i -, the orator, v. 255, 266.
. SSO.
1
CallUim, the father of Nymphidius, vi, 219.
Catpurnii, from Calpue, the son of Numa, i. 2M.
Cafpumia, daughter of Piso, and wife of Cesar, ir, 37S. He
dream, 441,432. Puta herself under the protection (^Aaun'i
V. 439. Calpumitu Bibulus. See Bibulus. - • Lenarius, assassinaiee Julius Salinator, iv. 10.
Piso. See Piso. ^H
Calpus, said to be the son of Numa, i. 201-. ^^M
Calvinat, Domitius, iv. 214. '^H
Colvisius, a retainer ofAuguetuj, eccuies Antony, v. 4S]. ^^|
■ Sabinus, a Roman general, vi. 221.
^Calt/don, vi. 167.
Ca/yi/onian boar, kilted by Melea^r with the auutanoe oflW
aeni, i. 37. ^Camarinaaits, vi, 26. Cambgseit fifly thousand of his men buried in the sanda of Aftkn
iv. 231. Camels, when first said to be seen by the RomaoB, iii, S44. \Cameria, taken bv Romulus, i. 91. Camerians admitted citizens of Rome by Marius, contnur to IVt
iii. ISS. Camillus, or CasmiUut, a name given to the youth who sanM B
the temple of Jupiter, i. 177. Camillus never consul, because in his time military tribunes «n«
appointed instead of consuls, i. 361. The fir^t who rsMed lh»
family of the Furii lo distinction, 362. A great action of Ml
in the wan with the JEqui and VoJsci, ib. Sti3. Itaiaed to iha
ceoionhip, 363. Obliges the men who lived tingle to marry tht
INDEX. 8B8
Widows of those who fell in the wars, ib. Makes orphans, as well as others, contribute to the supplies, tb, A second time military tribune, 864. Defeato the Faiisci and Capenates^ w4iile his collegues carry on the siege of Veii, ib. In the tenth year of the siege appointed dictator, S67. He takes Cornelius $dpio for his general of horse, ib. His vows, ib. He takes Veii by mining, S68. Weeps over the miseries of that great city^ to. His generous prayer, 369. Falls in turning after his praver, ib. Removes the statue of Juno to Rome, to. Leads up his tri- umph in a chariot, drawn by four White horses, whidn sort of carriage had been appropriated to the service of the gods, 870, 871 . Opposes the removing of half the people of Rome to Veil, 871. His vow of the tenth of the spoils to Apollo, and absurd proceeding thereupon, t^. In these three last articles he hiehly offended the people, 872. The matrons contribute their goklen ornaments, and a large vase is sent to Delphi, ib. Chosen a military tribune a third time, 873. Besieges Falerii, ib. The treachery of the school-master, and his chastisement, 874, 875. The Falerians, struck with the generous behaviour of CamiHus, surrender their city, 875. He loses his son, 876. is accused of fraud with respect to the Tuscan spoils, f^. -Quits Rome, a voluntary «xile, 877. Imprecates vengeance on the Romans, ib. Is fined fifleen thousand ases^ ib. Tokens of the approaching calamities, ib, 878. Irruption of ilie Gauk into Italy, 88$. Camillus, who had taken up his residence near Ardea, cuts in pieces a considerable corps of them near that place, 891, 892. The Romans in Veii desire -Camillus to take the command .<if them, which he refuses till commissioned by the senate, 892. Declared dictator the second time, 998. Finds twenty thousand men in arms at Veii, and adds then to his army, 894% Tl\e Gauls climb the rock by the way^ which one of the Romans h^ ascended, but are discovered l!^ some geese kept near Juno^ temple, and repulsed by Manlius, ib, 395. Provisions grow scarce in the Gaulish camp, and sickness prevails in it, 896. The besieged treat with Brennus, and ofier him a thousand pounds weight of gold, 897. While that is weighing, CamttloB comes to Rome, ib. His discourse with Brennus, ib. 898. They come to blows among the ruins, 898. Brennus marches in the night, and encamps on the road to Gabii, ib. Camillus attacks and defeats him, and makes himself master of his camp, ib. En- ters Rome in triumph, 899. Restores the temples, and builds one to a new deity, Aius Loquutius, or * the Speaker,' ib. Pre* pares to rebuild the city, but the people hanker after Veii, it. The city is rebuilt in the compass of a year, but in an irregular manner, 402. The Lituus, or < augural staff*' of Romulus, is found under the rubbish, ib. The Romans are attacked by seve- ral of the neighbouring states— the military tribunes surrounded on mount Marcius by the Latins, 408. The senate appoints him dictator the third time, Camillus burns the enem3r's worka^ and gives them an entire defeat, 406. Finds the citv oif Sutrimii taken, and retakes it the same day, 406. TritRBphs fst thesi
T 2
INDEX, great actions, ^O?. Envied by Manliiu Capltolintis, who, cwi' ing tbe populace, endeavours to mise bimself to utMoIute poK, i&. Manlius is coodenined and executed, 408. Caniillui (d difficulty prevailed upon to accept the military trJbunetiilp ^ sixth time, 409. Marches against the Prienestines and tht VV scians, i6. Succours his collegues, who had rashly venturd
rn an action, and touts the enemy the dny tVtIJowing, 111 akes .Satricum, a Roman colony, and puts the Tu»capi b found there to tlie sword, i/i. How he dealt with the p«op)*« 7'uBculum, 411, ilQ. A Eedition prevuils in Rome; the pMf4i insisting that one of the consuls should be a plebeiao, 412. Ii appointed dictator tbe fourth time, but «ooi) resig-ns that oficE under pretence of sickness, 413. Another dicttttor, and it Agrarian law, 414. Tbe tiauls march agaiit toward Hone, tt^ Camillus being appointed dictator the fifth limc, defeats thn the river Anio, though now very old, U>. 4-15, 4IC. Be les the senate aod people, by allowing one of tlic cou^ to be chosen out of the plebeians, 417. Builds a tempW ■ Concord, 418. Dies of the plague, extremely regretted, >i. ■f Campania, y, 82. Campanians, vi. 27. Campus Martius bad been most of it tbe property of tbe TarqaiM,
1.28a Cnmulatui, a soldier, goes over from Brutua to Auguatnt, *•■
Canathntm, a Lnccdsmoniao chariot, described, !v. Qi, Candidates, loosely clad, that tliey might more easily sbow At
wounds they had received, ii. 190. An agreement made ■mOMS
them to prevent bribery, ili. Canet, javelins made of Cretan canes, iii. 224. Canet/iiu, Sciron his son by Hentochc the daughter of FHAoh
i.S2. ^^
Canidius, tribune of the people, proposes to send Potnpey mJ^
sador to Ptolemy, iv. 1B8.
^ — ■ , or Cantnius, employed in Cyprus, i
> Antony's lieutenant, bribed ' "
Cyprus, V. 85, 86. vi. 5 )ed by Cleopatra to |
Antony to a thing that proves hig ruin, v. 479; AdvisW AdIott to fight at the head of his land-forces, and not of the fleet, 486, Quits his camp af^er Antony's flight, 491. Brings Aimi word that bis army is dispersed, 494. ^^
Caniniiu Bebiliut, consul fur part of a day, iv. 424.
\Canopus, V. 193, 453.
f CoR/i^, ii.86.
Cannictus, (Caius) and Castus revolt from Spartacut, ui.
CanthantSt v. 34.
Canuleia, a vestal virgin, consecrated by Numa, i, 184,
Cantu, a musician, Galha's present 10 him, vi. 225, 226.
'iCanusium, ii. 399, 429.
Canutiiu, a celebrated actor, vi. 76-
fkpotMu, ii. 343.
I r
^ INDEX. S55.
J fCapenateSy conquered by Camillus, i. 364-, 368. I CapnesiaSy a friend of Aratus*, vi. 158.
n Caphis, sent by Sylla to seize the treasures of Delphi, iii. 247. Conducts Hortensius with his reinforcement, 252. \CaphycE, vi. 202. Capita. See Fonteius. Z Capitol f taken by the Sabines, i. 76. Besieged by the Gauls, 390. ^ Manlius' judges could not condemn him while they had that in '^ sight, 408,
CapitolinuSf Q. Catulus, vi. 213.
^ X. Quintius, i. 407.
•fCappadocta^ iii. 246. iv. 41, 266. ^ -j- Cappadocians, their goddess, iii. 243.
Caprariif i. 287. ' Captives, sacrificed to Bacchus Omestes. See Bacchus. ^ -f Capua surrenders to Annibal, ii. 90. * Carabus, See Callimedon,
' Caranus, Alexander descended from him, iv. 239. ' Carbo defeated by the Teutones and Arobrones, iii. 139.
— flics into Africa, iii. 272. On the death of Cinna he usurps the government, and commits great outrages, iv. 131. Put to I death by Pompey, 135. fCardia, iv. 38. iCaria, i. 10. ii. 166. iv. 79.
Carian soldier kills Cyrus; but, as Artaxerxes claimed tha^ honour to hio^self, the soldier suffers for his unadvised ambition, vi. 126, 130. \Carians, by the Persians called ^ Cocks,' vi. 125. Carinna, one of Carbo's officers, iv. 132^ •\Carmania, iv. 340. Carmenta, the goddess, i. 85. Carmentalia^ feast of, i. 85. Carmental Gate, i. 393.
Carneades, founder of the New Academy, iii. 388. v« 296. Sent embassador by the Athenians to Rome, ii. 524. Much admired there for his eloquence, ib. Carneus, a Syracusan month, called by the Athenians * Metagttnion,*
iii. 442. \Carnutes, a warlike people among the Gauls, iv. 389. Vercinge*
torix their general, defeated by Caesar, 391 . f Carrcp, iii. 490.
f Carthage colonized by Caesar, iv. 423. Called Junonta by Caius Graccus, when he rebuilt it, v. 234.
f — , New, iv. 10.
Carthaginians appear before Sicily with a numerous fleet, ii. 233» Join Icetes against Timoleon, 239. Send twenty gailies to Rhe* gium to oppose Timolcon's passage to Sicily, 241. He dis- appoints them by his superior policy, 243. They send a great army into Sicily under Asdrubal and Hamilcar, 261. Pass the river Crimesus, 2G3. Defeated by Timoleon, 265. Enter into
senjUO-IiMR I
326 INDEX.
league with Mamercusand Icetes, 266. Send Gisco wicha araiy into Sicily, in wliich, for ihe first time, they eniplojrd merbeaarieB, ii. Make pe&ce with Timaleon, 270.
CarvUius, Spurius, the first Roman, who divorced bis wife, i. \vr.,1l\.
Carjalidei, their dance, vi. 133.
^aryslns, a city of Eubcea, vi. 78.
Caua, Publius, the first who gavu CecKsr a blow ii IT. *S*. vi. 100.
+ Ca«7inam, ii. 73.
fCasinum, ii.7S,
\Caipiaji sea, it's water sweet, iv. 309.
Cassandra, daughter of Priam, v. 142.
Catsander takes care of the educatioD of Philopoemen, UL £<
, the enemy of j^acides, demands Pyrrhuii, wheo an tilik
frvni Glauciat, iii. 68.
. , son of Antipnter, laughs at the baibariaos who ate
Alexander, iv. 319. Causes Demadcs to be put to dealhfa calling his father Arttipater ' an old rottea stalk,' and deBfuMla hi8 son at the same time, v. 290. Hia army defeated by Dm» Uitis, 385.
fCassandria, v. 411.
Catcius Sabaco, a friend to Marius, expelled the senate, uL I9k
, defeated by Spartacus, iii. *S9.
, qutestor to Crassus, advises his general to keep (alhl heighta beyond the Euphrates, iii. 475. Expostulates «ritb ihs traitor Aiiamnes, 478, Marries Juiiia, the sister of BruM^ n 63. His enmity to Cffisar, ib. His conversation with Brmut,6Gt 66. Addresses the statue of Pompey (though of EpicwMft principles) before he gave Cssar the blow, 71. Africa allotted as hiE province, 74. Delivers a third part of his treasure U Brutus, 84. Behaves cruelly at Rhodes, ih. Discoorsvs with Brutus upon apparitions, 90. An unlucky omen happens to bin, !>2. Gives his opinion against a battle, 93. His discourse wub Meseals, 94. And with BrutuB, ib. The wing which he inanded routed, aad his camp plundered, 96. A niiMaka is reconnoitering maLes him resolve upoo death, 98. The of his death, i£. iv.438.
— ScrBva, his valour, iv. 375.
, Guintus, V. 431.
Castor and Pollux makt war Upon Athens for their si«t«r whom Theseus had carried off, i. 3!}, 40, 41. Rcceivejt' Athens, and adopted by Aphidnus, in order to their beiM.^ tiated in the Mysteries of Ceres, 43. Appear in the battl« In J lake Itegillus, and immediiiiely aticr are seen at Home gmh^ notice of the victory, ii. 177, 314. Their temple in Samothracis, 312. At Hoon;, iii. 342. iv. 1 28. Thooglit to assist Lysander, in a sea-fight, iii. 200. Stars of gold dedicatod to them \n I sander, 209. Their dirtreni pursuits, v. WO. ^M
^Ciutulc, acity ofthe Celiiberians, iv. 5.
Caiivi, one ol the officers of ^ip4^tIlClU, iti. 46!
niiMaka is rhcMMM^
Catahrteit Demttrius so- entitled by the Atheniani m one of tMr acts of worship^ v. S73^
fCatana, a dtj in Sicily, ii. 140, 246. ti. 5S;
Cataliney Lucius, murthers his own brother, and persuades^ Sylla to put him among the proecribed,. ▼. 305. iii. 27^. Attempts to subvert the government, and is near executing it, ▼. 71 . Ac- count of his conspiracy, 1^4 His accomplices^ ib* H^s eheoracter^ 305. Stands for the consulship, and loses h, ib: His resolution to kill Cicero, 308* His insolent saying in the senate, 309. Fails in his- application for the consulslKp i^ain, ib. Is com- manded to quit Rome, and assembles an army, 311. Debates in the senate concerning the manner in which his accomplices should be punished, 71, 72, 31^, 31T« He* and hu array destroyed by Caius Antonius, 319.
Cato, the Censor, said to be bom atTusculum^ ii. ^92, Lives in his youth on a paternal estate near the country of the Sabines, ib. His third name originally Priscus, ib. Why changed to Cato, ib. His hair red, and eyes grey, 496. Healthy and strong, as he was inured to labour and temperance^ i^. His esteem of eloquence, ib. Pleads causes in the viNages and boroughs, without f^e or reward, ib. Military glory still a greater object with him, ib* Makes his first campaign at the age of seventeen, when Annibal was at theheisrht of hi» prosperity in Italy, ib. His behaviour in battle, ib. Marches on foot, and carries his own arms, ib. 4>94*. Never angry with his servant for the manner o^ dressing his victuals, 494. Water his' com- mon drink, ib. In this respect he followed the example of Manius Curios, ib. Serves under Fabius Maximus at the si^e of Tarentom, and forms a connexion there with Nearchus tSe Pythagorean, 495. Learns Greek at a late period, ib. Valerias Flaccus, who had w country-house in his neighbourhood, takes him into his protection, and advises him to go to Rome, ib, 496. His pleadings, and the interest of Valerius, procure him friends there, 496» He is appointed a legionary tribune, and afterward qusestot, ib. The collegue of Valerius both in the consalate and censorship, ib. Takes Fabius Maximus for his model, ib. When quaestor to Scipio in the African expedition, comes home to accuse him of lavishing the public money, ib, 497* Called * the Reman Demosthenes,' 497. The Romans conapa- ratively corrupt in his time, 498. Hk extreme temperance and frugality, 499. Plutarch's reflexions on his selling his old slaves, 499. When governor of Sardinia, he puts the people of that country to no manner of charge, 500, 501. Inexorable in whatever relates to public justice, ^1 . The nature of his stife, ib. His remarkable sayings, 502—505. Sent into the Hither Spain, 1505. Hires troops of the Celtiberians, 506. Gains a preat battle, 506^. Gets the walls of four hundred towns raised m one day, ib. Gives every soldier a pound weight of silver, oyer and above his booty, ib. Keeps not dnly himself, boS all his dependents, from extortion, 507. Scipio ^ gets triinself ap-
328 INDEX.
pointed Ilia succe&sor, near ihe conclusion of the war ; 3 mMtun which reflects dishonour on himself rather than on Cato, 507, 508. Cato is honoured with a triumph, 50S. He is equally iDdustcioiu in the public service afterward, 16. Goes a volunteer with Tibe* rius Sempronius into Thrace, and with Acilius Glabiio inio Greece, ii. Several Grecian cities revolt, but Cato retain* Corinth. PatriE, and i'Egium, in their duty, 509. The pufpo^ of his speech to the Athenians, t&. Antiochus thinks hiiwclf secure in defending the {>bss of Thennopylc, but Cato lata 1 circuit, and falls upon his rear, ib. 510. Cato carrice the fim news of the victory to Rome, 512, Considers it as n gnsi political duly to prosecute offenders, ib. Impeaches Scipv Africanus and his brother Lucius, ib. 513. Oflen impeacbed himself, and once when he was very old, 513. What henil I hereupon, I A. Is candidate for the censorship, 514. ChoM^ notwithstanding his declarations that he will be a severe ceoMT, 515. Valerius Fl ace us is appointed his col legue, at bis (cqugMi ib. He enrob Valerius Flaccus chief of the senate, ii, E^qiek Lucius Quintius, ib. and Maniliue, 517. Degrades Lucim the brother of Scipio, tb. What be did with respect to artidea ti luxury, ii. He demolishes the buildings, that jutted out into (he street, 51 S. Is fined two talents, ib. Censured for buildiif the Porcian hall at the public charge, ib. The people er«ct hit statue in the temple of Health, il>. The inscription on that statue, 519. What he had said befDi-e concerning siatues, ii. Of all men the most forward to commend himself, i&. Chooses a irife rather for family than fortune, 520. Prefers the character of a good husband to that of n great senator, ib. Takes upon bimwlf the education of his son, 16. His son's constitutioa and qua- lities, 521. That son marries Tertin, the daugl^er of PatUvt .^milius, 522. Cato's management of his slaves, i&. ft (ry. Turns his thoughts from agriculture to more certain dupendcncie*. 533. Practises usury upon ships in the most blameablc manner, ib. Lends money to his slaves, ib. In what manner repaid, ii. The extravagant praise he gave to economy, ib. Displeased at the influence, which the eloquence of Carneades had on the Roman youth, 524, et tt^. His unjust rtHcxion on Socntef, S'iS. His prediction, ib. 526. An enemy to the Grecian phy- sicians, 52lj, A quack himself, ib. Marries a young wile tn his old age, 527. Has a son by that wile, to whom he givea the surname of Salonius, 526. Bears the death of bis son with the moderation of a philosopher, ib. Writes histories and boolu on country allitirs, 529. Keeps a better table in the country than in town, ib. His conversation, what, ib. Goes emboasador lo Carthage, 529, 530. Causes the third Punic War, 531. Di«« in the beginning of it, ib. A verse of Homer's, which he applied to Scipio, aflerward the second AfriCiinus, 532. Calo, Marcus, son of Cato tlie Ccneor, loses his sword in battle, ii. 309, 521. What he does tu recover it, ib. Marries the daugh- ter of Paulus J^miliuB, 522.
J
INDEX. 329
Cato, the grandfather of Cato the Censor, had five horses killed under him in battle, ii. 492.
-^— Sdonius, ii. 528, 532.
Cato of Utica, great grandson of Cato the Censor, v. iS. Left an orphan, together with his brother Csepio and his sister Por- cia, ib. Brought ap in the house of Livius Drusus, his mother's brother, t^. Had great firmness and solidity when a child, ib. Extraordinary instances of his intrepidity, and love of justice, in that period, 50. He asks his preceptor for a sword to kill
Forms a connexion with Antipater of Tyre, for the sake of stu- dying the Stoic philosophy, ib. Cultivates the eloquence, which was fit for popular assemblies, ib, 53. The first occasion of his speaking in public, 53. The nature of his eloquence described, ib. He strengthens his constitution by exercise, ib. Travels always on foot, ib, - Is remarkably patient and abstemious in sickness, 54. Drinks, at first, only one glass after his me»ls, but in time loves to sit over a bottle, for the sake of philosophi- cal conversation, ib. Very inattentive to his dress, even when he appeared in public, ib. Lends his money to his friends with- out interest, 55, Knows no woman before his marriage, ib. Pays his first addresses to Lepida, and. is disappointed, ib. Writes iambics against his rival, whose proceedings were unfair, ib. Marries Attilia, the daughter of Soranus, ib. Serves as a volun- teer under Giellius, in the war with Spartacus, ib. A law being made against the use of nomenclators, he commits the names of the citizenS'to memory, 56. Goes with a tribune's commission under Rubrius into Macedonia, ib. Rubrius gives him the com- mand of a legion, which he forms in the most excellent manner to military virtue, 67. He goes to Fergamus, and prevails upon Athenodorus the stoic, to return with him, 56, His brother Csepio dies at ^nus in Thrace, ib. On this occasion he shows rather the sensibility of a brother, than the fortitude of a philo- sopher, ib. Is left' coheir with Caspio's daughter, 59. Caesar^s calumny against him, ib. Great expressions of afiect ion from his troops at his departure, ib. He visits Asia, and Deiotarus in- vites him to court, ib. His manner of travelling, and care not to be troublesome, 60. Meets with a pleasant adventure, on entering Antioch, ib. Pompey gives him an honourable recep- tion at Ephesus, 61. What Curie said to Cato, with respect to his travelling, 62. Deiotarus strongly importunes him to receive his presents, and he makes a very short stay in his court, on ac* count of that importunity, i^. He sails from Brundu^iium to Rome in the ship that carried Csepio's remains, and has a bad passage, 63. When qusestor, he makes a ^reat reformation in that department, ib. Calls the assai^sins, employed by Sylla, to account, 65. Prevents his collegue Mur((41us from making ah unjust grant, 66. Always attends the meetings (»f the senate, 67. Watches over the conduct of Pompey, ib. Opposes the peroi-
•c.^
S30 INDEX.
cioat practices of Clodiuc, ib. Mis veracity becomes proverbo^ GS. Not inclined to offer himseirfor triliune of the peaplct bw puts a fotce upon hiraseir, when he finde that Metelitu Nepo» stands for that office, i6, 69. Being appointed tribuBe, he gim the people a severe charge with respect to corruption in the cob- Eular elections, 69. ProiiecuieB Miirsna for olTertding Id tbit «aj, 70. Mursna, notwitlisCandrng, conEults hira during Im consulship, 71' Cato supports the supreme magistrate by amj e^celtellt roeasuies during the turbulent times of CatiBne^ ii. He prevails with the senate to decree that the conspiraiAn should be capitally punished, 72. A billet is brought to C«mi ill the senate-house, and Cato iosists oa hsving it read pubUdj, ii.lS. The billM is from Calo's sister Servilia, 73. Unbrtn- nate amoog tJie wotoeii, ili. The conduct of his oivn wife Atlilii not uaexceptionable, id. He divorces her, ib. Marries Mwcn. tlie daughter of PhUip, ib. Hortensius desires to have her, vd Cjto gives her up to him, 7^. He persuades the senate la gram the people a free gift of corn, in order to counterwork the popu- larity ot Ctesar, t6. The ill poKcy of that proceedJag, 75, i. MeteliuE proposes an edict to call Fompcy and his troopa iMo Italy, intending to give up the slate into his hands, 75. CHo opposes him at the hazard of his life, and succeeds, i&.— 7i. Prevents the senate from voting Metellus ' infamous,* 76. Pre* cures LucuUus his triumph, which Meinmlus had attempted U deprive him of, ib- Prevents the senute from granting Poonn^s requisition to defer the election of consuls cil] hta arriveC *• Punipey demands two ofCato'a nieces in marriage, the elder far himself, and the younger for his son ; and Cato refuaes bin, 79. Pompey is soon afterward guilty of open bribery, i6. Whrt Cato said tu the women upon it, ih, Calo's bad policy, in t«iect- ing the alliance of Pompey, tbruurs him into the arms of Ccear, *6. Cato supports Lucutlu^ against Pompey, 80. Oppoaee ibe Agrarian law proposed by Ponpcy and Carsar, ii. 81. They carry it agaiiksi him by violence, HI. The senate is commao^d to swear to the observance of the bw, ib. Cato is prevailed upon by Cicero to take the oath, ii. He opposes Cesar with respect to the di^liibulion of lands in Campania, and Ccesar leads bins to pri&nn, 82. CMsar perceives the bad policy of that tneaaure, end engages one of the tribunes to rescue him, ii. The people vole Cffi«ar the provinces of Ilfyricum and the Gauls, for tive years i upon which Cato tells them, ' (hey were voting a tyrant Jnio the citiidel of Home,' ib. Cato is sent to Cyprus, thai Clodius might be able to banish Cicero, t).1. Cato, before his departure, exhorts Cicero to yield to the necessity ufthe times, ii. Brings Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, to submit by negotiation, S>. Piolenty king of Egypt, who was on his way to Kome to solicit his re-ee- lahlishmem in ilwl kingdom, waits on Cato at Khodes, i6. The goocl«<tvice which Cato gave him, tb. 8.3. Ptolemy of Cyprus poisons hioiselti K?. Caio restores the Byzantine exiles, and reconciles them to their fellow- citizens, ti. Offends Munaliua l)y his rainutu aitentioii to the sale of Ptolemy's gooda, ib. Mu-
d
INMX sn
7 MtkiB it reepttciled to him through the necUalioB of Mareia, 87. Cato hna^sliear aeveii Umusand tatenta of allver to Rome, ik, Hia hononrable reception there ; wnd great privilegea decreed kiiDy wUch he decline*, ft6. 88. Cicero, on hia return from ba- nishment, puMs down the tribunitial acta of Clodtus, 88. CalD defeada them, i3. 89; Thia occasiona a coldneaa between Cieero and Cato, but t^ej ate subsequently raconealed^ 89. Csesar, FoDipey, and CrBS8us> erect dKmaelves into ft trtumTivate, and aa it were, divide the empire among them ; upon which Cato adviaes hia brother-in-kw Luctua Domitius to oppose them with respect to the consulship, ib. Pompey and Crassus drive Do- mitiua out of the Campus Martiua br violence, and they are dected conaula^ 90. Cato is wounded in the fhiy, ib. Cato alands for the praetorsfaip, but Poropey defeats him by very uafiyr means^ ib» 91. Cato» in » speech to the people, predicta all the evils which aAeiward befe) the common wealtl^ 91 . He preventa tlie people frona pulling down Pompdy's statues^ 9^. Tells Pompey, that he was raising Caesar to the ruin of himself and the commonwealth too, ib. Is elected prsetor,. but disgraces that office by the meanness of his dress, tb. Moves for a law^ thai every candidate afaould declare upon oath that he had not been guilty of bribery, 9S. Clodins accnses Cato of embezzling a quantity of the Cyprian treasure, 94. Marcus Favonius, a friend of Cato's« elected erdile through his assistance, 95. Cato coa- dncts the public entertainments for Favonius with remaikable parannooy, ib. 96. Scipio, Hypsseua^ and Milo, being candidates for the consulate, and nothing, but violence and anarchy prevaiL^ ing, Cato supports BibuhB* motion, that Pompey should be de«* clared aole consul, ib, 97. Reproves Poropey for some partial proceedings, 97. Cato, jealous of the progress which Caesar was making toward supreme power, staada for the consulslnp, 9S. Loses his election by his zeal againat bribery, 99. Opposes a thanksgiving for Caosar's victoriea in Germany, ib, A proposal being made in the senate to appoint a successor to Cxsar, and Caesar's friends opposing it, except on certain conditions, Cato declares that Cassar haii now thrown off the mask, 100. On Caesar's taking Ariminum, Cato advises the senate to put every thing into the hands of Pompey, ib. 101. Sends his younger son to Munatius in the country of the Brutii, 101. Takes Marcia again, on the death of Hortensius, ib. Follows Pompey^ 102. Is appointed to the government of Sicily, but finds the isbnd already seized by the adverse party, ib. Goes to Pompey ait Dyrrachium, ib. Advises to procrastinate the war, and that no Komam should he killed, except in the field of battle, 102. Passes into Asia, for the purpose of raising men and ships, t^. Pompey, jealous of Cato's love of liberty, gives the command of the fleet to Bibulus, 103. Pompey's address to the army little regarded in comparison of that of Cato, i A. Pompey, after his success at Dyrrachium, leaves his magazines there, together with fifteen cohorts, under the command of Cato, 104<. AfVer
1
331K INDEX.
the overthrow at Pbarsalia, Cato proceeds to Corcyra, and the command of the fleet, ib. 105. Pompey the Younger would 'have killed Cicero^ but Cato saves him, 104. He is informed, on the African coast, of the death of Pompey, 105. His mardi through the deserts of Libya, to join Scipio, ib. 106. Corrects the pride of Juba, 106, 107. Refuses to take the command of the army upon him, 107. But repents of it afterward, lOB. Saves the Uticans from being put to the sword, 1 07. Fortifits Utica, and fills it with provisions, ib. Advises Scipio to proceed slowly in the war, but is not attended to, 108. Scipio is de- feated, and ruiiied in the battle of Thapsus, ib, 109. Cato'i speech to the three hundred, 109, 110. They give up the thoughts of standing a siege, 112. What passed between Calo and a body of cavalry, ib, 113. Circumstances previous to the death of Cato, 116. Circumstances of his death, 119 — 121. CatOy Marcus, son of Cato of Utica, v. 122. His intrigue with the wife of a Cappadocian prince, ib. Falls gloriously in battle, f^.
Caiile^ the wealth of the primitive times, i. 287.
CatuluSj Lutatius, consul with Marius, iii. 137. Guards the coon- try of the Norici, 138. Quits the passes of the Alps, 148. Puts himself at the head of his flying forces, that they might seem to be only retreating, 149. Fights a battle in conjunction with Marius, and the victory is chiefly owing to Catulus, 152, 153. Vows a temple to * the Fortune of that Day,' 152. His name cut on the weapons of his men, 154. Gives Sylla occasion to distinguish himself to the great vexation of Marius, 234>. Ca- tulus, censor with Crassus, 165. Opposes Crassus* attempt to make Egypt tributary, i^. Accuses Csesar to the senate for having set up Marius' images in the Capitol, iv. 363. Is Caesar's competitor for the pontificate, and offers him money to decline, 364. His excellent character, v. 64. Catulus consul with Le- pidus, iv. 142. His address to the people concerning Pompe}', 1 56. Endeavours to save an obnoxious secretary in the quaes toi^s office, V. 64. Blames Cicero for suffering Caesar to escape in Catiline's conspiracy, iv. 36*4. Suffocated himself by the steam of a coal fire, iii. 178.
•f Caucasus, Mount,iv. 170.
\Caidonia, ii.97. v. 382.
\CaunianSy v. 492.
\CaunuSy iii. 444. v. 384, 417.
Cebalinus offers to discover a conspiracy to Alexander, iv. 305, «.
Cecinoy one of Vitellius* generals, vi. 248. His gigantic size, and foreign dress, 250. •
Cecropsy first sovereign of Athens, built the Citadel, i. 29, ;i.
CediUu§y Marcus, informed by a supernatural voice of the ap^ proach of the Gauls, i. 378.
Celery one of the friends of Romulus, said to be the person that killed Remus, i. 63.
, Metellus, why so called, i. 64.
INDEX. 3S3
fCelana^ in upper Phrygia, !▼. 49. ▼. 368.
Celercs, light troops which Romulus used as a life-guard, i. 9S.
Dismissed by Numa, 176. Celibacy^ argument agiainst it, i. 225, 226. CelsuSf Marius, a friend of Galba's, vi. 237. Saved by Otho, 2W.
Their first intenriew after Otho's accession, 243. •fCeUce^ made themselves masters of the best part of Italy, iii. 132.
The limits of their country, id. 133. fCeltiberianSf iii. 122. iv. 5. Demand two hundred talents of Cato
for their assistance in his wars, and he agrees to the demand,
ii. 506. \Celt(hScythas9 the nations which bore that name, iii. 133. f Celtonians and Senones, i. 378. ^Cenchreee^ v. 385.
\Cminensiam^ beaten by Romulus, i. 74.
Censor^ office of, i. 363, n. ii. 514, one dying in his office, an in- auspicious circumstance, i. 378, n. None to bear that office
twice, ii. 174. The respect the censors paid to Pompey, iv. 151. CensorinuSf of the family of the Marcii, ii. 174. Accuses Sylla of
extortion in Cappadocia, but does not bring him to his trial, iii.
236.
, a companion of young Crassus^ iii. 483. Orders hn
armour-bearer to kill him, 485. CentaurSf their battle with the Lapithe, i. 37, 38. Their original^
V. 132. Centuries, in Rome, ii. 199, n. iCeoi, i. 818. ii. 271. CephaluSj sent from Corinth to assist Timoleon in compiling a bodj
of laws for the Syracusans, ii. 260. Cephalon^ a friend of Aratus', vi. 207. Cephisodorus^ one of Pelopidas' assistants in delivering Thebes,
falls in the attack upon Leontidas, ii. 354. Cephisodotusy the statuary, Pliocion marries his sister, v. 23. fCephisuSy river, i. 12. iv. 251. Sylla turns its course, iii. 254. Ceramicusy part of Athens so called, iii. 250. v. 41. Thesagoifi-
cation of the word, iii. 207, w. Ceratonian altar. See Keraton. •\Ceraunian mountains, v. 35. Cerdunus* See Ptolemy,
Cerberusy the name of Aidoneus', or Pluto's dog, i. 40. iii. 898. -fCercina, isle of, iii. 173. vi. 24. Cercyouy the Arcadian, killed by* Theseus in wrestling, i. 12, and
the first who used art in that exercise, ib, n. Ravishes his
daughter, 37. CcreSy i. 88. The Spartans sacrificed to her on their leaving off
mourning, 153. Her mysteries celebrated at Eleusis, ii. 163,
164. Her temple at Hermiona plundered by the pirates, iv. 153.
Hercules initiated in her Mysteries, i. 39. Celhegus flies with young Marius, iii. 172. the tribune, his flagitioui life, 333. An enemy to Lu-
SM INDEX.
culliUy ib. An accomplice in Catiline^s eootptivcy, ▼• 7I9 Sl9t
S13. Put to death by order of the jsenate, S18. ^Cermanum^ i. 53. Chabrias the Athenian, goes to Egypt, and Taoiioa makes Im iui
admiral, iv. 118. When general of the Atfaenianay niadon
serves under him^ ▼. 8. His character, ib. 9. Hia great acgaid
for Phocian, 9. Loses his life by his heat in attempting Wiaol
in the isle of Chios, 8. CkitroHf founder of ClisBronea^ zii. 256* GuBrBndaSf archon at Athens, ▼. 280. '^Chieronea^ u 36. The place of Plutarch's nativity, iiL S93, a.
History o^ its inhabitants, iL v. 491. Battles near it^ m. M^
257. iv. 91, 92. fChalastra^ iv. 316. ChalcaspideSf ii. 305. iii. 254. fChaloedotiy besieged by Alcibiades, ii. 158. By UTifliiiilalOi^it
S36. fChalcidtan, foretells the greatness of Sylla, iii. 296. Chalcurcos^ the ^temple of Miaerva«t Sparta, i. 117y 118. v. 14S» fChalds, L 55. iii. 23, 43, 51. v. 409. Chalcodonj u 34, 44. fChaUUeans^ iv. 347. Chaldaan scheme, Octavius is killed with one in iua k^fnirm, vL
175. Chameleon never changes to white, ii. 146. fChaonianSy iii. 107. fCharacitani, a people beyond the Tagus, subdued by a atvMmem
^ iSertorius, iv. 22. Chares, the Athenian general, Timotheus' obaervaticm «b bit
showing his wounds, ii. 342. Sent to the assistance of the JHy-
zantines, but does not maintain his character there, v. 17. ]}t.
feats the king of Persia's lieutenants, vi. 168. , the historian, iv. 270. -, the orator, reflects on Phocion, v. 7. PhoclonV
swer, ib. +— — , river, vi. 180. Charicles, Phocion's son-in-law, executes his scandalous
for Hnrpalus, v. 26. Is summoned to answer for it, and PbocaoD
refuses to defend him, ib. Chariclof wife of Sciron, i. 1 1 . CharidemuSy takes Troy, iv. 2.
, the orator, v. 19, 279. CharilauSf king of Sparta, i. 113. Suspects Lycurgus of comnir*
ing against him, and takes refuge in tne Chalcioecos, II7. Charimenes the diviner, a friend of Aratus*, vi. 177, 178. Chariots^ when first used in triumphs, i. 76. Drawn by four white
horses, appro(>riated to Jupiter, i. 370, 371. Camillua oolr
presumes to ride in such a one, 370. Armed with acvthes.
Iii. 257. Charm. See Amulet.
INDEX. 886
Charmion^ one of Cleopatra^s women^ v. 488. The defence she
; makes for her mktrefis, 506.
Charon lends his house to Pelopidas and the exiles, on their under- taking to deliver Thebes from it's tyrants, ii. S47y 346. On suspicion of a conspiracy, is cited to appear before Arcbias, 351'. Behaves with such firmness that the tyrant dismisaeB his fears, 352.
CharoniteSt who so called, v. 439.
Charops, son of Machatas, prince of Efiirus, a friend to the Ro* mans, iii. 35.
fCheUdonian isUmds, Hi. 810, 812.
CheUdonist daughter of Leotychidas, and wife of Cleonjnnus, iii. 105. A criminal commerce between her and Acrotatus the son of Areus, in which the Spartans encouraged them, ib, 107.
CheloniSf daughter of Leonidas, and wife of Cleombrotiis, a pat- tern of love and duty to her father and her husbano, v. 149.
•f Chersonese of £pirus, iii. 72. Of Thrace, colonised by Perides, ii. 19, 32. Totally subdued by Cimon, iii. 818. Of Syria, v. 418.
Chickens f used by the Romans in aueury, v. 217.
Child^ born with an i^ephant's head. See Prodigies,
ChUdren, the weakly destroyed at Sparta, L 186. The rest 1k)w educated there, 187, et seq.
Chileus, the Arcadian, assists Themistocles in adjusting the dif- ferences between the Greeks during the Persian war, i. 320.
Chilo^ one of Caito's slaves, a Graronaarian, ii. 520.
fChioSf a city in the island of that name, furnishes Alcibiades with provender for his horses, ii. 127. Lucullus expels Mtth- ridates' forces from Chios, iii. 329.
ChUdotty a messenger intended to be sent to Hipposthenidas to Pelopidas, but fortunately does not go, ii. 350.
Chceac^ an Egyptian month, i. 66.
Chceriltu^ a varnishing poet, retained by Lysander, iii. 210.
CholargiOf Pericles of that ward, ii. 5.
Chants of music, sent annually tp Delos by the Athenians, iii. 401, n.
Chreocopidaf white-washed men at Athens, L 239.
fChrysa, i. 34.
Chrysantes^ an officer in the armj of C3rrus, ii. 440.
Chrysertnusy his son Ptolemy killed by Cleomenes' party in Alex- andria, V. 194.
ChrysippuSf vi. 152. ' ^
Chrifsisy a courtesan, one of Demetrius' mistresses, v. 886.
Chrysogonus^ the iinusician, ii. 161.
^ one of ^lla's freedmen, v. 295.
CiCERis Marcus Tulliils, his mother Helvia of a noble family and excellent character, v. 292. Various accounts of the family oi his father, ib. Whence the name of Cicero, 293. What he said on his friends advising him to change his name, ib. Instead of his third name, engraves a vetch njpoo a vase which he dedi- cated wben qufl»tar in Sicily, ii. 6f distinguished reputaitioa
836 INDEX.
among his 'scliool-fellows, S^H*. His poetry, i6. Attencb tk lectures of Philo the Academician, and studies law under Maew Scncvoln, '295. Gets a taste of military knowledge under SjlU in the Marsian war, ?6. Withdraws to a philosophic life, m account of the disorders of the state, iL Defends Rosciiu whci accused, by Sylla's order, of the murther of his father, r'6. Id fnr of Sylla's resentment, retires to Greece, under pretence ofdiM^ it for his health, ^296. His habit of body slender, nnd his voice harsh, t6. Attends the lectures of Antiochus at Athens, ind ad* mires his elocution, 26. Loves the New Academy, id. Receireitiie news of Sylla's death,/^. His health and manner of speakingmstlf improved, i3. His friends at Rome solicit his return ; but neiint sails to Asia, and attends the philosophers and rhetoricians tbeiv, 297. How Apollonius Molo was affected at Hhodes, on Ciceto^ declaiming in Greek, ib. Cicero consults the oracle at IMpK which bids him * follow nature, and not the opinion of the nol- titude/ iA,29S. This makes him cautious of any attempts l» ward popularity, ib. At last he betakes himself to the bar, tni is immediately distinguished above all the orators in Home, ii. Finds advantage, in point of action, from the instructions of Koscius nnd i^sop, ib. What he said of bawling orators, ik JHis t>ce use of his talent at repartee gets him the character of a malevolent man, 299. When quaestor in Sicily, supplies Roae with corn, ib. Notwithstanding this burthen, his justice and moderation recommend him to the Sicilians, ib. From an ad- venture on his return perceives the slow progress of fame, tft. Acquaints himself with the nutnes and connexions of the Ro- mans, 1)00. Will take no fee or reward for his services at the bar, ib. In what manner he gained the Sicilians their cause against Verres, ib. His answer to Ilortensius, when he said, ' he could not solve riddles,' 301 . The presents the Sicilians made him, v.hen -^^dile, ib. His country-seats, 302. The fortune his wife Terentia brought him, ib. Has a number of men of letters about him, ib. Very abstemious in his diet, and attentive to exercise, ib. Gives up his town-house to his brother and takes up iiis residence on the Palatine hill, ib. Has a levee as great as Crassus or Pompey, ib. Keturned first, when candidate for the proctorship, ib. Condemns Licinius Macer, td. His behaviour to Vatinius, 203. And to Manilius, ib. 304.. Out of fear of Catiline and his associates, the patricians join the ple- beians, in raising Cicero to the consulship, 30.3. The detestable character and designs of ("atiline, 30(). Catiline solicits the consulship, and loses it ; Cicero nnd Caius Antonius being ap- pointed to that office, ib. The tribunes of the people propose to set up a decemvirate, but Cicero quashes the bill, id. 807. Instance of the force of his clo(]uence, in bringing the people to lelish a theatrical regulation in favour of the equestrian order, 307, 308. Catiline hastens his entrrprise before the return of Pompey, 308. Privately engages Sylla's veterans, at the head of wiiom was Manlius, f^ Cicero brings a charge against him in tlie senate, but has not suilicient proofs, i^. CatUine offers
INDEX. 887
himseif again for the contahhip, but loses it through the vi^- lance and interest of Cicero> 809. Crassus, Marcellus, and Me- tellus ScipiOy come to Cicero^s house at midnight, and bring a packet of letters which give light into the intended massacre, tb. 810. Cicero assembles the senate, and produces the packet, SIO. Q. Arritts informs the senate of the designs of Sylla's veterans, ib. The consuls are impowered to act in the manner they think best fbr the preservation of the commonwealth, ib, Cicero takes the care of the city upon himself, ib, Catiline sends Marcius and Cethegus to- assassinate him ; but hh is apprised of his danger by Fulvia, ib, SI 1 . Cicero assembles the senate, and Catiline appears, and attempts to speak, but is prevented, 311. Cicero commands him to auit Rome ; and he marches out with ensigns of authority, ana soon assembles an army of twenty thousand men, ib. Antony, Cicero^s colle^ue, is sent against him, ib. Lentulus heads the conspirators m Rome, t^. The conspirators take the embassadors of the Allobroges into the
filot, and charge them with letters to their nation and to Cati- ine, SIS. They send one Titus of Crotona with the embas- sadors, ib. Cicero, by his great vigilance and address, dis- covers this alEur, ib. 814. Lavs an ambush for the Crotonian, and seizes him ; the embassadors privately assisting the state, SH. Cicero assembles the senate, and lays the letters before it, 7^. Other informations, ib, Lentulus puts off his prsetorian robe in the house, and with his accomplices is taken into custody, ib, Cicero gives the people an account of the proceedings of the day, ib. Spends the night following in considering, what punishment he should inflict on the criminals, S15. Opinions of different senators thereupon, S16, Si 7. The senate decree fbr capital punishment, S17. Cicero leads the convicts severally through the Forum to prison, where they are executed, SIS. The people call him the preserver and second Founder of Rome, ib, Catiline gives Caius Antonius battle, and Is destroyed with his whole army, S19. Csesar, now praetor, and two or the tri- bunes, prevent Cicero from addressing the people, and allow him only to take the oath on laying down his office, ib. S20. He takes it in a form of his own, S^. The attempts against him defeated by Cato, ib. He gains the glorious title of * Father of his Country,' ib. His vanity disgusting ; yet not unwilling that others should have their share of honour, S21. His testimonies to the merit of Aristotle, Plato, and Demosthenes, ib. Favours he did Cratippus, ib. His son studies under that philosopher, S22. Gorgias accused of accostominff young Cicero to a life of pleasure and intemperance, ib, Cicero's superior keenness of expression leads him into violations of decorum, ib. Instances of that keenness, ib. S2S. Clodius becomes Cicero^s enemy fbr giving evidence against his plea of an alibi^ at the time when he entered Ccesar's house in disguise, S26, S27. Clodius is elected tribune of the people, and attacks Cicero, 829. How the tri- umvirate then stood afiected toward Cicero, ib. Cicero applies to CsBsar for a lieutenancy under him in Gaul, but relinquishes
VOL. VI. Z
«■ .*,-«-•■—■
it after it was granted, ib. 330. Tliis offends Cssar, 330. Cio- dius aummons him to anstrer for putting Lentulus and Celhegm to death, ib. Cicero puts on muurDing, and twenty thoiuaod young men of Uie best families supplicate the people with him, ib. He appEies to Pompey, wlio ungratefully aeserts liiin,S3I. Dedicates a etatiie of Minerva in tiie Capitol, ib. 332. Flicf ' from Rome at midnight, 332. Is treated in genera) with greii kindness, notwithstanding his banishment ana interdictiori trcoi fire and water by Clodius, ib. What happened on his Mibf , from Brundusiura Id Dyrrachiuni, ib. He bears his exile \a t manner unbecoming a philosopher, 333. Clodius burm hii villas 1 and on the place where his house ftood in Rome, creels i temple to Libertv, ib. And affronts Pompey, who now repewi of his having sulfered Cicero to be banished, ib. Tlie senate t^ solves lodci^patch no public business, till Cicero is recalled, 6- A great tumult ensues, in which Quintus, the brother of Cicero, i» lefl for dead.i'i. SSf. Milo Eutnmons Clodius to answer forhi; violation of the public peace, 334-. Pompey drives Cludiui oj' of the Forum, and the people vote for Cicero's return with greii unanimity, ib. The senate vies with the commons in zeu fix Cicern, id. The cities, through which he passes, do the umr. ih. He returns sixteen months afler his bamshraent, ib. Erasn Clodius' acts from the tribuoitial tables, and endeavours to annul thetn, but is prevented by Cato, ib. 335. Milo kills Clodiut: and being arraigned for the fact, chooses Cicero for lu's advocate, 335. Cicero, though so able an orator, had a timidity in ^Mak- ing, ib. Milo loses his cause, 336. Cicero is appointed one of the augurs, ib. Is sent proconsul into CUicia, where he be- haves wirh great integrity, prudence, and moderation, ib. 337. Brings the Cappaducians to submit to ArJobarzanea vltbout bloodshed, 336. Routs the robbers ivho had possessed thcv ■elves of mount Araaous, und is saluted < Imperator ' by d* army, 337. His answer to the Kdite Ccelius, who applied U Iiim for panthers, ib. Visits Rhodes and Athens in his retttre, 33S. nnds the flame of civil war ready to break out at Rome, ib. His saying on the senate's decreeing him a triutnpb, i^ In great doubt and perplexity, a.1 to the party he should take, ii. Cssar would have been satisfied with his standing neuter, but >t last he Joins Pompey,339. Cato blames him fur not remainiog at Rome, ib. He repents of the step he had taken, ib. Dispangn Porapej's preparations, counsel*, and allies, ii. Some strokei of wit and rciiitrtee, in which he indulged him!Lcir in the camp, 340. ^^er the Uttic of Pharsali.i nos lost, Cato desires Cicero, a* a person of consular dignity, to take the coiomand of the fleet ; and on his refusal, young Pompey threatens to kill him, ib. 341. He waits at Drundueium for Caesar's return from Egypt, 341. T« treated by the con<iueror with great humanity and rceonl, i^. The compliment Cnsar paid hint in liis ' Anli-Calo,* »6. His eloquence prevails upon Cicsar to acijuit LigarJus, conlrsrj to '^' ' " He spends his lime in philosophic retire-
ling the young nobility, ii. Invc ' ' "'
INDEX. 839
terms in logic and natural philosophy, answerable to the Greek, ib. Rarely goes to Rome, and then only to vote Csesar new- honours, 343. What he said of Ceesar's setting up Pompey's statues, ib. Forms a design to write the history of his own country, but is prevented, tb^ Divorces Terentia, and marries a young lady of great fortune, to whom he was guardian, ib. 344.* Loses his daughter Tullia, S44. Puts away his new wife, because she seemed to rejoice at the death of Tullia, ib. Afler the death of Caesar, Cicero recommends a general amnesty, and that provinces should be decreed to Brutus and Cassius, iff. 345. Cicero sets out for Athens, but the news of Antony's reformation invites him to return to Rome, 346. Lives there in fear of assassination, t^. Octavius comes to Rome to demand Csroar's inheritance, and forms a connexion with Cicero, ib. 347. The dream which Cicero had some years before, concerning Octavius, 347. The reflexion, which Brutus made upon that new connexion of Cicero's, 348. Cicero expels Antony, ib. Hirtius and Pansa are sent to give Antony battle, ib. The rank of prsetor and the fasces are granted to Octavius through Cicero's means, 349. The consuls rail in the action, and their troops incorporated with Csesar's, ib. Antony being beaten, the senate endeavours to draw young Caesar's troops from him, ib. Caesar persuades Cicero to give him his interest for the consulship, and aflerwards casts him off and takes another collegue, ib. The triumvirate is formed be- tween Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius, 350. They proscribe two hundred persons, ib, Caesar contends for Cicero a while ; but upon Antony giving up his uncle L. Csesar, and Lepidus agreeing to put his brother Paulus in the list, Cicero is sacri- ficed, ib. The distressful movements of Cicero and his brother Quintus, under the terrors of proscription, ib. They part, 351. Quintus and his son are betrayed by his servants to tlie assassins, ib, Cicero is carried to his country-house at Astyra, where he goes on board a vessel, and coasts along to Circseum, ib. Though he has a favourable wind he puts to shore, and after various per- plexing movements, seeks the sea again, ib. Omens ofhiadeath, '252. The assassins come up, amongst whom was Ponipilius, whom he had defended, when under pro5ecution for parricide, ib. He stretches his neck out of the litter, and Herennius gives him the fatal blow, 253. Dies in the sixty-fourth year of his age, ib. His head and hands are fastened up over the Rostra by Antony, ib. What Augustus said of Cicero, to one of his own grandsons, ib. Augustus takes the son of Cicero for his collegue, in the consulship, and under his auspices public dishonour is done to the memory of Antony, ib. 254.
Cicero, Quintus, v. 316, 33t, 351. Besieged by Apabiorix, iv. 387. Ciesar relieves him, ib.
the son, v. 322, 353. vi. 78, 80.
Cic/ireus, i. 228.
-fCilicia, Cicero's behaviour there, as proconsul, v. 336, 337«
Cilician pirates, their strength and audacity, iv. 162—155. Rt- duced by Pompcy, 157.
3*0 iNbtx.
CiUes, Pluiemy 'a general, defeated and taken prisoner by Dew- trim, V. 368.
Cimber, McliJtius, or M. Tullius Cimber lays hold on Coar'inilH, which is a f rgnal for all the rest to strike, iv. 434.
Cimbri and Teulones invade Italy with an army of tliree bundled thoiuand men, lii. 13^.
Cimbri, whence their name, iii. 133. In»ade ihe country of iK: Norici, 138. Defeat Cepio, iv. 4. Their order of bailtc, r- 151, 153. Their iim ranks fastened to each other with «k^ 15S. The desperate behaTiour of their women upon ddcB. U. 154.
\Cimmerinn Bosporus, passed by the Amaions, i. 34.
f Cimmerifln,!, pass from the hordera of the northern ocean by & Palus Msrotts, int'i Asia Minor, iii, 133. Their original coo- try so dark and dismal, that Huiner thence took the imKe*' hell, ib.
Cimott, discovers the grave of Tlieseus in Scyros, i. 46, and re«ow his body to Athens, ib.
CiMoN, the son of Miltiades and Hegesipyla, daughter to kir^ Olorus, iii. 297. in hie youth not unlike his grBridfather. •t^
fot the title of ' Coalemos ' for his stupidity and indiscntion,!.' et has something generous and sincere in hi« hehsvioar, li- Accused of a criuiinai commerce with his sister ElpirUce, 896 Cimon has his mistresses, Aristeria and Mnestra^ 299. Mtrrio Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus, ib. Hi* CTcat oUacIi- ment to her while she lives, and sorrow for her deatli, £6. Eaoii in courage to Miitiades, and in prudence to The mist odea ; nd an honester man than either of them, id. One of tb« intto try the fortune of Athens at sea upon the invasion of Xentet, »J. Distinguishes himself in the battle of Salamis. 30O. The ptOf^ begin to be iveary of Themistocles, and niDi pleasure noon Cimon into the administration, tb. Commands at sea for ibe Athenians, and draws the allies from Pausanias, not br ibrtc. but by bis obliging manners, ib. 301. Defeats the Persiatu, in Three?, and reduces their general Butes to such cxtrentitr, thtt he bums the city of Eton, and perishes in the flaniea, 302- Plants there a colony of Athenians, and erects three nwrtile Heraia;, in memory of his victory, i6. The inscrrptiens UM those HermtE, H. 303. Colonises Amphipolis, 303. "nm Scyros, and clears the Aegean sea of pirates, 30t. Diacoven tb* remains of Theseus in Scyros, and carries them trith anu solemnity to Athens, id. Games instituted at Athens on tbtf occasion, 305. Cimon's talent for sinking, ib. His division of the booty taken at Sescos and Uyzantnim, ib, 306. His Imkh- lality and bounty to the poor citiKcos of Athens, ib. S07. He- vives the memory of tlic golden age, 30S. Thougli so kind to the people, in yet of ai'istocratic principlii, ib. Upposes Epbt- altes in nis alteoipt to abolish the court uf Anupwus, H, H^ noble answer to Ithocsnces the Persinn, who oifered him money, ib. He takes money and vbipi unmanned of the allies, iuteail ut' obliging them to servj in person, :109. This natural]; gww
INDEX. S41
the Athenians the superiority, ib. He reduces the king of Persia so effectually, that from Ionia to Pamphylia there wfts not a Persian standard to be seen, t^. Reduces the PhaseliteSy 310. Defeats the Persian fleet in the Eurymedon, and takes two hun- dred ships, 311. Beats the Persian land-forces the same day, ib. Meets the Phcenician reinforcement, and takes all their ships, 312. Obliges the king of Persia, by trea^, not to come within the Chelidonian islands with his ships, nor within a day's joyraey of the Grecian sea with his land-forces, ib. With the treasure he brings home, builds the wall on the south side of the citadel, and performs oUier public works, 313. Reduces all the Thraciau Chersonese, ib. Defeats the Thracians, and secures the ffoldr mines to the Athenians, ib. Is accused for not invading Mace*- don, when he had so fiur an opportunity, ib. 314. Acquitted^ 314. Durinjg the absence of Cimon, the jurisdiction of the Areqpagites is narrowed, ib. Cimon, on his return, attempts to restore that jurisdiction, but in vain, 315. The friendship which subsisted between Cimon and the Lacedaemonians, ib. The names he save his sons, ib. The Lacedaemonians, af^er the earthquake, apply to the Athenians for succours agains( the Helots and Messenians, 316, 317. Cimon marches to their relief, 317. His adventure on his return, at Corinth, ib. 318. The Lacedss* monians call in the Athenians a second time, and afterward dismiss their troops without employing them, 318. The Athe* nians banish Cimon, and declare war against the Lacedaemonians, SI 8. Cimon*s friends distinguish themselves in the battle of Tanagra, and he is recalled, ib. 319. He makes pe|u:e between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, 319. Fits out a fleet of twp hundred sail, to carry the war a second time into Bgypt and Cyprus, ib. Presages ^ of his death, 3%. Defeats the Persian fleet on the Asiatic coast. 321. Conceivea n design to over^ru^ that whole empire, ib. Casts anchor before Cyprus, ib. Sends persons to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, ib. The god declares that Cimon is already with him, ib. He dies during th( siege of Citium, 322. Had given orders, that the officers should sail home with the fleet, and in the mean time conceal his deaths ib. The last of the Grecian generals tliat did any thing coneir derable against the barbarians, ib. HLs monument, where, 323.
CimoniOf what, iii. 323.
Cineas^ his conversation with Pyrrhus concerning happiness, iiL 83, 84, Sent by Pyrrhus to Rome with proposals of peaoe^ which are reiected, 90, 92. Calls the senate of Rome * ao assembly of kings,' 93. Gives Fabricius an account of the Epicurean philosophy, ib. Sent with other offers to Rome» 95. Sent into Sicily, 98.
CineaSf father of Thallua, v. 16.
Cif^ottiut VarrOf a friend of Nymphidius, vi. 224. Put to death by Galba, ib.
Cinna, Lucius, upon a promise
uus, thouffh of the opposite party, named consul by Syllv Tomise of being true to his interest, iii, 245. Forfeits
S42 INDEX.
«
his oath, 246^ Driven out of Boroe by Octavius, ITS.
person to assassinate Pompey, and his father^ iv. 128. EQledbf
one of his own officers, 130, 131. CinnQf one of the conspirators against Csesar, iv. 437. vi. 73. , Helvius, a poet and friend of Caesar's, dreams that Car,
after his deaths invites him to supper, vi. 75, n. Goes to idnd
his obsequies, and being taken by the rabble for the oither Gbm^
is torn in pieces, ib. fCios, V. 23.
\Ciraeum^ iii. 166. v. 351. CiVce, i. 50.
-fCirceiu ii. 209. iv. 425.
Circensian Games^ i. 70.
Circus Flaxninius, iii. 381. Maximus, i.70.
f Cirrcptium, a village in the territory of Arpinuoiy where Mm
originally lived, iii. 122. fCSrrha, i. 171, 231.
CissuSt and Ephialtes, imprisoned by Alexander, iv. 306. Cisstua^ a fountain whose water was like wine ; Bacchus aid tt
have been washed in it immediately after his birth, iii. 234. •fCithceronf Mount, v. 279. fCUiufjiy iii. 322.
Civic Crown, the Roman reward for saving the life of a citizen, ii.]n. Clalia swims the Tiber on horseback, i. 297* An equestrian statoi
of her in the Via Sacra, 298. ••C/anw? river, i. 259.
fClaro^f temple there plundered by the pirates, iv. 153. \Clastidium, ii. 395. Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to' 'Tiberiiii
Gracchus, v. 203. Claudii^ account of that family, i. 301. CiaudiuSf the emperor, sets earthen vessels before Vinius after h^
had stolen one of plate, vi. 221. — — . See Appiiis, Ciausus. See Appitis. fClazomencp, iii. 419. Clement tti\\ son of Cleomedon, v. 387. Cleandrides, Pericles bribes him to withdraw the lvaced«™*""*°
forces, ii. 35. Is ?enlenced to death, and flies from Laced*"^»
ib. Father of Gylippus, ib. Ckanthes, his observaiion upon Socrates and Alcibiades, ii. 119. » , freedman aud physician of Cato the Younger, v, 120-
Clearchus <!ent embassador by Philip to Thebes, v. 272. ■ the Lacedjrmonian general, ordered to obey Cynif, vi.
120. His over-cautious advice to Cyrus, 122. Ruins the whole
a0air by a bad disposition of the Greeks, 123. Clemenci/, a temple dedicated to that virtue, in honour of Cesar,
iv. 423. Cleobis, and Biton, preferred in point of happiness^ by SoloD, to
Crcesusj L 261.
INDEX. 348
Cleocritus comprotnises the dispute between the Athenians and Spartans, as to erecting a trophy, ii. 478.
CleodeSf son of Hyllus, iii. 66.
deomantes the Spartan, one of Alexander's diviners, iv. 317.
Cleombrotus sncceeds Agesipoln, and is sent with an army into Boeotia, ii. 356, 364. iv. 100, 101. Killed in the battle of Leuc- tra, iv. 107. v. 154.
, king of Sparta, in the room of his father-in-law Leo- nidas, who is deposed, v. 145. Takes refuge in the temple of Neptune, 149. His wife Chelonis, who had before attended her father in his banishment, now goes into exile with him, 149.
Cleomedes the Astypalensian, account of his gigantic strength, L 97. Of his body's vanishing after his death, 98. The priestess of Apollo calls him the last of the heroes, Ui,
Cleomedon, fined by the Athenians, v. 387.
Cleomenes, the Athenian, iii. 205.
— , the Spartan, one of the arbitrators between the Athe- nians and Megarensians, i. 230.
Cleombnbs, son of Leonidas, marries Agiatis the widow of Agis, V. 154. His character, 155. Dissatisfied at the prevailing manners of Sparta, ib. Instructed in the Stoic philosophy by Sphserus, 156. Sounds Xenares about bringiifg'back the Spartan constitution to its first principles, 157. Thinks war would fur- nish the best opportunity for the execution of his designs, f6. Seizes Athenaeum, 158. Watches the motions of Aratus, ib. He is recalled from Arcadia by the Ephori, ib. Sent out agam, ib. Takes Methydrium in the territories of Argos, id. Tke Achasans marcli against him with an army greatly superior to his, under the command of Aristomachus, ib. Yet AraCQS prevents their fighting, i^. Cleomenes goes to the assistance of the Eieans agains$t the Achseans, and detelits the latter at La- caeum, ib. Aratus makes a sudden movement to Mantinea, and takes it, ib. Cleomenes recalls Archidamus from exile, who is soon aflerward treacherously slain, 159, 160. Bribes the EplKki to permit him to renew the war, 160. Defeats the Achfl^ns near Leuctra, and kills Lysiades, 161. Persuades his fiither-in-' law, Megistonoiis, to join him in endeavouring to break the yoke of the Ephori, and to procure an equal division of lands, ib. Remarkable dream of one of the Ephori in the temple of Pasiphaa, ib. Cleomenes takes flersea and Aisaea, two cities belonging to the Acharan league, ib. Returns suddenly with a * small party^ and kills all the Ephori, except one, 162. Agevi- laus, who was the surviving one, makes his appearance the next day, and is spared, ib. Cleomenes banishes eighty of the most ' obnoxious citizens, 164. His speech to the people in juBtific»i<'> tion of his proceedings, ib. 165. He surrenders bis own estate into the puolic stock, 165. Divides the lands, 166. Fills up the number of citizens, ib. Forms the youth according to the discipline of Lycurgus, ib. Takes his brother Euclidas for his partner in the throne, ib. Ravages the territories of Megalo- ' polisj without any opposition fir<Mn tba AcbsBans^ 166. It a
t
54* INDKX.
pattern of sobriety, 167. Whftt kind of table ha left 4 strangers, 168, The Maotineans put themselves under hit protection, id. He defeats the Achsans at Dimesc, 169. In- sUts on being appointed to the comniaad of the league, ii. Hit sickoeu breaks hiE measures, 170. Aratus out of envy t« Cb»- menes, invites Antigoaus into Peloponnesus, i6. Cleomeati declares vrar against the Achceans, 172. Takes Pellene, Ftie- neum, and Peiiteleuni, ib. ITS. Comes upon Argoa at the tamt of tlie Nemean games, and takes it, 173. Makes himaelf nut- Ur of CleansD and PhHuc, 174. The Corinthians invite hitn inU their city, (d. HeinvesUtbe citadel, which was in the hnif of the Achfcans, H. Forti ties the Onean mountains, 175. An- tigonus, after eeieral vain attempts, gets into Peloponnesus, bt means of a defection of the Argives, 176, 177. Cleomenc» re- tires to defend Laconia, 1 77. His wife Agiatis dies, i&. Piolcmj Et-omises him succours, 178. HU mother and children are iccl oatages into Egypt) iJt. He enfranchises a number of tiu Heluts, I79< Makes a diversion against the progresa of litt Macedonian arms, by surprising Megalopolis, 180. Makes im excursions into the territories of Argos, 181, 182. la forced la action for want of money, IBS. Defeated and ruined in the bai- lie uf Setlasia, 134^ Takes ship at (iythium, 186. Antigoatu behaves to the Spartans with great humanity, ib. Therycioo exhorts Cleomcnes to kill himself, and soon aAer sets the exMS- pie, 167. Cleomenes' answer, 188. He sails to Egjrpt, mtmt Ptolemy Euergetes treats him with some degree of gennoriht, (A. Ptolemy's sticceisor, being a weak prince, sood begins U look upon him with an evil eye, I90> He desires only a shnlo carry him to Peloponnesus, and b refused it, i/>. The greM ■• jury done him by Nicagoras the Messenian, 191, 193. Ha it confined tu his apartment, 192. He geie out of coniiijeiDrat far Bsli'utagem, I^S. Al^er great exertions of valour in the Kr««k, he finds it impossible lo escape and therefore kills bimaelfi tM. Hb friends despatch themselves with bim, ib. Ptoletny puts Im mother and children to death, 196.
Clean, the Atlienian, accusei Pericles, ii. 51. His extrsv^apt action in speaking, iii. 410. «. 201. His character, iii. 4ffl^ 409. liedecis on NJcias, and having the command given his, rctur[is victorious, 409. I'roublesome lu the administration, MO. U killed in battle, H.
'• of Ualicarnassus, composes an oration for Lysander; cmtlain- iog arguments for making the kin^ of Sparta elective, iii. S90,
• , the Byzantine, his esteem for Phocion, v. 18.
— ^, one of the tyrants of iiicyon, vi. 153.
\CleoHa, iL 235. iii. 333. *. S4, 17*. vi. 181.
Citoiuce, of Byzantium, comes with great reluctance towards tbe bed of Pausanias king of Sparta, and is inadvertently killed by him, iii. SOI. He seeks means of expiation, and invokes her ghost, ib. The answer she made him, ib.
Cuoa^MUf, of Sparta, stirs up the Thebans against DeinetriM, hut on thai prince's approach withdraws, v. 404, 405.
wife unfaithful to him, iii. 105* Calls in Pyrrhue, aod adviaes him to attack Sparta immediately ; but that advice is not listened to, and Pyrrhus fails, 105 — 110.
Ckonymus, son of Sphodrias favourite of Archidamus, soa o| Agesilaus, iv. 102. His valour and death, 107.
-^ :-,~, father of Leonidas, v. ISS.
Cleopater commands for Aratus in Acrocorinthus^ vi. 195.
CUopatra^ daughter of Mithridates, and wife of Tigranes, iii. S58.
' ■' ■ , Cossar undertakes the iBgyptian war for her rake, w. 413. Cssar sends for her, and she contrives to be conveyed to^ him 10 a carpet, ib, 414. Cesar reconciles her to her bro* ther, 414. Her brother is lost in an action upon the Nile, 415. Caesar declares her queen of Egypt, and has a son by her aaraed- Caesario, fi. Commanded to appear before Antony, v. 448. Her magnificent spirit, and the charms of her conversation, 449, 450. On a party of fishing, puts a salt-fish on Antony's hook, and tells him that * kings, not fish, were his game,* 453. Dresses in the habit of the goddess Isis, 478. SuppHes An- tony with ships, money, and provisions, 475, 479. Jealous of the honours paid Octavit at Athens, 480, 483. Antony loses many friends on her account, 481. Persuades Antony to fight "Octavius by sea* 466. Ruins Antony by her flight, for she draws him after her, 489. Forms a scheme to retire into the farthest part of the east* 493. Makes an experiment of several poisonous drugs, 4959 ftod venomous animals, ib. Builds seve- ral monuments, as repositories of her wealth, 497. Draws up Antony, half*dead, into one of them, 499. Seized by Proculeiua, 501. Her intentions to starve herself to death, 503. Augustua visits her, i^. Her address to the gods at Antony's tomb, 5€6)>- Writes a letter to Augustus, 506. Dies, ib,
and Alexander, twins of Antony by Cleopatra, y. 4M«'
Cleopatra marries prince Juba the historian, 508.
, wife Of Philip, iv. 252.
-, sister to Alexander the Great, iv. 43, 48.
CUopkuneif the Athenian, distinguishes himself by his bravery, V. 17.
CleophaniuSf one of the sons of Themistocles, i. 357.
Cieophi^uSf Homer's poems preserved by hb posterity, i« 1 15.
Cleopt olenitis, Antiochus marries his daughter m Euboea, iiL 51*
Cleora, wife of Agesilaus, iv. 94.
Clepsydra^ a fountain in the citadel of Athens, v. 457» and n.
Clidemus the historian, i. 31, 34.
ClienUf the people distingujshed into patrons and clients by Ro- mulus, i. 68.
-[Climaxt clifb of, under which Alexander marchei by the Pamphy^ lian sea, iv. 365.
CUnias^ a friend of Solon, i. 389.
1 &ther of Alcibiades, gains honoor in the sea-figbt near
Artemisium, ii. 113. Falls in the battle of Coronea, ib.
-, fiuher of Aratus, one of the two duef magistrates of Si«
cyon, vL 153. Kfllod ^ Ab«itidn% sfw
S46 INDEX,
CUsthenesy son of Alcmson^ expels the PisistratidiSy aaid esti-
blishes the democracy at Athens, ii. 5. Cliiomachu^ v. 295. fCliicrianSf how Soils acquits himself of his promise to them,
i. 111. C/i/uf saves the life of Alexander, fv. 263. Ill omen, while he ii
sacrificiDgyS17. Behaves rudely to Alexander, and is killed bf
him, S18, 319. The king inconsolable for his death, 320. - ■ carries Phocion and his friends as prisoners to Athens, wAl.
■ ■■ ■ , servant to Brutus, vi. 106.
Clodia^ sister of Clodius, and wife of Lucullus, divorced for iopir* ing her husband's bed, iii. 382.
■ ■ ■ , called *' Quadrantaria/ and why, ▼. 328.
CiodiuSy Publius, raises a mutiny in the army against LtUCidliiSy iub S76, 377. His infamous character, v. 328. Insults Ponpej, iv. 186. Intrigues with Pompeia, Caesar's wife, or atteropti tt least to do it, v. 326, 327. iv. 366. Accused of impiety tsd incest, but acquitted, v. 328. Elected tribune of the peo^ 329. Causes great disturbance in Rome, v. 80, 82, 83. rot the sake of being made tribune, descends from a patrician into a plebeian family, 82, 89. Sends Cato to Cyprus^ 88. Prose- cutes and banishes Cicero, v. 332. Bums Cicero's houses, 33S. Killed by Milo, 335.
Clodms Glaber, the prsetor, sent against Spartacus, iii. 4*58.
, the husband of Fulvia, who was subsequently married to Antony, v. 435.
■ goes in disguise from Lepidus' camp to Antony, v. 448. ■■ I ' ' CelsuSf the Antiochian, nis advice to Nymphidius, vi. 222.
Macer commands in Africa, vi. 222. Slain by Trebonianos,
224.
ClodoneSf a name of the Bacchanals, iv. 240.
Cloelva, See Clalia.
Clokes and hats of purple, the most honourable marks of the prince*! regard among the Macedonians, iv. 50.
\CltuianSj besieged by the Gauls, i. S80. The Roman embas- sador, on that occasion, unjustly commits hostilities against the Gauls, 381.
'\Cnaciony a river in Sparta, near which the senate used to meet called also Oenus, i. 120.
Cneius. See all the Cneii under their family names.
^Cnidu&^ ii. 154. iii. 310.
•{Cnidians, iv. 412.
CoalemoSj a name given to Cimon the grandfUther of Cimon the Atlienian general, iii. 2^>7.
Cocceiu&y Otho's brother's son, vi. 261.
Coccus Ilicisy i. 18, 7i. See Kermcs.
Cocky on what occasion the Luced;cmonians offered one in sacri- fice, iv. 114. A golden cock carried on the point of a spear vt. 125.
Codes. See Horatius.
Codrus, L 31, It. 45, it. Sdon descended from him, 218.
INDEX, S47
f Ccelosyria^ given by Antony to Cleopatra, v. 460.
Ccdia^ wife of Sylla, divorced because she was barren, iii. 240.
Cceliusy one of Carbo's officers, iv. 132.
■ ■ the orator, v. 337, n.
Coffins^ two of stone made for Numa, one for his body, and the other for his books, i. 206.
Cohorts. See Pmetorian.
Coirty that of Persia stamped with the figure of an archer ; hence Agesilaus says, ' he was driven out of Asia by ten thousand archers,* iv. 89. ^
fCoichos, i S7. iv. 167.
iColias, I 22H.
CoUatinuSy Tarquinius, the husband of Lucretia, chosen consul, i. 272, 273. Accused of favouring Tarquin, 279. Lays down the consulate, and retires from Rome, 280.
ColMne Gate, iii. 273.
Colonies, the advantage of those sent out by Pericles, ii. 19.
•fColonisy a town so called, iii. 24. Probably should be written * Coronis,' ib. n.
fColophonianSf restored to liberty by Lucullus, iii. 330. '
Colossus of Hercules, ii. 99.
Colt, sacrificed by the Thebans, ii. 367*
Coljttus, one of the Attic boroughs, v. 265.
ComagenCy iv. 167, n.
Comedy^ the ancient, iii. 383, n. v. 375.
Comet, a large one appeared for seven nights afler the death of Cssar, iv. 438.
Comias, archon when Pisistratus erected his tyranny, i. 269.
Cominiusy the consul, besieges Corioli, ii. 182. Beats the Vol- scians, 184, 185. Speaks in praise of Caius Marcius, 185, 186. Gives him the surname of Coriolanus, 186.
Comitiumj a place in Rome where elections were held, and other public business transacted, i. 64. Why so called, 82.
Community of goods in Saturn's time 3 Cimon's liberality resem- bled it, iii. 308.
Companies^ the people of Rome distributed into companies by K^uma, according to their trades, i. 197.
Comparisons and Similies ; Of the forming of a commonwealth to the stopping and uniting of small bodies in the water, iii. 10. The spirit of contention in states compared to the force of dit« tempers in the human body, 24. Of Pyrrhus to a gamester, iii* 103. Of ambitious men to Ixiom, v. 132. Subjects to be cho- sen for the mind as colours are for the eye, ii. 3. 'i'he €9pera- tions of a statesman compared to those of a physician, 27. The passions of the soul to the strings of a musical instrument, 27, 28. Tlie rage of tyranny dissolved in the ardour of youthfbl indulgences, as iron is softened in the fire, vi. 8. The precipi* tate steps of returning freedom, compared to the rash use of re» turning health, 36. The severe, though necessary, measures of adminibtration, compared to the bandages of surgeons, iii^ 394. Alcibiades compared to the land of Egypt, 410. Of bio- 7
S4S
INDEX.
graphy to port roh-piin ting, ir. 239. Of the Macedonian mey, after the doatJi ofAlexaader, to Fulyphemus af^er hia «ve w put cut, vi. 211> The great councils of a state compared to tu- chbrs, i. 2i5. The constituent purts of an army to tboee of the human bodvi ■■■ 341. vi. 211. Over cautious generals to timo- ' rous physicians, ii. 427. The Spartan Fbalanx, to a fierce ani- mol erecting his bristles, -tT't.
Concave uiirrorB, the vestal virgins recovered fire by itiem «hca theirs happened to be extinguished, 1. 183.
Coacqjtion and delivery supposed to be assisted by being Etntct with thongs in the feast of the Lupercalia ; aee Lupercalia and
Concord, a temple built to her, i. 118. v. 241.
Conmdas, tutor to Tlieseus, i. 6. The Athenians aaci
Conon takes an unfair advantage, with respect to the
Solon's friendship for bim, i. 'i39.
. the Athenian general, defeated by Lyiander, at ./Egos Pot*-
mos, iii. 109. Defeats the Spartans near Cnidiu, vi. 138. Killi
their admiral Pisander, iv.91. Rebuilds the Jong walle of AtheM
with the Persian money, 98. Conopion burns the body of Pbocion, v. 44. Conscience, terrors of conscience, upon Marius, iii. 179. On I
aecure in the armour of old ag^'l 66,67. Of Catiline, iv. 36*. ».7i^.,
I, 30i . Considius tells Casar he is
373. Conspiracif against Cxsar, i
308, 309.
Contualia, a feast among the Romans, i. 73. Consuls, when one of them mat first chosen out of the plaKnl^M
i. 286, «. Consiii, the god of counsel, whoso altar Itomulus pretended in
find under ground, i. 69. Kept covered, except duriiM the
equestrian games, 70. ^Coos, ii. 1 54..
CopiUuSf chief of the Tectosagse, taken prisoner by Sylla, iii. 233. Coponiwi, governor for the Komana in Corra, iii, 489. ReCBtTca
CraasuB into the town after his defeat, ib, Corci/ne, Ariadne's nurse, i. 23. \Corctfra, an island of considerable strength, ii. 43. Pyrrlhia
gains it by marriage, iii. 76. The dispute between it's inhabit
tants and the city of Corinth, determined by Tbentiatocle*, i.
iCoTiIuha, iv. 376. h
CordyUo. V. 57. U
Conr, daughter of Aidoneus king of the Molossians, i. 40. ' ^|
^Corfinium, iv. 398. ^ \Cori„th. it's regard for libertyr ii. 233, 269. Why called the
' tetters of Greece,* iii. 43. vi. 16S. Colonised by Ctesor It
423.
CanniAMnf, allow the Atheniana to hold the place of hoi
INDEX. $49
• • • •
the Isthmtto games, L SI. Colonise Syracuse, ii. iSSt'n. Assist the Syracusans, 294. For which purpose they choose Timoleon general) and send supplies after him, ib. Their war with the Corcyreans, ii. 48, 44. CoRioLANTTSy Caius Marcius, of an illustrious fkmihry ii. 174. Brought up by his mother in her widowhood, ib. His excellent genius not siraiciently cultiyated, 175. His heroic strengtii im-
?'oved by exercise, 176. Makes his first campaign, when arquin wa$ endeavouring to re-establish himself, ib. Gains a civic crown in the decisive battle, 177. His affectionate atten- tion to his mother Volumnia, 179. He lives in the same house with her after he is married, ib. The commons apply to the senate for relief against the usurera, tft. Relief is pronused them before the Sabine war, biit denied after it, ib, 180. Coriola- nus, in particular, is severe against them, 180. The people se- cede to the Sacred Mount, ib. The senate send to them the most venerable men of their body, and at the head of them Menenius Agrippa who addresses them with a fid>le that brings them to temper, f 6. 181. Before they are reconciled to the senate, they obtain tribunes to defend their rights, 181. The plebeians now readily give in their names for the war, 182. Corioli is taken chiefly by the valour of Marcius, 183. He hastens to a^ist the consul Cominius in the battle with the Volscians, 184, 185. The Volscians are entirely defeated, 185. Cominius offers Marcius the tenth of the spoils, ib. Marcius refuses the offer, and only desires to have a Volscian released, to whom he was bound by Uie ties of hospitality, ib. 186. Cominius gives him the surname of * Coriolanus,' 186. Some observations upon the Grecian and Roman names, 187, 188. Provisions are ex- tremely scarce in Rome, and the tribunes lay hold of that op- portunity to incense the people against the senate, 188. The people of Velitrse having suffered by a pestilential dborder, desire a colony from Rome; and the tribunes inveigh against the nobility for sending one, ib. 189. Coriolanus makes an inroad into the territories of Antium, with a body of volun- teers, and brmss off plenty of provisions, 190. Stands for the consulship, and the people, on the sight of his scars, are in- clined to serve him; but the great appearance of senators in his interest awakes their jealousy, ib. 191. His resentment thereupon, 192. A great quantity of bread-corn is brought to Rome, and Coriolanus proposes holding up it's price, and advises the senate not to distribute that gratis^ which was a present from Gelon, 193. His speech upon that occasion, ib.
194. The tribunes stir up the people, and summon Coriolanus to answer for the advice he had given, 194. A tumult ensues,
195. The consuls and senate endeavour to appease the people, t^. The tribunes insist, that Coriolanus shall answer to certain articles, ib. Instead of the submissive language which the peo- ple expected, he makes a haughty speech, 196. Sicinius pro- nounces sentence of death against Coriolanus, ib. The patri- cians prevent the execution of that sentence, ib. The patri-
.«■
350 INDEX.
■
dans demand a lend trial for Coriolanus before the people^ and Siciniu8 agrees to it, 197. The expedition against tne Antiatet intervenes, ti. Appias Claudius opposes the senate*8 aUowing the people a right of suffrage against them, 198. Neverthelc«v Coriolanus appears to take his trial, ib. The tribunes bretk their word, ana bring new charges against him, 199. They alio make the people vote by tribes, and not by centuries, id. He ii condemned to esule by a majority of three tribea, 200. RemaiDi unhumbled, ib. M^itates revenge, and for that purpose ap- plies to the Volsciaos, 201. His address to Tullus Aufidius, the principal man among them, and hitherto his greatest enemy, 208; 203. He meets wiUi the kindest reception, 203. A remarkable prodigy happens at Rome, ib. The Romans order all the Vol- scians to quit their c*ity, on occasion of some public shows, 206. The Volscians demand restitution of the lands and cities they had lost, and are answered with a defiance, 207- Coriolanus if joined in commission with Tullus, ib. He makes an inroad into the Roman territories, but spares the lands of the patricians, ti. 208. Hie Volscians repair to the standard in great numbecii 208. Tullus takes part of them to garrison the towns, and Co- riolanus with the other part marches into Latium, ib, 209. Co- riolanus takes several towns, subject to, or in alliance with, the Romans, 209. Upon his march against Lavinium, the plebeians propose to recall him ; but from an ill-timed resentment, or spirit of opposition, the patricians refuse their consent, 210. He marciies immediately toward Rome, and encamps only five miles from it, 211. Both senate and people send a deputation, de> airing him to be reconciled, and to return to his native country, f& He receives them witii ereat pomp, and insists on coniu> tions very favourable to the Volscians, tb. 212. Gives tlie Ro- mans thirty days to consider of them, and retreats, 212. Tullus and other Volscians, who envied his renown, cabal against Iiim, ib» Coriolanus spends the interval in harassing the allies of Rome, 213. The Romans send a second embassy, to demand more favourable conditions, and a third consisting of the minis- ters of religion ; but Coriolanus bids them either accept the former propositions, or prepare for war, 213. The divine as- sistance explained by Plutarch to be a moral influence, 215. An expedient is suggested to Valeria, as she was praying in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 216. She goes with a number of matrons to Volumnia, the mother o( Coriolanus, and intreats her and his wife Vergilia, to apply to him in behalf of their falling country, ib. The affecting meeting between Coriolanus and his family, 218. Volumnia*s speech to him, ib. 219. He stands a long time silent, 219. Volumnia throus herself at his feet, and prevails, 2-0. The effect his departure from before Rome had upon the Romans, 221. A temple is built to the Fortune of Women, ib. Tullus meditates the death of Coriolanus, 223. He is summoned to give an account of his conduct before the people of Antium ; but his enemies, not permitting him to be ucard, ^ upon him, and despatch him ou the spot, ib. 22^ The
INDEX. 351
Volscians give him an honourable burial ib. The Roman wo- men are permitted to go into mourning for him, 225.
^Corioli besieged and taken by the Romans, ii. 182, 184.
CorneUtrcey one considered as holy, being supposed to grow from the stafi'of Romulus' javelin, i. 84.
Cornelia^ daughter of Metellus Scipio, and widow of Publius Crassus, married to Pompey, iv. 195, 196. Her great accom* plishments, 196. Her sad meeting with Pompey at Mitylene, 221. Charges Pompey's defeat on hi? connexions with her ill fortune, ib, 222. Is an eye-witness of his tragical death, 227* , daughter of Cinna, and Caesar's first wife, iv. 357-. , daughter of Scipio Africanus, and motlier of the Gracchi, V. 119. Her character, 200. Has opportunity to marry a. king* and declines it, ibp Her care in the eaucaCion of her sons Tibe- rius and Caius, whom their father led very young, ib. Reproaches them with her being called * the mother-in-law of Scipio/ rather than < the mother of the Gracchi,' 207* Statue erected to her, and it's inscription, 228. The magnanimity of her behaviour on the untimely death of her sons, 242. The honours paid her in her old age, ib,
Corneliusy one of Sylla's officers, bribed by Cssar, during tho proscriptions, to let him escape, iv. 357, 358.
> Cneius, chosen by ftfarcellus for his collegue, ii. 294?. ' CetheguSf degraded from the priest's office, for deficiency in point of ceremony, ii. 394.
CossuSf commands as a military tribune, at a time when
there were not consuls, and has the honour of offering up tho spoils called * Opima,* i. 75. Appointed dictator, 407.
, Publius, i. 207.
BalbuSf hinders Csesar from rising up to the senate^ ir.
428.
*, Caius, a diviner at Padua, announces there the begin-
ning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia, iv. 412.
-, Dolabella, an admirer of Cleopatra, acquaints her with
^ s ' a
Augustus' design to remove her from the monument, v. 505.
ScipiOj appointed general of horse by Camillus, when
dictator, i. 367.
— — LentuluSf his generous offer to Paulus ^milius, ii.8d.
Merula^ made consul by Octavius in the room of Cinna,
iii. 173.
SyUa. See Si/lla.
NepoSf iii. 390.
Loco, appointed captain of the praetorian bands, vi. 222.
Cornificius, Lucius, employed bv Augustus to impeach Brutus,
vi. 81.
one of Caesar's lieutenants, iv.407, 416.
ComutuSy saved in the time of the proscriptions by the fidelity of
his slaves, iii. 177. Corcehm the architect, ii. 23. iCaronra, ii. 32. iii.226. CorrauSf father of Stratonice, the wife of Antigonus, ▼. 364.
SM
INDEX.
Carrkabus, son of Demetrius by Eurydice, t. MI.
Corvinus, ValeriiUi «I\ limeB codsuI, iii. 156.
Caryneles, oT ' the club-bearer,' i. 9.
tO», isle dT, iii. 3!29.
Cosconius, a man of prKloriaa digniiy, killed by Cxsar'a soldim :: B mutiny, iv. 416.
Com, general of the Albaaians, killed by Pompey, iv. I TO.
fCosia and Narnia, colonJBed by the Homans, iii. St.
Coisiniu^, collegue of Varinus, hie camp forced by Spartactw, kJ I himself alain, iii. 45S.
Cotsus, Liciniiu, sent to consult the oracle at Delphi, i. S66.
Cathon, what, i, 125.
Cotta, Marcus Aurelios, opposes Marius' bw with ree|>e<:t (ovatitf I but in vain, iii. 18S. Is conaui with Lucutlus, S32. Sent I7 1^ I senate to guard the Propontis and Bithynia, S34. Hts ofuHilin to light Mithridates, ends in being defeated both by se« aodlud. 336. Defeated in a sea-fight by Sertorius, iv. 16.
— and Titurius, cut oft' by Ambiorix in their quarter*, iv, 38T.
.— , Publius, what Cicero said to him, t. 321-.
, Lucius. V. 32G.
Catylan, a name given to Varius, v. 4+2.
Cotys, king of Paphlagonia, joins Agesilaus against tbe Ff lliini I iv. 82. Marries the daughter of .Spithridates, 83. I
CoHTage, a mild and unsuspicious (]uality, vi. H^. I
Com with calf, a barbarous sacrifice necessary tor the widov, «k 1 married before her time of mourning was expired, i. 187. I
Cotnardice, how punished at Sparta, iv. 109. |
Crane, tlie name of a dance instituted by TheseuB, i. 24. I
Cranium, a suburb nf Corinth, iv. 258. I
fCrano, city of, v. 286, S72.
Crassus, the father of Piso. vi. 233.
Chasbus, Marcus, his fatJier bad been honoured with the censor- ship and a triumph, iti. 447. He is brought up in a small booK with two brothers, ib. Takes care of a sister-in-law and hcf children, i6. Temperate and chaste, yet accused of a critniBsl commerce with a vestal virgin, i6. That accusation a false OM, 448. His principal vice covctousness, ib. He improves aa t^ tate of three hundred talents to seven thousand one hundred, A
• Makes great advantage of Sylla's proscriptions, and of ibe Am likewise which happened in liume, tb. Keeps a number oTainm who were builders, but builds only one house for himself, i$, 44ft Breeds up slaves for every service in life, in order for sale, 449. These bring liim a greater revenue than his lands and sOtct mines, ib. llis house is open to strangers, ib. 4.'iO. He lemb money to his friends, without interest, but is strict in ili^maiidin)! it ai the day, 450. His invitations were chiefly to the cocnmoa people, ib. He cullivates the eloquence of the bar. defead* every citizen that applies to him, and in all cases comes prepjirtd, ib. Kelurns the salutation of every RoiTran by name, ib. Hi) knowltuW' of history extensive, and lie is not without a taste of Ari8t«ile*s philosophy i jet keeps the philosopher, who is Ut
INDEX. 989
guide and companion^ in a condition just above atanringy ib. Cinna and Marius put the father and brother of Crassus to death, 451. Cras9U8 flies into Spain, and takes refuse in a cave by the sea-side, in the lands of Vibius Pacianus, ib, Vibius supports him there for a considerable time, ib. On the death of Cinna, he raises forces in Spain, 453. Passes thence into Africa, to Metellus Pius, oud afterward into Italy, where he serves under Sylla, ib. Sent by Sylla to levy troops amongst the Marsi, ib. What Sylla said to him, on his asking for a guard, ib. He executes that, and other com- missions, in an able manner, ib. The rise of his competition with Pompey, 454. Supposed to have converted much or the plunder of Tuder to his own use, ib. Very serviceable to Sylla in the de- cisive battle fought near Rome, tb. Makes the most unjust and rapacious use of Sylla's proscriptions, ib. Sylla gives him up, ib. A flatterer, and very capable of being flattered ; covetous, and bates covetous men, ib* 455. Envies Pompey's rapid progress in glory, 455. By the pains he takes in the administration and good offices to his fellow-citizens, acquires an interest not inferior to that of Pompey, ib. Becomes security for Csesar in the sum of eiffht hundred and thirty talents, 456. Sacrifices both his attachmeDts and resentments to his interest, ib. The gladiators* war breaks oat, 457. Spartiicus has the chief conduct of it, ib. Crassus is sent against him by the senate, 459. His lieutenant Mummios fights, contrary to orders, and is beaten by Spartacus, 460. He punishes that corps with decimation, ib, Spartacus retires through Lucania to the sea, f^. Hires some Cilician pirates to transport him and his troops into Sicily ; but they take nis money, ana deceive htm, ib. Entrenches himself m the peninsula of Rhegium, ib. Crassus builds a wall across the Isthmus, 461. Spartacus gets over it in a snowy tempestuous night, ib. Crassus repents of his having written to the senate fbr fiirther assistance, ib. Comes to nn action with the enemy, in which he kills twelve thousand of them, 462. Sends two of his officers against Spartacus, who bad retired toward the moun- tains of Petelia, ib. Those officers are put to flight, ib. This advantage proves the ruin of Spartacus ; for his troops insist upon coming to a decisive battle, ^, Crassus, being informed that Pompey was approachha^, hastens to meet the enemy, ib. 469. A battle ensues, in which Spartacus after great exertions of valour is slain, 468. Pompey meets a number of the enemy who had escaped out of the field, and puts them to the sword ; after which he takes to hhnself the honour of finishing the war, ib. Crassus has an ovation granted him, 464. Crassus solicits Pompey's interest in his appNcation for the consulship, and obtains it, ib. They are aopointed consuls together, t^ Tbev disagree in every thing, to. Nothing of note is performea, except Crassus' consecrating^ the tenths of his estate to Her- cules, and his entertaining the people at ten thousand tables, ib. They are reconciled by Aurelius, a Roman knight, who alleges a command for it firom Jupiter, ib. Crassus makes the first advances, 465. In bis censorship attempts to make Egypt tribu- VOL. yi. 2 A
36* INDEX.
tary to the Ramans, but ia prevcntcrl by liis collegac Cotulot, tl. Suspected of having some coiitem in the conspiracy of Catiline, ii. That suspicion, jimbablv, groundless, i&. n. Crassiu it ti tnaihy with Cicero, but at length reconciled to him Uiniu^ the mediation of his Bon Publius, who was a great admirtr d that elofjucnc man, 46S. Ctcsar comes to Rome to solicit ik coHKuttihip, and forms the famous triumvirate, ib. In onlau' the prnlonging Cresar'sgnvernmenlof Gaul, Poaipey and Crura Wk-re to be consuls again, ib. i'Cil. Tliey are interrogated in fiul lenate as to thtir intenliniis, and Cras^ius answers with nan moderation than Pompey, i^'.iGS. Uomitius is encouraged bf Cato to oppofie them in the election ; hut they carry it bj »io- lence, 46S. Diive the opposite party out of the Forum, wUc CfEsor is continued live years mare in his government, and fk Spains and Syria ;ire decreed to Ponipcy and Crassus, ii. 40. Crassus indulges a sanguine and vain arnbilioo of conquest, U9. The triliuQC Ateius threatens to oppose him in his designs ug^ the Piirthians, il>. He prevails with Pompey lo conduct be out of Rome, li. Ateius meets him at the gate, by virtue cf his office commands him to stop, and utters the most bornJ execrations against him, 470. Crassus, taking his voyage winter, loses a number of ships, tb. Pays his respects ~ tarus in Gaiatis, iL Throws a bridge over the Ku|ihi ease, 4:71. Reduces ^enodocia and all Mesopotamia, ' himself to be saluted ' Imperator,' for the taking of Garrisons the towns, and returns into Syria, to winter, son arrives with a thousand horse sent by Cesar, i&. His env in not strengthening himself by the acquisition of Babylon ttiii Seleucia, (6. BeTinves in Syria more like a trader ihM i general, ib. Calculates the revenues of the cities, and wdjcb the treasures in the temple of Aturgatis at Hierapolis, 4TS. Omen of his ruin, ti. ^VhBt passed between him and the Uk- bassadors of Orodes king of Parthia, ib. i'JS. Alarming sccouoti are brought of the Parthian manner of 6gliting, and Cusia and others desire Crassus to deliberate, 473. Artavasdcc, kia; of Armenia, arrives at the Roman camp, niters hint large tut- cours, and advises liim to inarcli into Parthia by the way nf Armenia, 474. Crassus rejects his advice, and tlio Armenitn departs, ib. Other ill omens, ib. 475. The forces, with whidi he passed the Euphrates, 475. Cas^^ius advises him to seeun his troops in some fortified tOivD, L'll he had nn account of ita enemy whiob might be depended upon ; or else to timrch slow the river till he reached Setcncia, tA. 47(i- Ariainneti, an mtM Arabian, draws Crnssus into an tmuiense plain, 47ti. Survu tnarches against him, while OroJes lays waste Armenia, VJl. Surena's opulence and great aothority, ib. Ariumnca leads Crassus into a vast ten of tond, i7&. Arlavasdiu, by his envoys, desires Crassus to go and drive Orodes out of Armenia first; vt at least la keep to the hills, where he iniuht not he exposed to the Parthian cavalry, ili. The iiifutuatcd Roiniin gives an HiisWer hili of resenuneut, i6. Casiius reproocties Arioan^ ^
INDEX. S53
private, with his perfidy, id. The Arabian answers him in an feutful manner, and soon after withdraws, with the consent of Crassus, 479. Crassus has intelligence of the approach of the Partliians, and is greatly disconcerted, ib. 4B0. The disposition of his forces, 480. Comes to the river Balissus, and is desired by mhny of his officers to pass the niglit there ; but he marches forward with precipitation, ib. Surena conceals his wain force, behind the advanced guard, ib. The horrid noise, by which the Parthians excite their men to action, and inspire the enerby with terror, 4^1, They attack the Romans on all sides, and with their arrows drive the cavalry and light armed back upon the legions, ib. The arrows do great execution on the legions, which \^ere drawn up in a close square, 482. Crassus orders his son, with a select party, to get up with the enemy, ib» They fly, and young Crassus putvues with ^eat ardour, 48S. They face about, and make dreadful havock of the Romans, ib, 484. Youn^ Crassus fails in his attempt upon the heavy-armed Par- thian horse, with his light-armed Gauls, ib. Has an opportunity to retire, but scorns to leave so many brave men dying for his sake, 485. Desires his armour-bearer to despatch him, ib. The principal officers follow his example, ib. The Parthians bring nis head, and show it in an insultmg manner to his father, 486. The Romans are struck with astonishment at the sight, ib, Cras« BUS behaves with uncommon magnanimity, ib. His speech oa that occasion, 487. The Parthians make a ffreat slaughter amongst the remaining troops, ib. Crassus gives himself up to despair^
488. The Romans decamp in the night, under ttie conduct of Octavius and Cassius, ib. Ignatius calls at Carrae, and then makes the best of his way to Zeugma, with three hundred horse»
489. Coponius, Governor of Carrds, goes to meet. Crassus, and conducts his army into the town, ib. The Parthians in the morning despatch the wounded Romans and the stragglers, ib* Surena sends persons to Carrse with insidious proposals of a peace,
490. but soon advances to besiege the place, io. The Romans resolve upon flight, and Crassus takes Andromachus, another traitor, for his guide, ib. 491 . Crassus discovers the treachery of Andromachus, returns to Carrse, and thence escapes into Syria, 491. At day-light Crassus regains the road, and gets possession of a hill connected with Uie mountains of Sinnaca, ib. 492. Surena has recourse to art, and the Romans force Crassus to treat, 492, 493. He protests against that violence, 493. Surena tells him, * he must sign the treaty on the banks of the Euphrates,' 494. Crassus is mounted upon a Parthian horse, ana the grooms drive him on, ib. The Romans make resistance, and Crassus is slain in the scuffle, by a Parthian named Pomaxs- thres, ib. The number of Romans killed in this war is twenty thouKaod, and ten thousand are made prisoners, 495. Surena sends the head and hand of Crassus to Orodes in Armenia, ib. He pretends, notwithstanding, to bring Crassus alive into Seleucia, ib. His farcical processions, ib. His observations, before the senate of Seleucia, on the obscene books found in the baggage
2 a2
$£6 INDEX.
cf the RouaUi ib, Orodes and Artavasdes T^e BaccbK of Euripides acted berore lb iDcident on the presenting of Crassus' head, 4-97.
Crasius, Fublius, eon of Marcus Craiaus, goes into mourning ic Cicero's banishment, iii. 466- Reconciles Cicero and his liuc. ii. His spirit and valour in the Parthian war, iSi. Hit htb viour wheii surrounded, i85. CommandB his armour-beam a kill him, ill. The Parthianfi cut 0? hU head, put it on the w of a Epear, and insultingly ask Crassus, ' who could be the Ufa of Eo gallant a young man,' ib. 486.
, Publius Licinius, father to the wife of Caitis tincd*
V.221, 222.
— , the application of Fabius Maximus to him, iu 102, ICB.
Crattinus, or Crassinut, Caius saluted by Cfeaar id ibe cnorain; i ' the battle of Pharsalia, iv. 216,217. Begins the action, SI' , Falls, afler prodigioua efforts of valour, ib.
Craterus, his collection of Athenian decrees, iii. 312. i
■ ■ , and AntipaCer, two of Alexander's succeason, ifc ■ having reduced Greece, pass into Asia, iv. 4-3. He is grMt< beloved by the Macedonians, ib. He and Neoptolemus mrtf against Eumenes, 45. Both killed in the ensuing action, i' Disputes which Iiad happened long before between Ctilaa I and HepbKStion, 313. Account of his going froiD Ar> itt Greece, v. 30.
Crates, the philosopher, persuades Demetrius to raise the ttwc« Athens, v. 413.
Cratesidea, mother of Cleomenes, v, 160. Goes into £gTBt,i: hopes of serving her country, 17S. Her sorrow for ber «■'' death, 196. Her intrepid behaviour and death, ib,
Cralesipolis, ivife of Alexander the son of Polyperchon, hcrwnf* with Demetrius, v. 371.
Cratinits, verses of his, ii. 6. iii. 307.
Cralippiu, the philosopher, docs not exert himself in delflMCt' providence against Pompey aiier his fall, iv. 223. A I'griprtcfri v, 321. The favours Cicero did him, ib,
Crausii, the father of Philopoemen, iii. 2.
f Crwiona, vi, 2S1.
CreoH, Demosthenes bicb ' Archiai act the part of Cieonhlb tragedy,' v. 288.
f Cretans, send a number of their first-born to Delphi, i. I^ "Xiir simpte and temperate way of living, 128. From tbem Lyattgv drew his modeC ii. Their deceit, iii. 213. Their archec^ it- 160.
\Crele, the tribute the ancient Athenians paid to it, i. 16.
Creticui, the euroame of Mark Antony's father, v. i2o.
^Crimesiu, river, ii. 2C>1.
Crispittus, collcgue of Morcellus, ii. iSS. Wounded bj a pMtotf mimidians, iS. Dies of his wounds, ib, , husband of Poppn;a, vi. 229. -, an officer in Olho's army, vi. 245, 246.
Gritias, son of CalltcBchnifi, inatnunentat in recalling AJ*
in recalling AJd^y»J
INDEX. m
^ &om exfle, ii. 162. Afterward one of ibe Thirty Tyrnits, and ^ advises Lysander to procure the death of Alciblades, id. n. 171.
Siain by Thrasybalus^ 162, n. \ Critolaidas, one of the Spartan arbitrators, between the Athenians ' and Meearensians, i. 230.
^ Crobylas Uie orator, says, * war cannot be kept to any s(et £et/ • ▼-271.
' ^oesusy his conversation with Solon, i. 261, 262. ( ^Crommyon^ a wild sow killed there by Theseus, i. 10*
CroniuSf the same with the month * Hecatombeon,' L IS. ' -fCiroiomanSf part of the spoils taken at Arbela, sent them by
Alexander, iv« 295. Cr&tv stunned and struck down by tbe exclamatMns of the people,
111. 44. IV. 156. -fCnutumeritm^ i. 76. ^
Cryptia^ or ambuscade of the Spartans, a cruel manner of destroy-
mg the Helots when thought too numerous, i. 154, 155. Ctesiusy physician to Artaxerxes Mnemon, a fidmlous writer, tL
115, 128, 129. Ctesibius, v. 256.
Ctesippus, the son of Chabrias, y« 9, 269. fCiesium, iii. 304. CuUeo advises Pompey to divorce Julia, and exchange Cesar's
friendship for that of the senate, iv. 187. fCuma in Asia Minor, i. 348. \Cunueans^ iv. 429, and n. ^Cunaxa, battle of. See Battle. Cup, Laconian, the fashion of it. See Ccihon. iCuresy the capital of the Sabines, i. 82. Thence the RoBOMi
called Quirites, 81, 82. Curctes, i. 233.
Curice, or wards, ten in each tribe at Rome, L 67> n. 88. Curio, one of the officers in Sylla's army, takes the citadel of
Athens, to which the tyrant Aristion had retired, ill. 251. — -, the tribune, gained by Cesar who pays his inmiense debtsjr
iv. 199, 200. Demands that either Pompey should dismiss his
forces, or Csesar be suffered to keep his, 200. Makes equitable
proposals in Cssar's name, ib. 2D1. Screens and saves Csesar
when in danger of bein^ killed going fhmi the senale-hoose after
the debates about Catiline, 965. The advice he gives Cato, y.62.
His exhibitions when »dile, 96. The min of Antony, 426. Curius^ Manius, Cato admires his frugal manner of living, ii. 494.
P3rrrhuB defeated by him, iii. 102, 103. Curses, See Imprecations. Curtian Lake^ i. 79. Curtius, an illustrious Sabine, i. 78, 79. '\Cussceansy almost the whole nation sacrificed to the nmnei of
Hephaestion, iv. 347. Cutlass, used by the Heroes of the early ages to oai^e wUbr L
13, 71.
S5« INDEX.
fCuaneottfQT Chal^donian islands, iii. 3i2«
Cybde the mother of the gods, warns Themistocles of an attaal against liis life, i. 355. On which account he dedicates a teoBfie to her, ib.
Cyhemma^ or festival of pilots, i. 19.
A^huSf adopted son of Thales, i. 226.
dydireuSf of Salamis, worshipped by the AthenianSy i, 11. Mm* in-law of Sciron, i^.
^Cydadts^ iii. 246.
Cticnw^ killed in single combat bj Hercules, i. 13,
^Ciydnuif it's water extremely cold : Alexander's sicknca di consequence of bathing in it, iy. 267. v. 449.
Cylarabis, a place of exercise near the gates of Argosi iiL 111 *v. 172.
Cylinder^ within a sphere, ordered by Archimedes to be pQtifii his monument, ii. 414.
Cylon^ the history of him and his accomplices, i. 2319 233.
Cynagirut, ii. 534.
Cynisca, sister to Agesilaus, he persuades her to contend forik prize of the chariot-race at the Olympic games, to shov ihi Greeks how trifling all ambition of that kind was, iy. 94.
Cynosarges, the place of exercise without the city of AthcM^ I 311.
'fCynoscephala, u 36. iii. 39.
\Cvprus, submits to Alexander, iv. 276. The money CatorMl there, v. 87.
CypseluSf vi. 155.
Cyrbes, the tables on which Solon wrote his laws, i« 255.
iCyrenianSf iii. 2, v. 105, 187.
fCyrrhesticay v. 416.
fCymuSy river, iv, 168.
Cyrus^ whence the name, vi. 114.
, the Great, why he releases Croesus, i. 262, 263. His epi- taph, iv. 3^2, 343.
■■I , son of Darius, and brother of Artaxerxes M nemon, vi. 114. His attention to his concubine Aspasia, 145. Supplies Lysander with money, iii. 191. Conspires against the king his brother, vi. 116, 117. His vaunting ofiers to the Lacedaemonians, 119. Levies war against Artaierxes, 120. Entertains Clearchus aad other Greeks in his service, ib. Is killed in battle, 125.
•fCytherOf isle of, iii. 406. iv. HI. v. 187.
CytheriSi an actress, Antony's mistress, v. 434.
fCyziainip besieged by Mithridutes, iii. 338. Taken by Alcibiades, ii. 156.
D.
DACTYLI Idaiy or of mount Ida, i. 196. Dadalus, his flight, i.21.
INDEX. 359
jy^dalus of Sic^on, a great sculptor, i. 23, «.
Damon^ or Genius of Socrates, gives him instructions and warnings, ii. 1S6- iii. 419.
DiSBmonSy beings of a middle nature, between the divine and the human, i. 99.
Dasius^ or Dtesius^ one of the Macedonian months, iv. 261 .
DamachtiSf what he said of a phenomenon in the air, iii. 201, 202.
•f Damascus^ surrendered to Alexander, iv. 275.
Damastes, otherwise called ProcntsteSf the cruelties he exercised, t. 12. Killed by Theseus, iS.
DamodideSy assbts Pelopidas in restoring liberty to Thebes, ii. S49.
Damon^ remarkable for his skill in music and politics, ii. 7. Sup- posed to advise Perides in the administration, t3. Banished on that account, ib. iii. 405.
— — , surnamed Peripoltas, iii. 293.
•= , the Paeanean, v. 285.
DamoteleSy corrupted by Antigonus, contributes to the defeat of Cleomenes, v. 185.
Damj/riasy river, ii. 268.
Da7iausy iii. 114.
Dance of the Caryatides, why so called, vi. 133, and n. Was the impression of Clearchus* ring, 133. Of the Delians in imitatioa of the mazes of the Labyrinth, i. 23, 24. Still exists in Greece, 24, w.
Dances, part of Nuraa's religious ceremonies, i. 178.
Dandamts, the Indian philosopher, what hie said of the Grecian philosophers, iv. 338.
-fDanude, ii. 292. Water brought thence to the repositories of the king of Persia, to show the extent of his dominions, iv. 298.
DaocnuSy v. 272.
Daphne^ daughter of Amyclas, transformed into a laurel, v. 142.
-f Darda?iiansy ii. 292.
Dardanus, carries the Samothracian gods to Troy, i. 386.
, armour-bearer to Brutus, vi. 105, 106,
I , in Troas, iii. 265.
f DardarianSf iii. 348.
Darius, Codomannus, marches from Susa against Alexander, iv. 267. The number of his forces, and his dream on that occasion, iff. The office which he bore under the former king, ib. Ne- glects the salutary advice of Amyntas, and perceives bis error when it is too late, 2j69. Is defeated by Alexander in Cilicia, 270. The magnificence of his tent, ib. The letter he wrote to. Alexander, 285. His affliction on the news of his wifb*s deaths ^^86. Tyreus assures him, that Alexander had behaved to her with great honour. 287. Darius* prayer to the gods thereupon, fd 288. Defeated near Arbela, 293. His flight, 29l<. Taken by Bessus, 307. Found wounded with many darts, 308. What he said to Polystratus, who gave him some water in his last mo- ments, 309.
— — Nothus, his children by Parysatu5, vi. 114. Was inclined to destroy Statira with her brotheri 115.
S60 INDEX.
Darius, tfte eldest ton of ArCaxerxes, vi. 144. Declared ■ to the throne, and perinitled to wear the point of his h right, ib. According to the ckistom of the PeniaiM, tap request to be granted, aod he asks AFpaciA, ib. Hia fi her to him, but afterward consecrates her to DiaoK Aojni ,_ H6. He conspires agaioM his tathcr at tbe msttgaticM ef ^ baaui, 14€, \¥J. Is taken and cap itull^ punished, IW.
\DmeylilU, lake of. iii. 339.
\Dasserelii, their country, iii. 34.
Dalu, the king of Persia's general, arrives at ManUbon, vdBl vages the country, ii. 4^1.
Dny, 11 white day, why so called, ii. 4).
Dai/s, auspicious and inauspicious, i, 385. iii. 366*
Dead, a law against s|]eaking i!l of them, L 248.
Death, JEioD thought it most unfortunate \a time of prosaerily, ha I Plutarch IB of n difierent opinion, ii. 384', 385. A sutMi-n dM I preferred to any other by Ca:iiar, iv, 4^1, A cowardly tbiif u 1 run into the arms of it, v, 188.
DeUs, public, a security to the prince, iv. 57-
Decas, a place of execution in the prison at Sparta, v. 1
^DeceUa, ii. 145. iii. 197,222.
Decency, ii. 521,
Decimation, an ancient military punishment revived by \ 460. Put in practice by Antony, v. 463, 464'.
Dtcius Brutu$, leads Cesar to the senate tbe day be wM i^ I dpalched, iv. 432, 433. '
Deidamin, married to Pirithoi
, sister of Pyrrhus, iii. G6. Married to Demetrlua tbaMl
of Antigonua, 69. v. 388. Her death, iii. 73. v. 396.
Deimaclius, father of Aucolycus, iii. 359.
Dewaeus, i. 10. Marries Perigune, the daughter of Sinoia, ik.
Dnatarut, king nf Galatia, his aosner to Crassus, n ho told bin be began lo build late in the day, iii. 470, 471. Taken in Pt-ticio' ship alter the battle of Pharsalia, iv. 220. Cato's visit to hio, V, 62. He goes over from Antony to Augustus, v. 486.
DeifmnophoTa, i. 27.
tOcfiuiB. ii.l21. iii. 226, +06.
DeUitu, the historian, v. 483. Qui lo Cleopatra, v. 44S.
iDehi, i. 23. ii. 20. iii. 401.
■j-DalpAi, i. 16, etpaiiim.
Delphic, tables, v. 201.
DeLhiiiium, i. 14.
Deluge, ceremonies performed b Ogjgesi iit.251.
Demades, the Athenian orator, v. 2. Ituins his country bj «•- pousing the Macedonian interesl, ib. illnmes Phocioii for tend- ins his son to Sparta, 2.^. His observation on the news of Alexunder's death, 26. Proposes to treat with Aottpater, 30, Gels his money ill, and spends it profusely, S6. His saying b Hi* letter to Antijoniw, in which he teibji *-
s Antony, ib. Sent by Antanj
' the Athenians after tbat I
he telkliiniiW
1
INDEX. 361
. * Macedon hung only on an old rotten stalk/ S7. That letter intercepted causea his and hia son's death, ib. 290. He used to assist Demosthenes in his pleadings ; as he spoke better extem- pore than that orator, 260. Goes embaasador to Alexander the Great, 280* The divine vengeance hunts him down for tne death o^ Demosthenes, 290. Cassander, the son of Antipater, kills him, id. To what he compared the army after Alexander's deatli, vi. 211.
DemaneiuSf ii. 274. " •:
Demagoras^ master of a Rhodian galley, ilL SSI .
Demaratus of Corinth, a sayine of his, and Plutarch's reflexion upon it, iv. 88, 299, SOO. Reconciles Philip and Alexander, 25S. Sees Alexander seated on the throne of Persia; his beha- viour thereupon, 299, SOO. His death and magnificent funeral, S25.
of Rhodes, released by Alexander at the intercession of
Phocion, V. 2S.
the Spartan, incenses the king of Persia, but that
prince is reconciled to him at the request of Themiatocles, i. 35S. Demarehu^ a Corinthian officer under Timoleon, iL 257* 261, 262. DemarUie^ the mother of Timoleon, ii. 2S5. Detests him ibr
killing his brother, 237. Demeas^ son of Demadea, killed in his father's presence, v. 37,
290. fDemetrias, liL 43. v. 318, 421. vi. 2l6.
JDemetrkUf son of Philip. of Macedon, sent as an hostage to Rook, . iii. 42. His brother Perseus unjustly accuses him of treason, and be is nut to death, iL 291.
, tne Magnesian, v. 268.
, Pompey's freedman, the preparations made fer his reception at Antioch, v. 60, 61. His house and gardens, iv. 176. His insolence, 175. v. 61.
9 a servant of Cassius, vi. 100.
> son of Demetrius, surnamed * the Slender,' v. 421. , son of Demetrius, prince of Cyrene, v. 421. Pheidon accuses Callisthenes to Alexander, iv. 82S*
, the Peripatetic, a friend of Cato's, v. 116.
Pkalereui^ governor of Athens for Cassander, v. 370.
Statues erected to his honour, i. 26, n. Generously treated by Demetrius Poliorcetes, v. 370, 371. The character he gaive of Demosthenes' orations, 262.
■ of Pharise, his advice to Philip, vL 205* 206.
, son of Antigonus Gonatas, ii. 289.
Demetrius PoUorceteSj son of Antigonus and Stratonice, v. 364s, Inimitably beautiful in his person, and a most agreeable compa^ nion, ib. 365. Attentive to his pleasures and yet very diligent and expeditious when business called, 365. Remarkably anee- tionate to his father, ib. Instance of the happy terms on whidi they lived, ib. Antigonus intending to destroy one of his cour- tiers named Mitliridates, on account of a dre«B» Demetriua ad-
^^^^ bolb
SR2 INDKX.
vcrti^ieB liim of iliat intention, StV^. Aniigonus, while I sides in I'lirygia, u intbrmed of i'toi.'iiiy's invauion of Sjrr Bends his son Demetrius a^ain^t liim, though only twcn vcareofage, 967. Demetrius is defeated near Ciasa; ' letny eendi him back his military chest nnd equipage, havea with spirit under his loss, 3m. Defeats Cillc*. Plol general, and requites the generosity of Ptolemy, by r the Epulis, ib. Dcinelriua u sent against the Nabatfatean J and though he does nni subdue tbeiii, brin^ oiF consiilfn booty, ii. Passes tlie Eu|>hrate«i whiie Seleucu» is upon lntl»> dian expedition, takes one of the castles of Babjlon, and kjt waste the country, SG9. Obliges Ptolemy to retire from tM siege of H alien massus, ib. Aniigonus and Demetrius fom Ac tleatgn of setting Alliens free from tlie yoke ofCBssander nd Ptolemy, i6. Demetrius sails thither with 6ve Uiouaand taleoli uf silver, and two hundred and tiAy ships, and, upon procur- ing liberty, is received with joy, 370, He gives Demetriu tbe Pbalerean, who cotnmanded there fur Cassandcr, a safe conduct to Thebes, ib. 371, Surrounds the fort of Munychia widl K ditch and rampart, and sails to Me|;ara, where Cassander bai another garrison, S71. His adventure with Cratcsipoli* oeK Palr«e, ib. He dislodges the garri»!on of Megara, and declsir* the city free, ii. His silention to Stilpo the philosoplier, i&.an. Returns to tlie siege of Miinychin, tases and demolishes it, 372. Enters Athens at the request of the citizens, rc-CEtablishealbt commonwealth, promises them a large supply of wheat, and timber enough to build a hundred gallies, i3. Their extreme servility and adulation to Demetrius and Antij^nus, i&, Htn- locles the principle instrument of that profene adulation, 37$. The gods announce their displeasure at this profaneness, S74. Dromoclides finishes all by a decree that the Athenians atiould consult the oracte of Demetrius, 375. Demetrius marries Eury' dice, a descendent of the ancient Miltiadcs, fiTd. An account of his marrying Phila, the daughter of Ant ipater, ib. Has tnofe wives and mistressc-s than any Grecian prince of his time, ri. Defeats Menelaiis, the brother of Ptolemy, at CypriiB, S77. Fights a great battle at sea with Ptolemy himself, ont! beat it. Ptolemy flies with el^ht ships only, tb. On tlii: the celebrated Lamin falls into the handr nf Demetrius, iA. The city of S^ilomis, and the land-forces of Piulemy, are surrendered to Dim, 978- He sets the prisoners free, *b. Sends twelve hundred suits of armour to the Athenians, ib. Sends Ariatod^ inus to hisfntber, with the news of his victory, ih, ArJstadcintN trifles vilely with Aniigonus' impatience; but being the first to salute him ting, the people accept the title, ii. 379. AniigoBm sends the diadem also to Demetrius, S19. Antigonus nii^rAtriM in an enpedition npainst Ptolemy, SSO. Being now little short of eighty, leaves ihe military depattroent l>i his son, tA. Tahra no oH'enee at his sun's debaucheries, ib. Demetrius has a fi>riile invention in mechanics, and there is somelhing peciiliarlv Kreitt both ID the conMruction of hit ships and engines, 381,
K-ats faint.
peculiarly rrewt 381,.^^^^^
INDEX. 565
war with the Rhodians, on account of their allianoe with Pto- lemy, 382. In the course of it, brings the largest of his helepoles up to the walls, ib. The * helepoles ' described, ib, 383. The Athenians negotiate a peace between him and the Rhodians, 385. Call him to the defence of Athens against Cassander, ib. He drives Cassander out of Attica, and defeats him at Thermopylae, ib. Heraclea voluntarily submits, and he receives into his army six thousand Macedonians, who revolt from Cassander, ib. Pro- claims liberty to the Greeks within the straits of Therraopylas, and receives the Boeotians into his alliance, ib. Makes himself master of Cenchrese, Phyle, and Panactus, ib. Puts the two latter into the hands of the Athenians again, ib. The Athenians, very improperly, lodge him in the Parthenon, 386. His debaucheries there, ib. One instance of virtue is found in Athens, ib. He reduces that part of the country called Acte in Peloponnesus, and all Arcadia, except Man tinea, 387. Sets Argos, Sicyon« and Corinth, free, ib. Marries Deidamia, the sister of Pyrrhus,
388. Is proclaimed general of all Greece, ib. Assumes the title of King of Kings, t^. Demetrius insists on being admitted im- mediately, at his return, both to the Less and the Greater Mys- teries; and the Athenians, contrary to all the rules, comply,
389. He commands them to raise two hundred and fif^y talents, and then gives his money to his mistresses to buy. soap, 390. The extravagant expenses of Lamia, ib. She is called oue of his * helepoles,' ib. Demo, another of his mistresses, is called * Mania,' 39L Demetrius is called home to the assistance of hie father, against whom the other successors of Alexander had united, ib. 392. The great preparations of their enemies, 392. Antigonus recommends Demetrius to the army, as his successor, ib. Omens of their defeat, 393. Demetrius puts Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, to flight ; but by going unseasonably upon the pursuit^ loses the victory, ib. Antigonus' troops desert to Seleucus, and Antigonus is slain, ib. Demetrius tiies to Ephe- sus, and, although in want of money, spares the temple of Diana, 391*. £mbarks for Greece, where his principal depen- dence is upon the Athenians, ib» Their embassadors meet him near the Cyclades, and tell him, * they will receive no king into their city,' t^. This ingratitude of theirs cuts him to the heart, f^. Gets his gallies from their ports, and steers for the isthmus, where he finds the cities of Greece all inclined to revolt, 395. Sails to the Chersonese, whence he ravages the dominions of Lysi* machus, ib. Seleucus makes proposals of marriage to Stratonice the daughter of Demetrius, ib. Demetrius sails with his daughter, and by the way makes a descent on Cilicia,4S96. Brings off twelve hundred talents from Quinda, which had been the property of his father, ib. Meets Seleucus at Orossus^ and they enteitain each other in a princely manner, ib. Demetrius seizes the province of Cilicia, ib. Is contracted to Ptolemais, the daughter of Pto- lemy. Seleucus demands Cilicia of him ; and on his refusing that, insists on having the cities of Tyre and Sidon, ib. 397. Demetrius puts stronger garrisons into those cities^ ib. His
1
3C2 INDEX,
vertices him of that intention, 9i>f>~ Antigontis, trliile be re. Giiles in Phrygia, U inlbrmed of Plolt-my's iavasion of Sjrii, md sends his son Demetrius ngainst. Iiim, thougli only twi-ntr-tiia
J 'cars of age, S67. Demetrius is defeated near Gazs; but Pto- eitiy fiends him back bin milittiry chest sml equipage, 16. Bt- bavei with Bpirit uniler his losn 368. Defeats Cillc«, Piolemv*! genent), nnd retguites the generosity of Piolpiny, by rrtuniuij tlic sjiiiile, (6. Demetrius is seiil against the Ncibmhican Arats, aiid though he does not subdue them, brings off consiJeraUe bouty, a. Passes the EujihrateSi white Seleucu^ is upon his In- dian expedition, takes one of the castles of Babylon, and fan waste the country, SS9. Obliges Ptolemy to retire from llw siege of Halicamassus, ib. Antigonus and Demetrius form iV design of setting Athens free froui the yoke of Ca«sand«r nd Ptolemy, ib. Demetrius sails thither with five thousand talecii of silTsr, and two hundred and filYy ships, and. upon proclaim- ing liberty, is received with joy, 370, He gives Demetrius th* Pbalerean, who commanded there for Cassandcr. a safe conduci to Thebes, ih. Sli. Surronnds the fort of Munycliia uiih 1 dilch and rampart, and sails to Megara, where Cassander had another garrison, a~l- His adventure with Cratcsipolb new Patrse, r6. He dislodges t!>e garrison of Megara, and declam the city free, it. His attention to Stiino the philosopher, i4.37t Returns to the siege of Munychia, takes and denioluhes it, S7t Enters Athens at the request of the cili^tens, fe-estnblishM tlw commonwealth, premises them a large supply of wheat, toil timber enough to build a hundred galiies, ii. Their extrenit servility and adulation to Demetrius and Antigonus, 16. ijm* tocles the principle instrument of that profane adulation, S73. The gods announce their displeasure at this prnlaneness, S7». Dromoclides finishes all by a decree that the Athenianc shaitid consult the oracle of Demetrius, 375. Demelrius marries Eury- dice, a descend ent of the ancient Miltiailes, !)T6. An acc«aat of hit marrying Phila, the daughter of Antipater, ii. Has aior« wives and mistresses than any Grecian prince of his time, ii. Defeats Menclaits, the brother of Ptolemy, at Cyprus, 377, Fights B ^rcat battle at sen with Ptolemy himself, an<I beats him, ib. Picileniy flies with ei^ht ships only, 16. On this occasion the celebrated Lamia falls into the hands of Demelrius, i^. The city ot' Kulamis, and the land-forces of Ptolemy, are surrendered to him, S7t*. He sets the prisoners free, ili. Sends t«relvc hundred suits of armour to the Athenians, ib. Sends Ariatodfl- mus to his father, with the news of his victory, t6. Aristodcmus trifles vilely with Antigonus' impatience; hut being the first to aalule him king, the people accept the title, ili 519. Antigonus tends the diadem also to Demelrius, 37P. Antigonus n>iscarrie« in an expedition n ^-u in st Ptolemy, 5S0. Being now liltle short ef cijihly, leaves the military department lo his ton, i6. lakcM no ottence at his son's debaucheries, 16, Demetrius has a Icrtilo invention in mechnnics, and there is something peciiliarl< both Jd the consiruction of bir ships and engines, 381
INDEX. S6S
war with the Rhodians, on account of their allianoe with Pto- lemy, 382. In the course of it, brings the largest of his helepoles up to the walls, ib. The * helepoles ' described, ib. 383. The Athenians negotiate a peace between him and the Rhodians, 385. Call him to the defence of Athens against Cassander, ib. He drives Cassander out of Attica, and defeats him at Thermopylae, ib, Heraclea voluntarily submits, and he receives into his army six thousand Macedonians, who revolt from Cassander, ib. Pro- claims liberty to the Greeks within the straits of Thermopylas, and receives the Boeotians into his alliance, ib. Makes himself master of Cenchrese, Phyle, and Panactus, ib. Puts the two latter into the hands of the Athenians again, ib. The Athenians, very improperly, lodge him in the Parthenon, 386. His debaucheries there, ib. One instance of virtue is found in Athens, ib. He reduces that part of the country called Acte in Peloponnesus^ and all Arcadia, except Man tinea, 387. Sets Argos, Sicyon^ and Corinth, firee, ib. Marries Deidamia, the sister of PVrrhus,
388. Is proclaimed general of all Greece, t^. Assumes the title of King of Kings, ib. Demetrius insists on being admitted im- mediately, at his return, both to the Less and the Greater Mys^ teries; and the Athenians, contrary to all the rules, comply,
389. He commands them to raise two hundred and fifty talents, and then gives his money to his mistresses to buy. soap, 390. The extravagant expenses of Lamia, ib. She is called oue of his * helepoles,' ib. Demo, another of his mistresses, is called * Mania,' 391. Demetrius is called home to the assistance of hie father, against whom the other successors of Alexander had united, ib. 392. The great preparations of their enemies, 392. Antigonus recommends Demetrius to the army, as his successor, ib. Omens of their defeat, 393. Demetrius puts Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, to flight ; but by going unseasonably upon the pursuit^ loses the victory, ib. Antigonus' troops desert to Seleucus, and Antigonus is slain, ib. Demetrius tiies to Ephe- 6US, and, although in want of money, spares the temple of Plana, 391*. £mbarks for Greece, where his principal depen- dence is upon the Athenians, ib. Their embassadors meet him near the Cyclades, and tell him, * they will receive no king into their city,' ib. This ingratitude of theirs cuts him to the heart, ib. Gets his gallies from their ports, and steers for the isthmus, where he finds the cities of Greece all inclined to revolt, 395. Sails to the Chersonese, whence he ravages the dominions of Lyai* machus, ib, Seleucus makes proposals of marriage to Stratonico the daughter of Demetrius, ib. Demetrius sails with his daughter, and by the way makes a descent on Cilicia,4396. Brings off twelve hundred talents from Quinda, which had been the property of his father, ib. Meets Seleucus at Orossus, and they entertain each other in a princely manner, ib. Demetrius seizes the province of Cilicia, ib. Is contracted to Ptolemai's, the daughter of Pto- lemy. Seleucus demands Cilicia of him ; and on his refusing that, insists on having the cities of Tyre and Sidon, t*. 397. Demetrius puts stronger garrisons into those cities, ib. His
M\
ISDEX.
operations before Athens, which nas now in tl the tyrant Ladiares, ji. X'fi. He reduces it by "faminf. Pardons the Athenians, and gives them a large supply of bm^ corn, S^. In the joy ol'their hcaits, they deliver up to hint tltt Pirffiug and Munychia, ib. He puts agarrieoD, likewue, tale the Museum, ib. Forms a design upon LacedKinon, and de- feats Archidamus; but is called froni that scheme bv newt of the loss of his cities in Asia, and of all Cyprus ext^ept Salaraii, ii. 400. The troubles in Macedon call him thtther, 400. He establishes himself in that country, ailer having killed Alexander, the son of Cassander, 401. Ptolemy releases the wife and chil- dren of Demetrius, 403. Erasictratus, physician to Seleucui, dit- covers that Antiochus is desperately in love with Stratouicw, and Selucus gives her up to him, and declares them king and qneen of the Upper Provinces, 403, 404. Detnetrius, who^e dominions were now very extensive, takes Thebes, and reduces the retl of Bceotia, 404, 40.6. Makes a moderate use of his victory, Vta. During an expedition of his into Thrace, the Bceotians mok again, ib. He leaves his son Aniigonus to besiege Thebes, wbA marches against Pyrrhui^, who had over-run all Theamlf, U. PyrrbuB retires, Oi. DemeiriuB returns to the siege of Thcto, ib. He lak^ it, and puts only thirteen of the citizens to itflh^ 406. Tlie Altolians, being in possession of the passes to Delalli, be celebrates the Pythian games at Athens, ib. Marc;hea amuoit the .£tolian«, ib. Leaves Pantauchus in ^tulia, and movM against Pyrrbus, ib. Pyrrhui tails upon Pantauchua, and defcau him, 407. The Macedonians admire the valour of PyrriiUi and despise Demetrius for his vanity of dress, ii. Extraordioaiy iiifiance of thqt vanity, ib. They are offended also at hb dis* sniutc lil'e, and difficulty of access, ib. He throws the petition* of the people into the river, 403. During his sickness at Pdla, Pyrrhus enters Macedon, and advances as far as Edesaa, 409. He cnnies to terms with Pyrrbus, ib. Makes great preparatioiu for recovering all his father's dominions, ib. The vast stseof hts gallies, ii. The kings attack him in several quarters, 4|0i, Pyrrbus takes Beroca, and the Macedonians revolt to hiin, H. a 1. Demetrius quits his royal robe, and flies, after having held Macedonia seven years, 411. Goes lirtl to Cassandria, where his wife Phila, in her despair, takes poison, 411, 412. Repairs to Greece, and collects an army, 412. The Athenians revolt from him again, 413. He la3ni siege to Athens, but is persuaded by Crates the philosopher to raise it, ib. Sails to Asia witb his forces, lb. Eurydice brings him Ptolemais, who had been con- tracted to him some time, ib. He takes Sardis and other places in Ionia, ib. Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus, comes agtJM him, and he moves into Phrygia, ib, Demetrius has the BettK in skirmishes, but Agathocles cuts off his convoys, ib. He de- signs to march toward Armenia, hut is prevented by famine and |)esiilcncc amongst his troops, 414. Marches down to Tarsus, and applies to his son-in-law Seleucus for relief, ib. Seleucus at first rclievM him, but soon afterword cotnmeo<
INBE)L 9en
against him, ib. 415. Demetrius ravages the country, and gaina several advantages over Seleucus, 415. Long sickness proves a great hindrance to his affiiirs, 416. He passes momit Aroanus, and Seleucus fdlows, ib. Is near taking Seleucus by surprise, ib. Seleucus offers him battle, and his troops revolt to that
Srince, ib* 417* He hides himself a while in a wood upon lount Amanus, in hopes of making his way to Caunuf, 41 ?• Finds that impracticable, and surrenders to Seleucus, ib, Be^ leucus at first is very favourably inclined to him, but fearing his practices upon the army, keeps him a prisoner at large in th« Syrian Chersonese, 418. Allows him, however, a princely table, and other comforts in his confinement, 419. Demetrius orders his friends in Greece not to trust his letters, or hb seal, ib. His son Antigonus makes Seleucus an offer of all his estates, and promises to deliver up himself an hostage, to procure his father's liberty, ib. Demetrius attends for a time to the exercises of hunting and running, but leaves them by degrees, and sinks into indolence and inactivity, ib. Drinking and play succeed, t^. 420. After three years' confinement, he dies at the age of fifty- four, 420, Antigonus receives his remains at sea, and conducts them with great funeral pomp to Corinth, t^. 'fhence they are carried to JDemetrias, and deposited in that citv, 421. An ac- count of the issue he left, ^ His posterity fill the throne of Macedon down to Perseus, who was conquered by the* Ro- mans, ib.
Demo, one of Demetrius' mistresses, t. 886. Sumamed Mania, 391-
DentockarcSf the Leuconian, his reflexion upon a decree of Stra- tocles, V. S87. Banished for that reflexion, »6.
, of Soli, the name he gave Demetrius, v. 390. , the LacedsHDonian, a pretended friend to Agis^ be- trays him, V. 151.
Demockariit his account of the death of Demosthenes, v. 288, 289.
Democle^t his virtue and death, v. 386.'
Democroics^ the Athenian, ii. 1 16.
, the Spartan exBe, v. 158.
Democritu$t one of the principles of his philosophy, ii. 281.
Dampnetus, an enemy to Timoleon, ii. 274.
Detnoleon^ iii. 359.
Demon^ the historian, i. 20, 28.
DemomUt sent by Archelaiis to inform the people oi Cyiicum of the arrival of Lncullus, iiL 339.
Demonides^ of los, his advice to Pericles^ iL 16«
DemophaneSf one of the tutors of Fhilopcsmen, iii. 2. Delivers his country from slavery, by employing persons to- kill ArislodaoMis, tyrant of Megalopolis, ib. Assists Aratus in, expelling Nicodet, tyrant of Sicyop, ib.
DemaphofUuSf commander of the Elean horae^ iii. 10t»
Dtm^Uuif V. 44.
Demophoan^ i. 43, 259.
Dcmopolis^ u 358.
afi6 INDEX.
Demosthftiei, the Athenian genern!, rfpulsod in j^tolio. m,m Forlifics himself in Pylos, W7. Sent with a. numerous fl auist Niciu in Sicily, 4:)0. The magniltcenct! ut* liis mmm, 4S1. Determined to atlut-k the ^1y^jlgusa^s innneiliiitdjF, A. Assaults Epipols, 433. !>■ surrounded in the tinul retreat of the Alheniani, and subs himiidr, 440. Difl'erent accoontt «f his dedth, 443.
■ ' ■ ■ , father of the orator, was called ' the Sword-cotbr,' T.253.
DemO'sTMenes, the orator, the great recctnblance betire«n his and Ciucro, v. 253. Hia father Deinoslhenes, kept many alara at work on the business of a sworil-tutler, ifi. Hig mother an Cleobule, tlie daughter of Gylon, ti. At the »ge of seven ba loses his fatht-r, who loii-i-s Inro a conxiderahlc fortune, S5(- Greaily wrongeci by his gunrdians, ih. Of a sickly habtl, ud irets the conteiiiptiiOuB uanie of * Batulua,' amongst the hojt, ik Has also the name of ■ Ar^as.' ib. His aiubitiun to apeak k public from tlie success of Callifiratn^, ami (lie admiraiiflB ■ which that orator was holden, 235. Take* l^ivits for bi« m ceptor in eloquence, in preference to Isocraten, 2.56. SniMWt also, under Plato, ib. Goes to law with his guard], ins, and plodl g^g^ his own cause, 257. Attempt* to ^pcak in the public dmttasi
^**-- but fails through the violence nf hib manner, and the ■ t al nf M
and Etamniering of his voice, 2.S8. Encournged by an old min, named Eiinomus, ib. Instructed in |ironundatioii and actios br Satyrus the player, 259. liuilds himself a subterraneoua atodr, and shnves one side of his head that he may not quit hi» stu^^ his hair is grown, ib, Pytheas tells him, * his ni^umenta amdl of the lamp,' 2G0. Demosthenes* answer, ib. lie seldomspe^ extempore, ib. Yet without prcniedilntion answers Pjthon the Byzautian, and Lumachus the ^lyrrhenean, on two very signal occasions. 261. In what respect he look Pericles for his model, ~ • ij. He is called by the comic writers ■ Khopopt'rperethras,'
262. Theophrastus' judgement concerning Demosthenes and Deroades, 2(>S. What Dcntosthenes said of Ptiocion, li. Cor* recti his stammering by speaking with pebbles in his mouth, and strengthens his voice by speaking as be ran up hil), ib. ^Gi. Hit repartees, m\. Embarks in the od min is (ration in the time of Pbocion, 26,i. Implacable in his resentments; yet drops hit prosecution Rj^ainst Midias, tb. Has a glorious subject for his Dolilical ambition, the defence of Greece against I'hilip, 2St>. Most of his orations written upon the principle of honour mmI virtue being preferable to all other considerations, 267. Nei- ther has courage to be trusted in the field, nor is sntBcicmly for- tified against the impressions of money, (A. 268. Vti t-x eels all the orators of bis time, except I'bociun, in his life and conver- sation, 268. Has the spirit to aeciiKe Aniipho beliire the Areo- pagus, after he had been acquitted by the people, ib. Prepare* orations for two adversaries on each side of iho question, ib. Ac- count of some other orations of hit, 260. Goes with nine other depntica t» tlie court of Philip, and thnt pritm i
,t pntm mwaj^tta^^
INDEX. S67
speech of Deroo^tlienes witii the greatest care, 270. His reply to his collegues, who praised Philip, ib. He persuades the Athenians to drive the Macedonians out of Eubcea, and to send succours to the Byzantines and Perinthians, *21\* Goes embas- sador to the states of Greece, and persuades mo^ of them to join in the league against Philip, t^. Philip surprises Elatea, and possesses himself of Pbocis, tf72. Notwithstandidg these advan- tages, Demosthenes, bj his eloquence, brings the Thebans to declare aeainst him, ib. 27S* Philip sends embassadors to Athens to apply tor peace, but by some mtality he is not listened to, ib. Oracles announce the downfall of Greece, ib. Demosthenes has great confidence in the Grecian arms, 274 ; yet, in the battle of Chaeronea, throws away his arms, iind flies, tb. Philip commits many excesses, in contempt of Demosthenes, ib. 275. Demos- thenes received large remittances from the king of Persia, 275. lyiany accusations are lodged against him at Athens, but the people continue him at the helm notwithstanding, ib, 276. He pronounces the funeral oration of those who fell in the late battle^ ib. Philip dies soon afterward, and the Athenians vote a croHii for Pausanias his assassin, ib. Demosthenes appearf with a gar- land on his head, though it was only the seventh day after his daughter's death, i6. 277. The conrederates unite again, and the Thebans attack the Macedonian garrison in their citadel, 278. Demosthenes represents Alexander as a mere boy, ib, Alexander > takes the city of Thebes, ib. He commands the Athenians to deliver up their orators, 279« Demosthenes tells the people the fable of the sheep delivering up their dogs to the wolves, ib. Demades procures a pardon for the orators and the city, 280. The walls of Athens rebuilt by Demosthenes at his own expense, ib, n. The great cause concerning * the Crown ' is determined in favour of Demosthenes, 280, 281. ^schines retires to Rhodes, 281. Harpalus carries off Alexander's treasures front Babylon, and brings them to Athens, ib. Demosthenes advises the people not to receive him ; but afterwards suffers himself to be ' bribed by Harpalus, ib. 282. Sentenced by the court of Areopagus, to imprisonment and a fine of fifty talents, for takmg the bribe, 285. Flies from Athens, ib. The generosity of some of his adver- saries on his quitting the city, i6. Bears his exile in a very effe- minate manner, ib. Resides, for the most part, in /Egrna or Troezene, ib. Advises the young men, who resorted to him for ipstruction, not to meddle with affairs of state, 284. Alexander dies, ib. The Greek cities once more combine, and Antipater is besieged by Leosthenes in L4unia, ib. Demosthenes joins the Athenian deputies in their applications to the Greeks to renew the war, ib. He Ls recalled, and a galley sent to fetch him from yEgina, 285. All the citizens go to meet him in the Pir«eu% ib. His saying upon it, ib. They find means for his evading his fine, tb. He has but short enjoyment of Ihk return, ib. Antip^iter and Craterus approaching Athen% Dcnionhencs ami his party fly, and a capital sentence is pa«sed upon them, at the motion of Demades, ib, 286* Archias * the exile-hunter ' is sent out irfker
368 INDEX.
thetn by AntipAtcr, ii. He finds Demottfacnes in the tefn|rfe o[
Keptune in Calauria, and eodeavours to persuade him to qiul it,
287. Demosthenes takee puison, which he carried id a pen, i^.
Diea on the most mournful day of the Thesmophoria, 289. Tie
Athenians erect his statue in brass, ib. The iiiscripiioD upoa it,
ib. The divine vengeance pur.-ues Demadee for the death li
Demosthenes, 'J90. What Cicero said of hie orations, 3S1. Demoilratm, the Pharacion, a saying of his, iv. 88. , &a Athenian oratnr, proposes that the genersla sbodd
have absolute power in the Sicilian expedition, ii. 137. tii.ill. Derceltsus, one of Antony's guards, carries the first news ef In
death lo Augustus, v. 500. Dercijl/idns, an old bachelor, what was said to him bv a yvat
Spartan, i. J33. ^
^ , one of the Spartan generals, employed ■pimtf it
Persians, vi. 137. Derci/Uus, undertakes to sieze Nicanor ia the Pineus, v. jg. Oeuealttm, the son and successor of Miooa, i. *2l, killed by IV-
seuB, ib. and Pyrrha build a temple at Dodona, and settle anun
the Molossians, iii. 65. Dexiiiua, a daughter of Pborbosi some suppose Homuliu tohpt
been her son by j£ncas, i. 50. Dexoiis, kills Megacles, Uking him for Pyrrhus by reason of h«
disguise, iii. 89. Diacrii, mountaineers so called in Attica, their political inftins-
tions, i. 263, n. Piagoras, and his sons and grandsons, are all vtctorioua ]a iht
Oiynipic games, ii. 385. What a Spartan said to faim Dpae
it, ii. ^^
Diamperit, the name of one of the gales of Argos, iii. us. Ihanm, her feast at Syracuse, il. 415. Sertorius pretended b«
had his white hind from her, iv. IS. Her temple at iwjaria, 112.
Her temple at Ephesus hurnt tiie Jay that Alexander w«
born, 21'2.
, vrorshipped at Ecbatana, vi. 146.
- Aristfihule, a temple huilt to her by Thcraistoclea. i
- ^■■"'"■~ -i. +79.
9M.
- Orthia, i. 39, 140. On the allsr of this temple the Soar- taos used to whip their children, ii. n. ^^
■ Orihobule, (he prudent, r. 4-20.
■— — Persica, heifers consecru ted to her, iii. 361.
-■' ' ■ of Priapus, supposed to have raised a storm againM Mithri- dates' fleet for a sacrilegious oSence, iii. 344.
' ' -■ ■■ of Pellene, the elTects of carrying her image in nrnrrwioin vi. 185.
f Lycurgus, i, ; ■y recited to thi
DioHaua, wife of Eunomua, and mother of I
Xticaarcliui the historian, i. 24. His history recited to therouihof
Sparta, ii. iv. 94. jD^r, Parysatit plays at with Artsxerxes, and wins the eonnch
Metabatea, whom she puts to a cruel daatb, vi. 132, 13S.
INDEX. a69
DicomeSf kuagof the GeUi, t. 46ft
Dictator^ fooffht akrays on foot, and why, ii. 69. The absolate
power of the dictator, 78. Two dictators at the same ^me, ib.
The dictator by whom naaed, 428* Whence the title, ib. Dictators^ Caesar, iw. 4^. Can^oB, L 8679 9^* Comelrat
Cossus, i. 407. Fabios MaxioNu, iL 68. Fabiua Boteo, 78.
Marcus Junius, 7d. Minuciiis, 78. Q. FuWius, 488. SyBa^
iii. 278. Didius ; Sertorins serving in the oa{iacity of tribune mnder him
in Spain, rescues the city of Castulo, and takes that of the
Gyrisienians, iv. 5.
— ; , brings to C«sar the bead of Ponpey's eldest son, W. 4^
DimnuSf f^ts against Alexander the Great. See Lmmu$. Dinarchus^ a Corintiaan officer under Tfanoleon, iL 257, 260*
■ , accuses DeoMdes, t. 290. Flies Urom Athens, 40. Is
tortured and put to death by order of Poijfperdion, ib. Dind^wienCf a name of Cybde, i. 355. Dinka^ and Arktotle the logician, despatch Abantidas the tyrant,
vi. 155« DinocraUSf of Messene, an enemy to Fhilopcemen, draws Messene
off from the Achsan leame, iiL 24. Fhilopcemen fi^ts and
defeats him; but, some uesh troops comine on, he is taken
prisoner, 25. Dtnocrates compds him to orink noison, 27*
The Achaeans take up arms to revenge the deatn of. Ffailo-
pcemen, and Dinocrates, to escape thehr vengeance, despatches
himself, ib. Dtnomache^ daughter of Megades, and mother of Alcibiades, ii.
112. Dinon^ vi. 120. Diocks the Peparethian, i. 52.
, chief magistrate of Eleusis, expelled by Theseos who takes
the place by stratasem, L 12.
-, son of Themistocles, adopted by his grandfiuher Lysander,
i; 357, 358.
, one of Antigonus* soldiers, assists Aratus in taking Aero*
corinth, vi. 170. DiocUdei one of the accusers of Akibiades, ii. 141. Diodorus the geographer, i. 46.
-, son of Sophax, subdues a great part of AfUca, iv. Id.
Dioftenes^ of Sinope, a sajring of his, iL 79. His conversation with Dionysius at Corinth, 250. Alexander's visit to him, iv, 258.
, the Stoic, embassador from die Athenians to the Ro« mans, ii.524.
-, son-in-law to Archelaus, iiL 362. Falls honourably in die
battle of Orchomenus, ib.
-, governor of the Piranis, what he wrote to the Adueans
vi. 187. Gives up that, and other forts, for a sum of money, 188.
DiogiUm and Malcites, Theban generals, sent into Thessaly to
revenge the death of Pelopidas, ii. 385. Diamedes, i. 50.
VOL. VI. 2 B
avo INDEX.
Diomedci, the Aiheniaii, employs Alcibiades to boy a cIiitmI ur liiiu of the people of Argot., to be uaetl at tbe Olympic gama. but Alcibiadei buys it for hioiself, ii. 125.
, secreUry to Cleopatra, v. 499.
Dion and Qrutue, botti educated in the principles of Plato, tL& 3. One of Plato's niaj-iow verified in them, 3. Tbtf w»- iariiy of their lives aiid deatit, ib. Dion tlie brother of Aiit> mache, one of iha wives of Dionygius the Elder, .'i. E«Ua>J bv that prioce, not only on account of hia alliance, but hit vat, ii. The improvement he gained under the auspicea of Pl»^ who providentially came to Sicily at that time, /A. This prtpra the way for the subversion of tyranny, in Siracuae, ii. lU^- Euadea the tyrant to hear Plato, ili. Dionyaius is Uuog rA his discourse agaiost tyranny, and on the happiness which atlni fortitude and justice ; and prevails witli Pollis the Lactii>v niao to take him aboard his galley, and sell him Tor a line, i Dion retains his interest with Dionysius, and ia sent embanv to Carthage, id. His noble answer tp OioDysius, whs W attempted to ridicule Gel o, 7, Marries his niece Arete, tA. lU free and spirited advice to Dionysius, ib. He oficra t-itherttp in person to Carthage to negociate a peace, or to 6l «ilt w maintain fit\y galleys at his own expense, ilt. His adiwwia represent that he wants lo make himself maater by sea, 8. IWr I lead the ill-educated king through every species of dcbeudis;. I i6. With all Dion's virtues, his manners were forbidtSi^ f^ I He endeavours lo engage Dionysius in a course of liberal audio, 1 and for that purpose to send for Plato, 9, 10. Dion^ coenMi I persuade Diunysius to recall Philistus, a friend to tjraaD;, tlUl I lie might counteract the intentions of Plato, 11. Dion ia aecHrf to Dionysius of an intention to subvert the monarchy, IS. !6 rtal intentions in that respect, i6. By an intercepted UlUa, mi other means, Philistus and his party prevail upon Dionjrnu a entrap Dion, and send him oft; 13. Vet he allows bis frica^ two vessels, to carrj'hie effects to him in Peloponnesus, If. Dwa lives with great splendour in Greece, ib. Dionysius promiMs I* recall Dion the ensuing summer, 15. He does not keep hi) wari. but remits to him the produce of his estate, ib. Meantime Vtt keeps Dion in the Academy, ib. Dion's connexions with Spw- sippus polish his manners not a little, Iti- He lodges ia ih* house of Calippus, 15. Plato exhibits a chorus of boys at Atbn and Dion defrays the expense, and takes upon him the naaigf mentofit, 16. The Lacedemonians make him Tree ol' tWit city, ib. His ohservntion on the difficulty of acce&s to Pto^ dorus the iVIe^iarensian, ib. Dionysius is jealous of Dioa'i popularity in Greece, and stops his remittances, id, 17, XV tyrant confiscates Dion's estate, 18. Dionysiua compels Aralfc tlie wife of Dion, to marry Timocrates, 20. Dion rvtolM upon war, ib. Is assisted in his purpose by the philosoplicrt. 'il. Musters no more than eight hundred men in the blc rf ZacynthuE, ib. SacriSccs lo Apollo, 'J'i. Prodigies, wkdi happened to Dion auil Diunyaius 23. Dion toktw ■ Jmi
J
INDEX- 371
quantity of arms with hiuiy 24. Approaches Pachynus ; but not clioosing to land there, is blown off to Cercina, ih. In danger of perishing on the great Syrtis, 25. Arrives at Minoa in Sicily, lands there, and is supplied with necessaries by Syna- )us, governor of the place, ih. Encouraged by the absence of Dionysius, who is upon an expedition to Italy, he marches for Syracuse, ih, 26. Two hundred of the Agrigentine cavalry join hiro, 26. The inhabitants of Gela do the same, ib. Timo- crates, who was left regent, sends despatches to Dionysius, which are lost by a very extraordinary accident, ih. Dion is joined by the Camarinseans and many revolters from Syracuse, ih. He draws the Leontines and Campanians out of Epipolse, by a stratagem, tb. 27* He marches to Syracuse, and the citi- zens open the gates to him, 27* Timocrates, finding himself unable to gain the citadel, flies, ih. The Syracusans consider the entry of Dion as a new epoch of liberty, ^. They nominate Dion and his brother Megacles praetors, to. He takes the castle of Epipolse, and invests it wito a strong wall, 29. Dionysius arrives from Italy, and enters the citadel, ih. He desires to treat, but Dion refuses to hear his embassadors unless in public, or without the preliminary of his resigning the crown, ih. Di- onysius* perfidy to the Syracusan deputies, 30. His mercenaries break through Dion's wall, and put the Syracusans to flight ; but Dion's valour regains the day, ih* He is presented by his army with a crown of gold, 31 . Dionysius has art enough to convey a letter to Dion, and to get it publicly read ; by which the confidence of the Syracusans in Dion is diminished, ih. They cast their eyes upon Heraclidea, 32. The character of Hera- clides, ib. He is appointed admiral, and is a private enemy to Dion, t^. 33. Sosis, an affent of Dionysius, comes into the assembly naked and wounded, 33. Pretends to have received his wound from Dion's foreign soldiers, but his artifice is de- tected, ib. 34. The Syracusans, however, remain jealous of Dion's foreign soldiers, 34. They defeat Philistus, who was coming with a fleet to the assistance of Dionysius, and treat the dead body of Philistus with great indignity, ih. The t3rrant leaves his eldest son Apollocrates to defend the citadel, puts his treasures on board ship, and sailing with a favourable wmd, es- capes Heraclidea the Admiral, 36. Heraclides, to appease the people, proposes an equal division of lands, and to stop the pay of the foreign soldiers, ib. He carries these points against Dion, ib. The Syracusans, in spite of alarming prodigies, elect new officers, among whom is Heraclides, ih. 37* Dion's mer- cenaries place him in the middle of a battalion, and march out of the city, 37. The Syracusans attack their rear, ih. Dion orders the troops to advance with shouts and clashing of arms, and the Syracusans fly, ih. He retires into the territories of the Leontines, ib. They pursue him, and once more are put to flight, 38. The Leontines receive him in an honourable manner, and make his soldiers free of the city, ih. Their requisitions to the Syracusans prove fruitless, ih. Dionysius sends Nypslus the
2 B 2
372 INDEX.
Neapolitan with pTorisions and money ftw the cllddel, ij.
Htt
defeated, and the Syracusana give into the most dhorieriy tt joicingB, ib- Njroius takes thai opportunity to enter the dly, and fills it with all the violence of war, iS. 39. The citizeuip ply to Dion foe assialaiice, 39, His speech on that occasion, « LeoDtium, 40. He marches to the relief of Syracase. 41, Tl- [ demagogues prevent his entrance, ib. Nypsius makes a fnA sally from the citadel, ami destroys the city with fire nud r»^ I ib. The gates are open for Dion, and Heraclides, his wm . enemy, entreata him to enter, 43. He advances sgatnil tti I enemy through blood and fire, 43> Nypsius is routed, and :f.( | flames are extinguished, ib. The orators of the popular fsOiK lesTe the city ; but Heraclides and Thcodotes put themselra la: the hands of Dion, (J. 44. His friends advise himtoputliei | to death, 44. His observations on that occasion, ii. He (w- dons Heraciides, 45. Repairs the wall nhich he had erwfi 1 ' about the citadel, ib. Dion is declared commander-in-chief, w! I Heraclides, through his indulgence, is continued admiral, li Dion still apposes the equal distribution of lands, ib. Henc^iiln , reneiFs his practices against Dion, and privately correspona i with Dionysius, ib. 46. Dion fights Pharax, the enemy's ««• i ral, and has the disadvantage, 46. On intelligence that B(n> elides was going once more to «eize Syracuse, he huleat totbi city, ib. GsesyluB the Spartan reconciles Dion and Heradidei, 47. Apollocrates surrenders the citadel to Dion, and saili to Dionysius with five gallies, ib. Tlie joy of the Syracusani « that event, t6. The aHecting meeting of Dion and his wi& Arete, 48. Dion puts the citadel in the hands of the Syrtc* sans, ib. The simplicity of his life after liis great aucMM, A- His manners austere and unpopular, 49. Strongly indhMS t» the aristocratic form of government, ib. Heraclides accva him of refusing to demolish the citadel, and to break open tbi tomb of Dionysius, ib. Dion permits the enemies of Hm> elides to kill him. 50. Catippus, who was bound to Dian bf the strongest ties of friendship aud hospitality, conspires miiai him, ib. Conducts the plot with great art, i6. a dreadH spectre appears to Dion, 51. His only son throws binuefffiva the top of the house, and Is killed, tb. The conspiracy ripeM, and Calippus is suspected, ib. 52. He takes the Great Oath wtcb- out hesitation, 52. The form of that oath, ib. Dion jfi imiin' nated in his own house, 53. Dion's wife is delivered of a m in priBon, ib. At the siege of Meesana, most of the mnrderefl of Dion are cut olf, ib. Calippus is slain with the same sword, with which Dion had been assasinated, 54. Aristotn&cbe ud Arete are released out of prison, and received by Icetes, a frJctid of Dion's, who, afler he had entertained them some time, pre- tends to send lliem to Peloponnesus ; but orders them and Ae infant to be despatched by the nay, £4. Icetes put to death by Timoleon, ib. Dionysia, the I'eiists of Bacchus, iheir name changed by the lUt- tering Atheoians to • Demetria,' v. S74.
INDEX. 37S
Dionysodortu, vi. 152.
Dionynus the Elder, tyrant of Sicily^ when his mother desired to be married to a young Syracusan, what he said upon it» i. 2^7* 243.. He asks the daughter of Aristides, the Sicilian, in mar? riage, and is refused, h. 238. His cruel behaviour on that re- fusal, ib. Sets himself up as tyrant of Sicily, vi. 4. Marries the daughter of flermocrates, to. She kills herself, ih. Mar- ries Doris and Aristomache, ib. Puts the mother of Doris to death, on suspicion of her having injured his other wife by po- tions, ib. The high value he set on Dion, 5. His behaviour to PlatOy 6. His rewess fears and anxieties, 10, 11. His death, 12.
'— -— ^— the Younger, Dion endeavours to inspire him with vir- tuous sentiments, vi. 10. His education neglected by his fa- ther, 9. His debauchery, la He invites rlato to Syracuse, 11. His proficiency under him, 12, 13. The duplicity of hjoi behaviour to Dion, 29* He finds out a plausible pretence to res move Plato to the castle, 18, 19. Envies Dion, seizes his reve- nues, and converts Dion's estate into money for his own use, 18, What he said to Plato on his departure, 19. Is e^qpelfed by Dion, 75. After ten years recovers Syracuse from Nyssecos, it's then master, ii. 232. Defeated by Icetes, 241. Surrenders to Timoleon, 246* The mean and dissolute life he led at Co* rinth, 247—250.
■ , of Colophon, the painter, ii. 272.
Chalcus^ father of Hiero, built the city of Thurii, iii. 404.
■ the Messenian, a madman, puts on Alexander's robe and diadem, iv. 348. Alexander, by direction of his diviners, condemns the poor wretch to death, 349- of Magnesia, the rhetorician, v. 297.
-, brother of Diodes and Erginus, assists Aratus in taking
Acrocorinthus, vi. 171, 172. DiophaneSf general of the Achsans, joins Flaminus against
Sparta, iii. 22. — — , the rhetorician, a friend to Tiberius Gracchus, v. 807.
Killed on account of that connexion, 220. DiophaniuSf Craterus' fabulous account that Aristides, upon his
accusation, was fined fifty minse for bribery, ii. 488. Diopithes cites an oracle against Agesilaus' advancement to the
crown of Sparta, frQm the objection of bis lamene^ iv. 7% iii*
216.
", his decree against Anaxagoras and Pericles, ii. 48f 49* t>ioscorides, the historian, i. 127.
DiphUuSf priest of the Gods-Protectors at Athens, v. 413. DiphridaSf one of the Ephori, meets Agesilaus in his return from
Asia, and orders him to make an inroad in Bceotia, iv. 90. DwjfbUf iii. 251 . Anthemocritus buried near that gate, iL 46* DiradeSf ward of, ii. 150. Dissensions^ in a state, their good efiect, iv. 74, 75. Their ill
effisct, when violent, 7^ Between Ulysses and Achiljes, ib. Divination^ I 88. vi. 287.
^t
37* INDEX.
Divorce, ii. 122, 283.
Divorcet, Romulus* law concerning tlieio, stance of one among the Romans, 107.
Dodntut, disputes the command with Eumenes, iv. 49. Evncm' ■ayJDg upon it, ib.
fDmiona, the antitjuity of it's temple, iii. 65. Oracles fran c, i, S51. V. 33.
Do^ sacriHced in the feast of Lupercslia, i. 86. That bites imir, to be delivered up, according to Solon's laws, chatned to a l« of timber four cubits long, i. 354. Of Xaothippus swinu sra to the isle of Salnmis, ii. 500. His prnve, id. Of Ab- biades, ii. 123. Statue of, at Duucombe-park in York»hire. i Of Alexander the Great, named ' Peritas,* AlexaDder builibi city in memorial of him. See Periias. " why not suffered to enter the citadel of Athens, v. 511.
!la, accused hy Cxsar of misdemeanours ta his gaTeramte in Greece, iv. 360. But acquitted, ib. H is profusen^t, 4I£ Said to be in the conspiracy against Cssar, 430. Cx^ar't opi- nion of him, ill. When tribune of the people, atlemptt at cancelling of debts, v. 533. Cicero inclined to go witii him 'uif Syria, 345. Entertains n passion for Cleopatra, and infbmtbcc of the design of OctavianuG to remove her, 505.
— , suspected by Otho of designs againat his
and sent to Aquinum, vi. 248.
Dngs, nXbc
a the isle of Scyros, is palace.
nd excercise pi- i. 292. Luciu
\Doliola.
iDolopiani, iii. 50. Settle
racy, 903, 304. Tiomitian, the profusion of ornament in
Antonius rebels against him, ii. 314. Domiliiu stands for the consulship in onposition to Crassnt wd
Ponipey, iv. 190. Their party drive him out of the Foninbf
violence, 191. Beaten by Sertorius' lieutenant, iv. 16, Hc^
a party in Africa, 137. Is defeated by Pompey, and killed h
battle, 138. . Lucius, why called ' jEnobarbus,' ii. 314-. By thefbm
of ridicule, brings Pompey to fight rhe battle of PharuUa, h.
211, 312. Employed by Antony to harangue the army oD hi* return from the Parthian expedition, v, 465. Adrises him U seed Cleopatra back to Egypt, 479. Goes over to Augustus, 48& 497. Antony aends his money and goods after him, and thi thought of his desertion breaks his heart, 4^6.
, besieged by Cccsor in Corfiniiun, takes poison iv 3filL
399. . ■ — .
and others in Pompey's army, dispute, before the battle
nf Pharsalia, ivho should succeed Ciesar in the pontiiiCBte iv
212. ' ■ commands the left wing of Pompey's army, at Phafsalou
iv. 214.
Oilvns commands the centre of Ciesar's army at Ptur*
Lh/vh* commands the centre oi Ciesar's army at Ptur*
aalia, iv. 2)4, and n. Appointed governor of Asia AUnor bj L'xsar, and defeated by Pharnaces, 415. ■ y^^^m^
index; &75
Domitius NerOf or Nero Germanicus, v. 508.
2}oors of houses in Greece open outward, K'299.
Dorians^ u 31 > n. How long they had possessed the country of
Laconia, iv. 100. The Heracliose mix with them, iii* 219. DorUaiisy eeneral for MithridateSy suspects his collegue Archelaiis
of trefu£eryy iii. 260. Killed for the sake of hb purple robe^
350. Dorisy wife of Dionysius the Elder, vi. ^^ Dorycnion^ a plant, t. 382. Doson^ AntigonuB so called. See AtUigpntu^ Domriesy Solon, to promote population, ordered that they shoidd
not be given, i. 247. Drachma^ what, iii. 208. Draco*$ laws extremely severe, and therefore repealed by Soloo, u
241. Said to be written with blood, 242. What Draco said in
defence of them, ih. DracontideSf his decree against Pericles, ii. 49. • Dragon of Minerva, v. 284. That lay by Oljnnpias. See Ofytn'
ptas. Dramatic eubitions, the effisets which Solon supposed they might
have upon the principles of the people. See Tkeairieal Enter'
tainmenis* Dreams. Sylla advises Lucullus to attend to them, iii. 238. Dromedarift house, a place so called, iv. 289. DromchtBtts the Thracian, takes Lysimachus prisoner, but soon
releases him, v. 505. Dromoclides the Sphettian, in the rage of flattery, proposes that
Demetrius should be consulted as an oracle, v. 376. Dnisus, See Livius,
Durisy of Samos, the historian, his character, ii. 42^ 161. fDt/mie£C, V. 169. iDi/na^ vi. 163.
[Di/rrachiuM, v. 102, 332. vi. 79. D^saoridaSt ii. S56.
E.
EAGLEy Pyrrhus so called by the Epirots, iii. 76.
Eagles^ have but two young ones at a time, iii. 167* Yet Nfarimi is said to have seen an aene of seven, which premged his seveii consulships, ib, »
Earth. Pythagoras and Plato did not think it the centre of the world, i. 186.
Earthquake in Laconia, i. 156. iiL 316. At Athens, 414. Otf Cicero's passing from Brundusium, v. 332. During the battla near the Thrasymenian lake, not perceived by the comhatartttn ii. 67. At Pisaurum, v. 483.
fEcbatana, iv.87, 346. Gulf of fire in, 295.
EcdfluSf a friend of Aratus, vi. 155. -. ■ ,
376 INDEX.
Ecdemw! and Demophanes, the tutors of PIiilop<enieii, destror A^i^ todemus, tyrant of Me^opolis, and asuat Aratua in etpcUbj NicDcles rrom Sicj^oD, iii. 2.
Echecratides the sophist, released by Alexander at the reques :- Phocion, V. 23.
Echedemui, tlte Academy at Athens said to be named after te, i. 4.1.
Echecrates, priest of Apollo Tegyrnsiu, ii. 360.
Eclipse of the sun, one happened the day thai Romalus laid lb foundation of Rome, i. 65, 66. Another at tbe tiaoe of kit dsrit, 96, n. Another, while Pericles nas embarking to go a^^iaaii' Peloponnesians, it. Si. The Thebans gteftti; discouraged b; h eclipeeof thesun, S80.
Eciipift of the sun understood in tbe time of Nicias, but not due of the moon, iii. *3*.
EeUpte of the moon, its different effects on tbe anny of Pads i .^ilius and that of Perseus, ii. 303, 3(4. That which bapr**' before Dion's expedition, vi. 23. Supposed a Porenmoer d calamities, iii. 434, 435. Explained as a fortunate omen to iIkk who are flying, 43G. \iho.t was done by way oi* relief to tlic eclipsed luminaries in times of the greatest iguoraoce and wafo- stition, ii.304. I
t-EcnomiM, vi. 26.
Ecprepes, one of the Ephorl, reduced the instrumenta of PtuyiM I Itro Btringt, t. 143.
iEdessa, iii. 77, 81. *. 409.
Edonian women, their ceremonies in the feasts of Bacchus, ii. ^1.
Education, its force, iL 95, 176. ». 20a vi. 3.
\Edi/lian>, Mount, iii. 254.
Egeria, a nyroph, with whom Nutna pretended to hold liuiuimmI cation in bis retirements, i. 170.
Eight, some observations on that number, i. 46.
iEion, city of, iii. 302. Colonised by the Athenians, H.
Eireisone, what, and why carried in a festival procession, i. 9S>
fElaa, one of the cities oOercd to Phocion by Alexander, t. St.
Elavhebdion, the month so called, i. 65.
^Ehta, iii. 253. v. 40,
Elaiui, the first of the Ephori at .Sparta, i. 121.
-f £/ea, a maritime tonn in Italy, vi. 77.
iEitans, or people of Elis, iii. 10, 414. v. 169.
EletJianU, description of the one rodu by Porus, i». SSI, 333. Tla disorder they caused in Annibal's army, ii. 430, 431.
Elmheiior, son of Chalcedon, took care of Theseus* children,. Carried ihem uith him to the siege of Troy, 45.
Elmis, one of the sons of Cimoo, iii. 315
+i^— , dty of, iii. 197.
iElauit, taken by Theseus, i, IS, 38. The Create S9, n. The temple, ii. 23. iv. 103,
. i, 12.
■iEteuthcrat a city of Attica, i, 37, 38.
INDEX. sn
EUuSf one of the vile mioisteKs of NerOt pot to death by GaBift» vi. 227.
Eloquence^ the power of it, iii. 83* Does not thrive under an aibi* trary government, i. 271 9 fu
Eipinice^ sister of Cimon, applies to Pericles in behalf of her brother, ii. IS. Suspected of an intrigue with her brother, and with Polygnotus tne painter, iii. 298. Married to Calhas, 299.
•¥Eli/nugans^ iv. 171*
Efysian fields, where placed, iv. 12.
^mbalmingf iv. 123.
Embassadors, Roman, violate the laws of nations at Clusium, L 881. Condemned by the Fedales, 882. Screened by the peo|^^ id.
Empedockit his doctrine of the elements, v. 867.
Emjnfku the orator, a friend of Brutus, vi. 58.
Enarsphonup son of Hippocoon, i. 89.
EndetSf daughter of Sciron and mother of Peleus and Tdamon, i. 11.
Endemusthe Cyprian, vi« 21. ^
Endymioji, the favourite of Diana, i. 170, n*
iEnguium, a town in Sicily, ii. 419.
f JSnmZ) ii. 419.
Emnf, i. 844. ii. 870.
EpammondaSf his povertv and content, iL 848. More attentive to the improvements of the mind than those of the body, 344. Res- cues his friend Pelopidas in the battle of the Arcadians near Mantinea, 345. Sent into Thessaly to recover Pelopidas from the tjrrant of Phers, 877. Succeeds in that service, ih. 878. Reckons it the greatest happiness of his life that his fhther and mother lived to see him victorious at Leuctra, iL 179* Sent embassador to Sparta, iv. 105. His behaviour on that occasioOt ib» His debate with Agesilans in a full council of the Greeks, in consequence of which Agesilaus declares war against the The- bans, ib. 106. He gains the battle of Leuctra, iL 868. iv. 105. Invades Laconia ai^ ravages the country, 110. Marches to Sparta, 111. Is killed in tne bet^ of the Lacedsemonians near Mantinea, 116. Buried by the Thebans at the public cbar^^, on account of his poverQr, iL 105.
EpapkrodihUf a name assumed by Sylb, iii. 280.
, an enfranchised slave of Csesar Octavianus, sent to be a spy upon Cleopatra, v. 501.
EpenUuSf general of tiie Achseans, vL 90S*
\EphetuS9 called the arsenal of war, ii. 422. Lysander's services to that city, iii. 190. The temple burnt on the day Alexander was bom, iv. 242.
EphettE^ judges in criminal causes at Athens, i. 245.
EpkiaUes, breaks the fM>wer of the court of Areopagiis at Athens, ii. 12, He is assassinated, 18.
■ and Cissus, imprisoned by Alexander, iv. 806.
Ephorif when esubiished, i. 121. Intended to restrain the powi^
378
of the Spar
INDEX.
, 120, 121. The firEt act, a^er theii
r Helots, f) of gold and Kilvet, iU. 3a account of bis popo-
spartan :
o declare war agaiaet tlie tlie}' did with respect (o the itnporlatii 308. Fine Agesilaiu as a monopoliser,
laritj-, iv. 7i. Recall him from his wars in Asia, S7. Ui«e Isadus a garland for his bravery, but fine him a ihnminf drachma: for going out to battle unarmed, 116. Engrou all ihe power, and leave the Spartan kiugs only the name, i. 121, a. Singular customs observed by them, v. 114. IJepoenl hr the joint consent of both the kings of Sparta, 145. SiupiKd by Cleomcnes and killed, 162.
Ephorui, the historian, censured by Plutarch, vi. 35.
£.picharnms, sophism of his invention, i. 26, n. 180.
Epicraies, tlie Acarnanian, conveys Theoiistncles' wife and chil- dren out of Athens, and is put lo death for it by Cimon, i. 347.
, the Athenian, proposes that, instead of chooaiag nine
arclioDs every year, twelve poor citizens should be sent embas- sadors to Persia id order to their returning rich, ii. 380.
Epicurean philosophy, some account of it, lii, 93, 94-.
hpUurus, gives his disciples a daiJy supply of beaas during the famine, v. 398.
-, punished by Phocus for being instrumental in tl>e death
of his father Phocion, v. M.
Epici/des, the orator, a man unfit for conducting an army. The- mistodes bribes him to drop his pretensions to it, i. 319.
Epki/didae, iv. 90.
\EpidauTtu, ii. 54. iii. 247. iv. 153. vi. 196.
\Epidauria, a district of Peloponnesus, i. 9. vi, 176.
Epi^etAes, of Pellene, his daughter remarkably beautiful and ii»- jestic, vi. 185.
Epigonui, tyrant of Colophoo, seized by Lucuilus, iii. 390.
Epilifcus, ii. 55'
Epimenides, the Phaestiau, one of the Seven Wise Men, j. JsS. itkilkd in expiations, ib. Supposed to be of more than nuxul extraction, to. A prophecy or his, 234. Refuses the prcsenU offered him by the city of Athens for expiating the citv, is,
Epipola, a fortress in Syracuse, iii. 432. Taken by Timoleon, ii 257. Taken by Dion, »L 29.
\Epiriii, i. 40. The origin of that kingdom, iii. 65.
Epttadeus, one of the Cphori, what he did with respect to iha Agrarian laws, v. 137.
Epiiaph, of Sylla, ill. 284.
Epitaphs. Only men who died in war, and women who had I employed in sacred offices, allowed to have them at .
had b^^^
Epitimim, ii. 55-
hpitragia, a name of Venus, i. 20.
Epi*yci, the governor of upper Phrygia, forms a design to ki9
Themistocles, i. 354. ■\ Epizephi/riani, ii. 43*. £)>o^i<; mysteries, ii. 14i, M. .
INDEX. 379
EpapiicSf and acroamatics, a part of philosophy not communicated
to common scholars, iv. 249. Erasistratus^ the Athenian, father to Pbasax, ii. 126. — — — , physician to Seleucus, discovers the distemper of
prince Antiochus to be love, v. 408. Eratosthenes the historian, v. 2SS. u 110, 351.
, the character he save Demosthenes* orations, ▼. 262.
ErectheuSf Theseu» descended from him, i. 3, 30, n.
ErectkicUPf i. 14, 40.
Eretriatty i. 329.
Ergades, who so called, i. 253.
Erginus assists Aratus in taking Acrocorinthus, vi. 170. Attempts
to seize the Pirseus, 186. Ergoteles lies in wait for Themistocles, for the sake of the reward
promised for taking him, i. 348. ErianthuSf the Theban, advises the Spartans to rase the city of
Athens, iii. 206. EriduSy iii. 255. YErotne, i. 12, n,
Eros^ servant to Antony, kills himself instead of his master, v. 499. ErsiHof the only married woman taken from the Sabhies by the
Romans, i. 70« 71. Said to have been afterward the wife of Ro«
mulus, 71. fEryXf town of, iii. 98. Eryxiasy the last decennial Archon at Athens, i. 45, n. And the
last descendent of Codrus, ib, Eteoclesy the Spartan, i. 37, n. A saying of his concerning Ly-
sander, iii. 212. Etesian winds, v. 351. vi. 22. EtymodeSf a friend of Agesilaus, iv. 103. EvagoraSf king of Cyprus, iii. 199.
EvalcuSf a Spartan officer, killcMl in battle by Pyrrhus, iii. 112. Evan^ a triumphal expression, which the (ireeks supposed equiva- lent to the Roman ovation, ii. 423, 424. Evandevy i. 68, 85.
, the Cretan, remains with Perseus, after his defeat, iL
311. EvangeluSf master of Pericles* household, ii. 29.
, his treatise on tactics, iiu 6. ^Euhtea^ i. 7, 44. ii. 35. v. 271. Eubuiusy the orator, v. 10. EuchidaSf the Platsean, the expeditioD with which he fetched fira
from Delphi, iL 479. Drops down dead as soon as ha has de- livered it, and has the honour of being buried in the temple of
Diana, ib, Eudeia^ a name of Diana, ii. 479. EuclidaSf made by his brother Cleomenes partner of the throaet
V. 166. Commands one wing of the Spartan army against An-
tigonus, iii. 8. D^eated and killed m the batUe«of Sellasia,
V. 185.
p
3S0 INDEX.
Eudidas, the Lacediemoaian, ArLaxerxcs' aoiiwer to hia it
vi. US. £uclides, the AtheoiaD, oppOBei* Avatus, vi. 195.
, one of the Coriuthiau officers sent by Xintoleon, to-ql
possession of Che casttc of Syracuse, ii. 216. Euclus, oneaf Perseus' trenfiurera, Btabbedbybim for rcmonstntiic
Offaiast his cooduct, ti. 311. Euekcus, one of Perseus' treasurers, stabbed with Euctus, it. 31 1. Eudamidast king of Sparta, failier of Agis, v. I3S. Eudamut, master of the elephants, in romis Eumenes of a conmittcT
acainst his life, because he waa in his debt, iv. Gl. £«&ntu, the Fergamenian, brings Attalus* will to Itome, v. 21!. Eudoius, the first who applied geometry to mechanical punxMCi,
Eiiergetrs, See Ptolrmy Euergelts.
Evius, one of the names of Bacchus, ii. 421.
■ the musician, iv. 39.
EununeSf king of Pergamus, honours paid him at Rome by aU but Cato the Censor, ii. 503.
£vuuKES, a native of Cardia in the Thraciim Chersonese, w'd by some to be ^e son of a poor waggoner ; but more probably toe son of a person with whom Philip, liing of MacedcD, bad connexions of hospitality, iv. 38. Philip is pleased with bia per- fnrniances in the public exercises, and takes him into hia Uw, a. Secretory to Alexander the Great, ii. Upon the deaik t( Hepha^tinn, and the promotion of Perdiccas, succeed* Fedi^ i:aG in hie conimaad of cavalry, ili, Alexander honours htni ^idi his alliance, by giving him Barstne, 39. Hephsstiou takoa n quarters from him, and gives them to a musician, i6. EiUDMW reports it to Alexander, but only does himself harm by CH^ plaining of a favourite, i6, Alexander wanting to lit out % Hat, a^ks Bumenes for three hundred talents ; Eumeneit excuses hvtf kU", and Alexander bums his tent; upon which great treasure are found melted down, t£. 40, He continues Eumenes as hM secretary notwithstanding, WX. Another dispute betweea Eu- meaes and Uepbssiian, i6. HcphaesLion dies, nnit Fnmrnrt exerts all his art to celebrate his memory, ti. Upon the d««th of Alexander, a dispute arises between the Into king*a friends and the phalaii'c, i&. Eumenes pretends to stand neuter, privately takes part with the phalanx, iii. H. On the Uivisioi Alexander's dominions, Cappadoeia and Paplilag Hgned to Eumenes, 41. Leonatusand Autigonusare aui to put bim in poseession, H. Antigonus despises the i sion, ib' Eumenes* gets Lconatus' secret from him oa to. J designs on Macedon, and flies wiih it to Perdiccas, H Perdiccas establishes him in Cappadocia, i6. Perdiccas is i^ •irous that Eumene* sbould secure llie adjoining province C* AtmcBJa agaiasi the practices of Neuptolemiu, *&. iS, ^utncncs raises, and trains, a body of cavalry to be a couqtcrpoisu against the Macedonian infantry, i'i, Cratcius and Antipatcr g
INDEX. S81
Asia, to humble Perdiccas, ib. Their first design is npoD Eu- nienes and Cappadocia, ib* Meantime Neontolemus falls oboa him with the Macedonian phalanx, but is defeated, ib. 44. Cra- terus and Neoptolemus advance against Euraenes, 45. Edmenes fights them, and yet finds means to conceal from his troops that they had to act against Craterus, ib. His dream previous to the battle, ib. He kills both Craterus and Neoptolemus, the latter with his own hand, ^T* 48. Weeps over Craterus, 48. The Macedonians, upon the death of Crtiterus, who was their parti- cular favourite, resolve upon the death of Eumenes, and desire Antigonus and Antipater to take the direction of the'wae, ib. Eumenes takes some of the king's horses from Mount Ida, and gives a receipt for them, ib. Intends to make Lydia the seat of war, but at the request of Cleopatra, winters in the Upper Phrygia, ib. 49. Alcetas and others contend with him for 4he command, 49. His saying upon it, ib. Not having money to pay his troops, he appoints the officers castles and lands, out of which they were to pay their men, iL By this he gains the hearts of the Macedonians, so that they disconrage an treason- able attempts against him, and appoint him a strong guard, ib. He distributes among them the badges of honour, which they used to receive from their kings, 50. Loses « baltle to Antigo- nus, by the treachery of one of his officers; but hangs the traitor, and by an artful movement returns to the field of battle, ib, Pittses by an opportunity to take Antigonus* baggi^e, t6. 51. Retires to the castle of Nora, with only five hondred horse and two hundred foot, 52. His answer to Antigonus, who prapaaca a conference, ib. The castle affords only corn, water, and salt; yet Eumenes furnishes out an agreeable entertahimeAt to his friends, 58* His person and manners described, ib. Hn in- vention for exercismg the horses as well as men, ib, 54. Anti- gonus proposes terms of peace to Eumenes on eondiUon of bis taking an oath he proposed, 54. Enmenes makes am alteitlion in the oath, but obtains his liberty, by the seige of Nora being raised, ib, Olympias invites him nito Macedon, in order to his taking the tuition of Alexander's son, S5. Philip ArrhMsBoa, and Polyperchon, impower htm to take what sums he pleased 'Out of the royal treasures at Quinda, to enable him to carry on the war against Antigonus, ib, Thqr, likewise, order Anti- genes and Teutarous to support him with the Argjrraspidea, siu These officers being Unwilling to submit to Eumenes, he pre- tends that Alexaiuier had appeared to him in a dream, wU, ordered them to erect a royal pavilion, and place in it a tbvone of gold which was to be honoured with their obedience, •&. '56. He is joined by Peucestas and other governors of provinibes^ 56. The inconveniences he experiences from those governors, ib. He borrows money of the heads of the array, to prevent their conspiring against his life, 57. On the approach of an ene- my, all the grandees and officers give him the first plaee, ib. ' He defeats Antigonus, on his attempt to pass the Paaitigris, ib. Peucestas feasts the army, and hopes to be indulged with- 1^
Lycurgus, i. HI. Killed by » |
aged by hi
V. 2.58. Euntu, a fugitive slave, slirs up the servile war in Sicijy, itiL 9&
Dies of the Lousy Disease, i&. Euphorion, said by some writers to be tlie father of Solon i, Slfi, EuphranOT, prepares the scaling-laiiJers for Aratus, vi. 157 Euphranlidei, the diviner, advises tht sacrificinf; oT the tim
children of Xerxes' sister Sandace, to Bacchus OmestML i
■fEuphratei river, iii. 361.
Euphromus, lotor to Antony's childrea by Cleopatra, sent riiillM
■ador to Augustus, v. 495. Eupolcmus, son of the tyrant IceLes, taken and put to daub, ii.
Eupolia, second wife of Arcbidataus, aud mother of Aj
382 INDEX.
command; but on the appearance of Antigonus and hu tfoM, the; call for Eumenes, though he was sick and canied » n litter, £8. Anligonus no souner spies the Jitter moving fnnn ' rank to raub, than he sounds a retreat, 16, 59. The Ma- | cedoDians again grow mutinous, and spread thenuelre* iD over the province of Gabene, ib. 60. Antrgonua morchct against them; but the cold is ko intense, titat he is tbmd ' tn light many fires, which discover his motions, 60> Euin^ nes undertakes to retard his march, till the truops could bt osserabled, and effects it by a stratagem, ib. 61 . The chieft of the Argyraspides agree nith other officers to make use of £u- menes in the ensuing battle, and afterward to assasatoate him, 61. This plot is discovered to him, by persons to whom be owed money, ib. He makes his will, and destroys bis olhe papers, 62. The veterans beat Antigonus' infantry: but hu cavalry in the mean time take their baggage, i6. Antigwrni offers to restore the Argyraspides their baggage, on condition that they would put Eumcnes in his hands, 63. Hia speech the Macedonians before he is delivered up, if,. 6+. Hi venation with his keeper during his impri&oatnent, 65 death, ib.
Ewmenides. See Furies.
Eumolpidis, hod the direction of the mysleries of Ceres, ii and «. Ordered to absolve Alcibiadt's, 163.
Eutteos, one of Theseus' companions in his cipeditioo afairiH
Eunomus, the father 1 knife, 112.
■ — ' , the Thriasian, advises Demosthenes not to be !_„.
success in his lirst attempts to fpeak in pdbhc.
'.70.
EupoUs, iii. 315,403,1
Euripides, i. 5, 26, n. 37. His odo in praise of Alcibiades, ij. ]^ 125. His epitaph on the Athenians, iii, 426. One of hig »nL saves Athens from being destroyed by Lysaode r and ihc eon- federate Greeks, 206. His vereea save ihc lives of many Athe- Diant Id Sicily, 444. Mariners of Ceunus admitted into borc Is
INDEX. S6S
Sicily, because they could repeat some of his verses, ib. Hk tomb struck by lightning, ana by that supposed to be rendered sacred, i. 162.
\Eurotas river, i,129. iv.93, 115.
EufybiadeSf admiral of the confederate fleet against the Persians, charged with want of courage, i. 328. O&n to strike The* mistocles^ 329.
EurycUs^ the Syracusan orator, proposes to send the Athenians to the quarries, and to put their two generals to death, iii. 442, 448.
, the Lacedaemonian, commands a ship for Augustus against Antony, v. 490. What he said to Antonyj ib.
EurycUdaSf sent by Cleomenes to the Ephon, v. 1G2.
Eurud^^ descended from M ilttades, v. 376. Married to Deme- trius, tb. Has a son by him named Corrhaebeus, 4'21. , sister of Phila, and wife of Ptolemy, v. 413.
Eurylochus the ^gean, Alexander assists him in his passion for Telesippa, iv. 306.
Eurymeaon the Athenian general, sent to Sicily with reinforce- ments for Nicias, iii. 429. Killed in battle, 436.
t river, iii. 310.
EuryptolemuSf son of Pericles' sister, ii. 12.
, son of Megacles, Cimon marries his daughter bo- dice, iii. 299.
EurysaceSf son of Ajax, ii. 112. i. 230.
Eurydon^ son of Sous king of Sparta, i. 1 11. From him the Eury- tionidte, ib. iii. 219. Slackens the reins of government, and finds the ill consequences of it, i. 112.
EurytuSf i. 10.
Euterpe, according to some writers, the name of Thomistodes* mother, i. 311.
EuthippuSf the Anaphlystian, exerts himself greatly to recover the reputation of Cimon, and is killed in battle, together with Ci- mon*s other friends, iii. 318, 319.
EtUhydemuSf an officer who served under Nicias, joined in com- mission with him, iii. 430. Ambitious to fight, w. Defeated ia an action at sea, ib,
EuihymuSf the Leueadian, an ambush laid for him at Hierse in Sicily, by which his men are cut oS^ ii. 267.
, general of horse for Icetes, brought in chains to Timo« leon and put to death, ii. 269.
EuthynuSf the Thespian, iv. 115.
EutychidaSf i. 111.
Eutychus^ V. 488.
Euxine sea, i. 32.
Example, the force of it, i. 203. ii. 4.
Execestides^ father of Solon, i. 218.
Execrable, Athenian magistrates so called, who violated the pri- vilege of sanctuary, i. 232.
Execrations, See Imprecations,
Exile. Lycurgus a voluntary one from Sparta* See L^curgus.
Exilei from Thebes «t teq.
- of Achaia, disputes about them
(he senate of I
Exottiutn, among the Greeks, means the concluaon of a tTRgt^, among the Romans, a fuice, iii. 497, n.
FABER, Rev. G. S. on the
Fabia, a vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's vriTe,
Fabii, whence the name, ii. 62. Their descent from Hercdla, ii. Three hundred of them cut off by the Tui
Fabiiu Amlttutvt, Quintus, lakes up arms tor the Clusians, i. IH Sent (o Delphi, 3t>6. Sent embassador to the Gauls Wfai | Clusium, and violates the Ian' of nations, 381. i
, chief PoDtiffivhcD Brcnnus, Ling of the Gauls, took Eob^
i. S88. I
— — , Lucullus' lieutenant, defeated by Mitbridates, iti. 377,
, proprietor of Spain, his government renders the Raamt obnoxious to the provinces, v. 229.
— - Bulea, chosen dictator at Rome, for the purpose of orttt- ing new senators only, while Marcus Junius was dictauv «^ ttiearmy, ii, 79.
- Fabulut, said to be the person nho despatched Gafc^ n. 3.
^— — GargFS, defeated by the Samnites, ii. 101, n.
Fabius Maximus, the origin of his family from Herculei, iktt He was the fourth in descent from Fabius Rullus, who first m> quired the surname of Maximus, G3. Has the aamatamil ' VerrocDBai * and ' Ovicuta,' ib. Appears slow of apprebcaiiHh andatnpid when a boy; but his poirers unfold Ihenttchw bf degrees, i6, 6i. He prepares his body by exercise for tba Jir vice of the state, and his mind by improving his powen of fiK' suation, 64. An oration, which' be pronounced at the fimsnlaf his son, extant in Plutarch's time, ib. Five times coaaai, 65. Honoured with a triumph for his victory over tlic Ligurim^ S. Aller Annibal had gained the battle of Trebia, Fabius ad^Md the Romans to stand upon the defensive in their walled -lomi, 66, 67. Is chosen dictator, fid, Appoints Miiiucius his g«oera) of (he horse, i6. Is preceded by twenly-four hc[ors,j&. Begtnt Jiis office with acts of religion, 70. Amongst other things, rows a ver sacrum, ib. Takes slow aiid cautious measures agaiiMt Annibal, 71- None but Annibal sensible of hi; prudence in that respect, 72. His general of ihc cavalry gives him much iroiibte, and brings the soldiers to consider him in a contemptible light, ib. He keeps to his Grat scheme notwithstanding, 73. Aimi* bal, by a mistake of his guides, being led into the defiles of C«a- linum, instead of the plains of Cosinum, Fabius surrouRds hin, ih. 74. Discovers Anitibal's stratagem to disengage turasfiU^ 7S.
1KD£X. siS
Hob the disadvantage in •ome (ubcequent Bkirmishes, iii. Tbe tri- bane Metilius incensea the people against him, and the senate is displeased with tbe terms he had settled for the ransom of pri- soners, 76, He sells his lands to pay the ransom of the Bo- nians whom he had received from Annibal, 77. Fabiua bei»g called to Rome on account of some religious solemnities, Minu- cius fights coQirary to orders, and defeats part of the enemj's forces, ib. Though this success makes a great noise in Rome, Fabius declares he will hasteu back to chastise his general of Iiorse, 78. Metilius stirs up the people, and they appoint Minu- crus collegue to Fabius in the dictniotship, 10. Fabius doe* nut consent to his collegue's requisition to have the command of all the forces every other day, but, instead of that, divided them equally with him, 80. Annibal's stratagem to draw Minucius to an engagement succeeds, and that general is entirely defeated, ill. 81. Fabius inarches to his relief, and Annibal retires intohia camp, 82. The gratitude of Minucius, 83. His address to hia troops, and to Fabius, ib. Fabius lays down the dictalorship, and the consuls that succeed for some time, follow his plan of action, 84. Fabius exhons Paulus ^milius, the coUegue of Varro, to guard against his temerity, 85. The greatness of Fabius' behaviour on the terrors occasioned in Bome by the successes of Annibal, 91. His relation, Fabius Piclor, is sent to consult the Oracle of Delphi, 92. Fabius appointed general with Claudius Marcellus, 93. Their opposite character, and operations, 16. Each of them vas five times consul, ib. Anni- bal forges a letter, as from the inhabitants of Metapuntum, to Fabius, who is nearly caught in the snare, 91. In what manner Fabius brought back one of the allies to bis duty, ib. 93, and cured a Lucanian of stealing out of camp, 95, 96. He recovers Taren- tum by means of a love-affair, 96, 97. Has art enough to amuse Annibal in the mean time, 97. Behaves to the Bruttians with a cruelty not to be expected in his character, 98. Dids his men ' leave to the Tarentines their angry gods,' ib. Is honoured with a second triumph, 99, and his son with the consubhip, 100. A Uoman scene between the father and the son, ib. He loses his son, and bears that loss with great moderation, 101. Publishes the funeral oration, which he had delivered himself, i&. Opposes the plans of Scipio, 102, t03. Does not live to see the reduction of the Carthaginians, 105. The citizens of Rome express their regard to him by deliaying the expcnces of his funeral, i&.
Fabius Maximus, son of Paulus £niilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii, ii. 300,
■ Pidor, i, 52. Sent to consult the Oracle at Delphi, ii. 92.
■ Rtillui, or Rtttilianus Quintus, acquired the name of Max-
imus, iv. 140. ii.63. He was great-grandtkther ofFabius Maximus the dictator, 63, 101.
■ ■ yntttu, commander of a legio
the oath of allegiance to Galba, vi
vol. vt. 2 C
586 INDEX.
pcror, 933. EmpToj-(^ tut one of his generals, 24S. Wf trtme avarice, 250.
Fable of Picus aiid Fatmus, i. I!t4. Of Minerva and Ntptnne contendine for the patronage of Athens, 340. Of the ii»etiibcrs and the belly, ii. 181. Of the feast-day and the day after llic feast, i. 339. Of the serpent, whose tail rebelled agoinn Hm head, V. 133. Of the cuctoo and tittle birda, ri. 184. Of it; wallet, iii. 496. Of the huntsman and horse, vi. 193. Of ik sheep deliTering up their dogB to the wotvea, r. 279.
Fabriaut, Caius, said the lumani were not overcome by Ok I Eplrots, but Ltcvinius by Pyrrlius, iii. 90. Sent lo trot miii Pyrrhus about the prisoners, 93. Refuses to accept FVtta' presenti, and say)^, ' 'Flic Itomans hud rather comninno tbo* who are masters of gold, than have it themselves,' t6. Cwa gives him an account of the E[iicuiean philosopliy, and he wile that the enemies of Rome may embrace it, t&. 9+. iiitm> I^rrhus of his physician's olTer to poison him, 95.
Factions and parties how serviceable to a cammonivealth. $r Disietmoas.
Faith, a temple erected to her by Nutna, i. 195. The oaih 1" her, the most solemn among the Romans, il>, 106, K'^ knowledge of things divine lost for want of faith, ii. 222,
^Faterii, besieged by the Homans, i. 373. The schoohnMtr^ treachery, and how he was punished by Camillus, 374, 37.^.
iFalisci, i. S6i, S73. v. 227. [
'ame. See G/wy. I
Famine at Athene, under the tyt-ant Aristion, iii. 249. In Ar U army of Mithridaies, HI. 337, 340. Another famine in Atlwt. , v. 398. Famine in the army of Antony, 469. An hei* «« which brings on madness and death, ib. Famine in tite amp^ Artaxerxes, v. 142.
Fannia, screens MariuB in her house, iii. 169, 170. Her history,^
Fannitu, one of the friends of Tiberius Graccliiu, v. 203.
, Caius, attains the consulate through the interest of Wa
Gracchus, v. 231. Opposes Caius (iraccnus, ib.
Fathers, the law whicll empowered tliem to sell their ch3fa>, corrected in some respect liy Nurtia, i. 193.
rafter of Ills counlr}-, Cicero the first that was honoured wMi Unt title, V. 320.
Faumis, i. 87.
, the denii-god, fable of his being taken, together wtk
Picus, by Numa, and of Nuiiia's learning charms and oilw secrets of them, i. 194. Supposed to have married tlic Ben Dea, iv. 366, 367.
Fawnius, Marcus, his witticisms on Pompey, iv. 311. VltH lAb Poropey, and treats biin with greol respect, 320, 281. lis friend and zealous imitator of Cato, v. 95. Is chos<m n^flc. i^ Brutus sounds him as to the conspiracy against Carsar A, SI- His adventnrc with Brutxis and Cassius, 8!l.
Faiista, daughter of iVtrtclla, iii. 280.
Faustulus, the foster-fiitkei of KoiDiMua aod Beoiuiif L S^ Fauslus, son of Sylh, uL 28a Gels ^ithrid^^' crOvip;^ iMP ^
hands, iv. 178L Cassiua stcikcB him when a boy, and vky^ ▼>•
65. Puts hiteirtate un to safe, 326. WhatCibei»tSfi»dof the
bills he put up, a. Fear. Theseus sacriices to it as a god, i. 34. Ale^Mndm 4p9
the same, iv. 289. The temple of Fear, and it's wo»h^f 162,
KiS.^ A sangiunaiy passkm in tynints, yi. 144. Feast^ in honour of toe two Ariadne^, L f9U
of boughs at Athens called Qschonbona* Stfti ^hchopkofM' of slaves among the Romans, oalled Saturnalia* See <Sa|ar-
nalia*
of the Latins, 1366.
of Proserpine oeldwated near Oyiicum. Sea Froterpim.
of the Nonas CaprodnsB, cdebrated by the iroaien in the
Goats'-March, i. 100, 101.
of Ceres, ii. 91. See also ^T^emicyiiorMr.
of Adonis, accounted ominous to th^ Athenians^ on aocount
of it's happening at their embarkation for Siciljm ii; 137.
— of PfllUia, i. 65, a. Of the Lupercalia, i. 80. Of the Pa-
nathenaea. See PonaiA^fuea. Of toe Metctcia. See Mtim^a.
Of Boedromia. See Boedromia. FebrtuUa^ the least of Lupercalm anciently so caUed, i. 86. Feciaks^ an order of priests instituted by Numa, u 188, 382. Their
office to act as heralds, to declare if ilr and peace, ik -^Fertntum^ iii.89.
FeretriuSf Jupiter, whence the term, ii. 398. fFidena^ i. 76. In what manner taken by £omuius, 90. Fifirs forbidden to be exported out of Attica, i. 254. Of Aftica,
ii. 531 . Of Tusculum, iv. 21 1. Fimbria, besieges Blithridates in Pitana, iii. 310. Invites Lueullus
to his assistance, ib. Assassinates Placcus, 265. His men
desert him, and he kills himself, 266. Fimbrianst the untractable bands which mutinied against Fimbria,
iii. 334. Fire. The sacred fire, attended by the Vestals at Rome, i. 87.
The holy fire at Athens and Ddphi, guarded Iqr widows, 183.
To be lighted by the sun-besms at Rome, in cue of it's biippen-
ing to be eiOinguished, ib. Called * Vo^ ' and .' Uni^ ' by the
Pythagoreans, 186. Worshipped as the first priocipie if all
things, 387. An emblem of purity, 182. FiVf-hearth, sacred to the domestic ^>ds, hr. 323. fFirmiansy a company of brave men who attended Cato the Censor
in his operations against Antiochus, ii. 511. Flaccusy Valerius. See Valerius* the consul marches against Sylla, iii. 260. Assaasinfitad by
Fimbria, 265, 384.
Hordeonius, sent by Galba to succeed Virginius, vi. 220.
The army refuse to take the oath of allegiance to Galba, which Flaccus proposes, 232. FlameUf whence so called, i. 176, 177.
2 c 2
S8» INDEX.
Flamen QfarinaUt instituted by Nuroai u 176. Fhtimiius, Caius Quintins, during his consulate defeat! theGanb, ii. 66, S92. Named general of hor»e to M inucius tlie dictitor, and disqualilied because a tat was heard to crv while lie >3> naming him, S94. Rashly fighu Annibal, and is' iiilled, G7. Flamikius, Titus Quintius, or QuinciiuE, jealous of the glair (^ PhiloptEmen, iii. 20. Quick both to resent an injury, and u dj a service, 31. A legionary tribune under Marcellus in ibe t*- with Annibal, 32. Appointed governor of Tarentum, and cbiti director of the coJonies sent to Namia and Coasa, ik. 0^« , himself a candidate for the consulship without ascending b; thr previous steps, and is elected though not yet thirty yeanali, u. Macedon and the war with Philip falls to bis lot, 33. Fiodttlm liii predecessors had entered Macedonia too late in the ifmm and remedies that defect, ib. On his arrival in Enirus, U Publiua Vniius encamped over agains* Philip, who had longbtt: defending the fords of the Apaus, 34. As a passage tha* deemed impracticable, he is advised to go through Dosinia along the Lycus, ib. But he does not choose to remove too ff from the sea, lest he should be in want of provisioss, ib. ^^ solves to force his way up the mountains, 35. Some ahephfri discovering to him a winding way neglected by the enettij, i< sends a tribune with four thousand men up that wav, il. .At- tacks the Macedonians, when he believed the tribune^iad gainol the top, ib. Traverses Epirus with good order and dt«cip)iM< 36- As soon as he enters Thessaly, it declares for Iiim, 0. He and Philip come to an interview, in which he insists thu Philip should withdraw his garrisons from the Grecian cities, 5T. Ttit magistrates of Thebes come to meet him, and he enten the city with ibem, ib. 38. He sends agents to Rome to procure the continuation of his commission, US. Meets Philip near Sc«ti». and defeats him entirely in a pitcheil battle at Cynoscephal^i 39, 40. Hurt at the j'Etolians claiming the honour of the 'i^ tory, and at the verses of Alcaus, suit^le to their pretensiosi. il. Philip goes in person, and makes his submission to Flami nius and the Romans, 42. The conditions on which peace ii granted him by Flaminius, ib. The prudence of Flaminiu*, ia making that peace before Antiochua declared himself it. The ten commissioners sent by the senate to assbt Flaminius, adiBt him to keep garrisons in three of the principal cities of Greece; but he prevails with them to set Greece entirely free 43. Ih proclaims liberty to the Greeks at the Isthmian games, and the shouts of joy and applause bring down the crows from the air, 4* Despatches Lentulus to the Bargyllians in Asia, Stertinius intn Thrace, P. Villius to Antiothus, and goes himself to Clialcii tn4 Magnesia, for thepurpose of extending liberty, +5, 4<}. Appoint- ed director of the Nemean gnmes, 46. Recommends locid virtues to the Greeks, ib. Dedicates shields to Castor and Pol- Ju-t, and a crown of gold to Apollo, at Delphi, id. 47, Con- mences hostilities again»t Nabis, the tyrant of Laceda»noD but ■OOQ conpromiAes the matter with hJm, i7. Hoiioun ' '
INDEX. 3fUk
to him by the AchaeanSy 48. Account of hi« trtumph, .49* Antiochus invading Greece, the Romans appoint Fuuniniua the consul's lieutenant, ib. 50. Flaminius secures the Greeks in^ the Roman interest, and Antiochus is defeated at Thermopylae^ * 50. Prevails with Manius the consul to spare the iEtolians and Cbalcideans, 51. The Chalcideans pay divine honours to him, td. Part of a hvmn in his praise^ 5%. Some strong features^pf his soul described, . ib. Sayings, of his, id. 5S. Is created censor, 53. His acts while he bore that office, 54. His , rc^^tqijent against Cato' for expelling bis brother LuciUs from the senate, 55^^ He i^oes embassador to the court of Prusias, and demands tha^ Annibal should be put to death* 57. He dies in his bed, €0. Flaminius and Philopoemen compared, ib, — 6S.
Flaminius^ Lucius, brother of Titus, expelled the senate, iu« 55*. Admiral under his brother, iii. S4.
Flavins^ a tribune, wounds one of Annibal's elephants with- |]ie( point of an ensisn staff, ii. 4S0^ 431.
■ and Manulus, tribunes of the people, deposed by Caesar,
iv. 429.
GalluSf rashly undertakes an exploit agaipst the ParthianiSy
▼.466.
-, or Fulvius FlaceuSf informs Tiberius Gracchus of the
senate's design against him, v. 218, and n»
SabinuSf brother of Vespasian, lefV governor of Rome by
Otho, vi. 249.
Flora, the celebrated courtesan, her amour with Pompev, iv. 127. So great a beauty that Caecilius Metellus, when he adorned the temple of Castor and Pollux with paintings, put her p^ture among the rest, 128.
Flute, an instrument sacred to peace, iL 424w
Fontdus CapUo sent by Mark Antoqy to pon4upt Qleopatra into^ Syria, v. 459.
— « — , killed by Valens, vL 224, 225.
Fortunate islands. See Atlantic.
Fortune, bow distinguished from chance, ii. 273, ^4> i*:, H^ images said to have spoken to the Roman matrons, ii. 821 • Loves to make affiurs turn upon a minute circumstance', ▼• 184. Her inconsistency, ii. B18, 329, 330. Her greatest favours un- able to fill the capacities of the human mind, {v. 1^. UnaUft to conquer virtue, v. 3.
Fountains, whence their origin, ii. 398, 399#
■■ of fire near Apoluinia, iii. 268.
Fox, stolen by a 3partan boy, and he f uSsxa it {o eil PQl his boweBi' ratlier than be discovered, i. 140.
iFregella, y. 226.
^FregellanianSf ii. 43j.
Friendship, instances of it, ii« 345* vi. 338.
Fugitives^ those who fly in battle, their punishment, iU. 348|
Fuldnia, mother of Marius, iii. 122.
Fulvia, widow of Clodius, marries AQtony, t. 435. Maintains liis
390 I>JDEX. I
quarrels in ItDmc against Augustus, 451 . But CBtiscs Af <nlr ♦5S, *54. Her deatli, 454. I
Fidiih intbmiB Cicero of Catiline's ilesign to kill him, v. 910,311.
Ftihiiis, Cneius, the proconsul, slain by Annibol, ii. 427.
, Qnintas, appointed dictator, ii. 428.
~ — '—, a friend of Caiua Gracclius, v, 233. Sends his ton to itr consul Opimius, S39. He and hb eldest sod killed, 240. Hi- bo^'thrown into the river, and his widow forbidden to put hn- self into mourning, 2+1. His youngestson also put to desib, A
FUheral oiutioas, their origin, i. 283, 2S4-. Allowed to wounUi; CobtHbutiog their golden oraaments to make up an o%nn|t<' Apollo, i. 372. Not made for young women till Caesar*atnnt,ti. 361, 362.
Turcifh, the original of that name of reproach, n. 905.
Furies, the temple of, i. 35. A grove sacred to them, ». S*I.
Furii, CanlillUs first miacs thnt faniily to distinction, i. 563.
Furius, Lucius, coUegue to Camilins, when military trtbunnwnF 'af^jKtint^d instcnd uf consuU, i. 4<X>. Sent by ComiUm npna the Tuscans, \\l.
— "--, COllegae to Flaminius, i(. 392.
-—~-, — , lieutenant to Publius Varinus, defeated by Sparbictu, i>. *58. *
Furnius, an able orator, t. 482.
4
GJtBliNE. EUmenes' troaps sjircad themselves over thM for winter (juarterB, tv. 60.
•^GnSii, Romulus and Itemns sent thither for education, i 5C.
GAtinim, Autus,' a tribune, marches to the relief nV CharAnn. ill. 254. Proposes a law for investing Pompcy with thi: f«i>- inand at sea, and at land for four hundred furlongs fmm the to. iff 155. Is elected consul, v. 83. Has the province of Synt, ,329. His rudeness to Citero, 331.
-'"' -, Antony's lieutenant, vr. 79.
fCorfw, iv. II.
GatHiis, a Spartan, reconciles Dion and Heraclidcs, *|. 47.
Galtochus, a name of Neptune. See Svptune.
fOalate, Mount, v. 10.
iOahlia, iii. 160. v. 62.
Galba, Sulpitius, the richest private man who ever rose ID the imperial dignity, vi. 21 3. Of the noble family ol'the Servit. vM thinks it a greater honour to be related to Q. Catoltu Caprto- linui, one of the most virtuous men of his time, jA. Reined also to Livia, the wife of Augustus, i6. Rises by her interot, to the dignity of consul, 16, Behaves with honour in GcmunT. and during his proconsulate tn Africa, il>. Hie simple parMine- aious way of living, out of character for an emperor, ifi. Stn governor into Spaiu by Neto. i&. Unable to relieve the pro-
INP^X. 391
vinces under the oppressions of the procurators^ but givQs ^hem the consolation of nis pity, i6. 214'. Does not cndeavpur to sup* press the songs made upon Nero, 214>. Or jxiifonii him of Vm- dex's motions towards a revolt in Ga\i)> ib. Is offered by Vindex the imperial dignity, ib. His deUberation, and the speech of Titus ViniuB to him on that occasion, ih. He enfranchises all that present themselves, 215. Is declared emperor, but chooses to act with the title of lieutenant to the senate and peo|pIe of Home, ib. The senfite declare h^in an cnepny to jhis country, and confiscate bis estate, ib* Upon tlie revolt from Kerb, all acknowledge Galba, except CJodius Maccr in Africa, and Vir- ginius Rufus in Germany, ,(i. Sis. Galba is much afraid of Vir- cinius ; particularly after .be had defeated Vindex, 216. Wishes for his former life of ease ax^d leisure, ib. Receives intelligence .from Rome of Nero's deatli, t^d that the prfletorian guarcb and the senate and people of Rome had declared him emperor, 217. .Conduct of Nymphidius Sahinqs toward him, ib. 218. Gelli- anus sent into Spain to act as a spy upon him, 219. Is appre- hensive of the power and designs of Virginius Rufus, id. But Virginius persuades his army to acknowledge Galba, 220. Gal- ba's behaviour to Virginius, ib. His reception of the embassa- .dors $ent to invite him 0 Rome^ ib. Is betrayed into the prac- tice of ostentation by Vlnius, ^1. Is made a jest of by .Mithri- dates and others, 223. Orders Cingonius Varro and Mithridates, (wo of Nyntpbidius* accomplices, to bq put to death without any form of trial, 824. Sends an qrdcr for the execution of Petro- nius Turpilianus, a.m^ of consular dignity, ib. .Causes iVIgccr to be taken of in A^ca, and .tfpnteius in Germany, ib. P^Is upon a bod^ of marines at no great distance from Rome, who came to solicit the continuance of their establishment, and kills great numbers, 225. Misend)ly parsimonious himself, but supers his minister to plunder the treasury in the most insatiable paw- ner, *2S6. Punishes some of l^ero's evil mifiiaters, but spares TigeHinus, the greatest delinquent, who had .bribed Viniuis to j^parc hiro, 227- All Galba's proceedjp^ j^c now misrepre- sented, 228. His great error in not giving a gratuity to .the army, jb. Yet he expresses hiipself nobly upon it, ib. Tlie troops in Germany are almost ready to mutiny against, him, ib. 229. He supposes, that not only his great affe (for he w^ seventy- three when he came to the emphre) but.bis wfiit of children ex- poses him to contempt; and therefore deUmninea to adopt some young nobleman, and declare. him his succesaor, 229. Viqlus proposes Otho, and the soldi^ra wish that he may be the man« 231, 232. Galba gives no an^ffer to Vlnius* application, 23j?. Has the. public good really at l^ean in his iotendlea appointment, 231 . ^ The army in Germany mutinies against htm, and appoints Vitellius emperor, 232, 23S. Galba proceeds to the adoption^ and declares Piso, Csesar, 233, 234. He sives no donation even on this occasion, and the countenances of the soldiers are black and lowering, 234. Galba sacrifices, and the diviner announces to him immeidiate danger from (reason, 236» OtbOf being sa-
392 INDEX.
luted emperor by a very ■mall party of soldiers, and c .^^^ the prastorian camp, a mob of people crowd to Galba's pibeeM | the news, tb. 237. Some of his friends Ktsnd vits in hit isiata,
237. Galba goes out into the Forum, to Bpeak to ibe pta^t,
238, A body of liorse and foot appears, and declares GiJbii private man, ib. He is attacked in his sedan chair, ii. Sec- proniua OenBus, a centurion, is the only man faithful to I* on this occasion, ib. He is tumbled out of bis chair. » «k was called the Curtian lake, 239. Says to the compitiun, * Strike, if it be for the good of Borne,' H. Is despatched witi many strokes, and his head carried to Otho, iS. Hi* cnpw carried aivay, with Otho's permis«ion, and buried by hit ^h^ , man, 241. Character of Galba, H. 2*2. '
Galba, Ser/ius, accuses Paulu8,£milius, ii. S22.
1 of pr^torian dignity, killed by Csesar's
1 and ivory presented by
Gallei/. A small one of Lysander, iii. 209.
\GaUia Narboneruis, iv. 16.
Gdltts, Sylla's lieutenant, iii. 256.
, one of Otho"s generals, vi. 253, 257.
, Flavius, one of Aolony's officers, dies of his woundi, 466,467.
, sent by Augustus to Cleopatra, v. 501.
Garnet instituted by Theseus in Delos, i. 24. Isthmian, bv Tbeteui, in honour of Neplune, i. 29, n. SI. ii. 262. The mott btnour- able place at the Isthmian reserved for the Athenitm, i. Ki- iv. 96. Olympic, in honour of Jupiter, i. 31, 109, and ». IW. ryAiVin, iv- 93, V. 406. Amean. ii. 262. iii. J*, vi. 180. Age- neral armistice in Greece during the celebration of the gnu games, i. 109, n. Circensian games, i. 367. In honour of libciw at Fiatsea;, ii. 478.480.
\Gandarilie and Pntiii, their kings make preparations asuDK Alexander, iv. 333.
Ganges. The breadth and depth of that river, iv. 333. Alucn- der's troops refuse to pass it, ib.
Gardens of Tisaphernes, ii. 149. Of Lucullue, iii. 38+. Of ArU- xerxes, v. 143.
\Gargelt"i, i, 44.
iSates, of Home not accounted sacred as the ivall was, i. 65.
^Gaugemda or * Camel's house,' a place near Arbela, where tlie great battle between Alexander and Darius was fought, iv, $89.
fGau/j, their origin, i. 378. Their first inducement lo enttf Italy, S79, 380. They besiege Clusium, 380, An iniVingemeDt of the law of nattoni, by a Roman embassador, draws them in- ward Rome, 381. Defeat the Romans in the battle of Alii*. 38'J. Enter Rome and kill the senators in the Forum, ,190. Lay siepe to the Capitol, ib. Propositions for peace, S97, The fraud and fnsi.lence of the Gauls, ib. Defeated by Camillm _ the road to Gubii, as one division of them had been before, nest Ardei, 398. Tbeir mauier of fighting, 414, 416. Obaem n
INDEX. a9S
fixact neutrality during the Panic war, if. 991. ' Defisnd MiIcq* with great resolution, 397. Defeated by Marcellus, ib. Beaten t>y Flamioiui, 892. Qm^v^s wars with them, iv. 378, etseq. Their avarice and rapacity, iir. IM. Break open Ae tombs of the* kings at Mges^ id. The Gaulish cavalry the chief dependence of young Crassus, iii, 4M» Their v^our^ ib. Two buried altte^ by the Romans, ii. 392.
fGaza besieged, iv. 278.
fGedrosia^ country of, iv* 340.
Geese consecrated to Juno, and )cept 'm the Capitol. By their cackling discover the approach of the G^uls, i. 395.
Cegania, one of the two festivab consecrated by Numay i. 184.
1 -I her daughter-in-law, Thalsea, the first female knowfi in
Rome that quarelled, L ^14?
Ge^, ii,271. vi.26.
fGeke^ iv. 170.
Gelanor^ king of Argos, deposed by a fkction, iii. 114.
GeUianus s^nt into Spain by Nymphidiqs, to be a spy upon Galba, vi.219.
Gellius^ Lucius, what Cicero said pf him, v. 324.
t the consul defeate a straggling party of GKermans that be«'
longed to Spartacus, b\it Spartac)fs spon recovers that loss, iii, 459,460.
, Lucius^ V. 324. '
, one of the censors, to whom Pompey, as a Roman knight, eives an accpunt pf his having i^erved the campaigns required bj WW, iv. 150, 151.
Cdojty sovereign of S3rracuse, makes the Romans a present of com, ii. 193. His statue pre^enred by the ^yn^cusans, when they der stroy those of the tyrants, 260. His just and mild government vi. 7.
• , a friend to Ne9ptolemus, forms a design to poison Pyrrhui;,
iii. 71.
, one of the governors of Bccotia, iv. 101.
Geminii^f au enemy to Marius, iii. 166. Seizes Marias, and car- ries him to Mintums, 169*
, a fnehd of Pompey's ; Pompey gives his mistress^* Flora, up to him^^ iv. 127. He kills Brutus Creticus by Pompcr^*s order, 143.
— , sent to acqui^int Antpnv wjth the state of' hia affairs ia
Rome, V. 482. Suspected by Cleopatra as a fHend to Octavi%*
ib. •
Genealogy. Sqme great families in Rome tracing up their pedi«
gree to Nuroa, a suspicious business, i. 164. Genethlion, near Troezene, the'place of Theseus* birth, i. 5, ft Gemi^ i. 99. vi. 3. Gentius^ king of Illyria, joins Perseus against the Romans,- \m
is deceived iy him, and withdraws, ii. 397. Defieated by lAi-
cius Anicius, tb. Genuciut, v. 227*
39* (.ico^rapkc
INDEX.
s aod Historians, similar ternut auiung tlu
I
Geometry, it. 408.
Geradas, die Spartan, a saying of his, i. 135.
^Gerroitui, tr. "6. ^^
Gerandiu, killed with foily more SparUns by Charon the Hidlt
Menedidas compiires that action with tbo&e of Pelopida* id
Epaminondas, ii. 371. f Ceroiwa, V. 175. vi. 184. tCcrgdAiu, V. 2S.
Germani, Indian philoaophere. See Gi/mnosopliisli, Germankus, the ton of Drusus, v. 508- tGnroaw, iv. 379, 380. ^Gaata, ii.391,397. iGeta:, v, 486. Gigis, one of Parysatis' women, privy to the poisooing or,
vi. 135. HerpunisUnieni, 136. Gisco the Carthaginian, .4.nnibal turns his observstiots on ftr
enemy's numbers into ridicule, ii. 86, S7. Sent by the Cvlb-
ginians into Sicily, 266. Guiiw, the command in Bilhynia taken from |iim, and given u
Pompcy, iv. 161. Gladiators, their war with the Romans. Sec SpartactMS. Ciaucins, a king of Illyrin, preserves Tyrrhua when an infiuil, ni.
67, 68. Restores him at an early period to tlic tbiooe of
Epirua, 68. , a seditious tribune, employed by Mariua^ iii. 156. Ucul
to pieces, 160. Glaucippui, V. 7. Glaueus, physician to Hephaestiun, iv. 346.
, son of I'olymeiles, hie valour, v. 16.
, ally to the Trojans, vi. 2.
— , physician to Cleopatra, v. 483.
Glorif, That which is derived from virtue, more cxccllenl tlui
that from power, i. 174. It's stow progress, v. 290. A £m-
gard for it the mark of a worthicsa or insensate mind, ii. J?7. — — , of one's ancestors. The wortliless more ready to pnlvjr
mjionittlian tnen of ueri(, vi. 152, 153. FoUatvs iu Hie ltain»f
virtue, i. 20-^. Great desire of it dangerous to tliosc vrlio ate «
the head of an administration, v. 290. Giiathamia, Perseus believed to bo her child, and mtJy suopoHli-
lious to Philip, ii. 291. vi. 209. ■"*
iG/uuau, in Crete, J. t21.
Gonf'i- Marsh, the place where Romulus disappcarotl, i. 95, ■ ■ - Horns, the crest of the king of Maccuon, iii. 79. Gobryas, iii. 310. (ion. No representation to be made of him by images, I. 179. X*
be worshipped with the mind, t£. Moves llic will, butdottwl
over-rule it, ii. 205. Psam in o's sentiments conceriUQtf hi^BM*
videncc, iv. 283. Who beloved by him, i. 171, I7fi. K^jpSj-
INDEX* 5M
dinary ummoe of Che dmne inie«p06ilioo, u. 25U 252. The author of good and nol of evil, ii. 329, n.
Oods, of the earth, i. 8a.
Goddess of -the women, by the Greeks oalled Gyncceaf y^ the ^Romans Bona Dea. Manner of worshipping •her, ¥• SIS. Mer history, iv. 866, 967.
OM aind silyer prohibited in Sparta, i. •1S4'. The great eorrupter (if Mankind, tb.
GMU^ipiUar. atwhieh tenninatedall the great roads in Italy, and fon which wey were inacribed, vi* 286, and n.
JiGtmph^ a dty of Thessaty taken by Csesac, i¥. 406.
G^mdkUy one of the Antigoni, See Aniigomts.
Qm^^hu the Corinthian, eomas to the SyraousaaS) iiL i?27.
GMtfgoddess. See Goddtss of the women.
Gurrfaui knot, Iv. ^66.
fOordmmi iv. 266.
Gordku driven oat of Cappadocia by 6yUa, iii. 285*
f GordEyiM, uL 856.
Gargiiu thoLeontine, the character which he gave of Cimon, iiL 807. *"-■■ i one Of Ettmenes' officers, iv. 47.
Qmmdasp assfats Peh)pldas in restoring liberty to Thebes, iL 355. £nibnMis<the Spartans with the Athenians, by drawing in Spho- drias to attempt the Piraeus, 857* Said to liave first formed the Sacred Band, .862.
GorgOf wife of kii^ Leonidas, her answer to a lady who told her none but the Spartan women bore rule over the meq, i. 18^, 133.
fl^gofeOM, a Spartan general, killed in the battle of Tsgyree, ii. 861.
Qorgui re-peo^es the city of Gda, ii. 271.
GorpuBUSf the month so called, i. 24>.
-fOorii^manSf iii. 18.
Goanu, iiL 874, 875.
Gooemmtnt^ Spartan balance of it like the Brftish,L 119.
Gracchus^ Tibernis, the father of Tiberius and Csmis, v. 199. Marries Comelb, the daivhter of that Scipio who oonauered Annibal, 46. A prodigy of serpents, which happened in his fit- mily, ib. Leaves at hu death twelve chikiren, 200.
Gracchus, Tiberius and Caius, the difference in their dispositions, oratory, and behaviour, v. 200. Alike in valour, justice, and self-f^emment, S02. Tiberius Gracchus, nine years older than his brother, ik Admitted at an oariy period into the col- lege of Augurs, ib. His character so excellent, that Appius Cmudius o£rs him his daughter, ik Serves in Africa under the younger Scipio, 208. Is the first to scale the wall in the siege ofoneoftheenemv'stowiis,ti. Appointed qusestor, i6. -Serves under the consul Mancinus in the Numantian War, H. Through hb interest with the Numantians, procures a peace, and saves toe lives of twenty thousand Romans, 9M. The peace is annulled at Rome, and Scipio sent against the Numantians, 205. Tibe- rius resohres to procure a new Agrarian law, 207. Considts some of the principal Romans upon it, 208. Opposed by the rich, ib. The irresistible eloquence with which be pleaded fi>r
396 INDEX.
that law, ib. Specimen of his eloquence, ib. 209- His adrera- Ties engage M. OcUvius, oneof (he tribunes, to oppose him, 909. Tiberius orders all the courts to be shut up til) lh« law ihwild be passed, 210. Put his own seal upon the treasury, i&. "nie people aueinble to give their sufii-ages, but the baltoiing nneii are curried off, ib. Manlius and Fulviua prevail upon Tibemi to refer the matter to the senate, i6. 211. The appliotiooU the senate ends in noihing, 211. To get his law pas»ed, bt if-
?isea bis fellow-tribune Octavius, by a decree of the people, Sli he Agrarian law is coo6rme(i, and three commissionen tp- pointed to see the lands properly distributed, ib. Ilie ncul tribune's seat given to one of Tiberius' clients, 91 S. Nwca'i enmity to Tiberius, ib. He is treated with great maligaily, by iht senate, ib. A friend of his supposed to be poisoned, tt. He pills himself in mourning, and recommends his wife and childro to the protection of thepeople, 213. Attalus, liing of Pcrgwnui, dying and leaving the Roman people his heirs, Tiberius propoici that the people, and not the seniite, should have the disposal ofiliit inheritance, ib. 214. A senator of the name of Fompey, accatt him of a design to make himself king of Rome, 21'i. Anciv opposes him by an unexpected question, ib. 215. Hisai^uaieni in defence of his deposing Octavius,i^ 216. He propOMa4ltar popular laws in hopes of gaining the tribuneship the yeat fll> lowing, 21G. Doubts his majority in the assembly of ihe pMpK and has recourse to intrealicr, 217. Meets with several II omens, ib. S18. Is received with joy by the people, oowmtem- bled in the Capitol, 21S. Fulvius I-laccus informs him, that Aft landed interest designed to assassinate him, i&. 219. Tibeiwa touches his head, signi^ing the danger he was in ; and hi>cs*> mies interpret that motion, as the requisition of a crown, 919. Naaica excites a party against him, iL Manoer of bis deidl. 220. His dead body treated in an inhuman manner, ib. Hil friends experience the same treiiCment, i6.— — CAitis, after the death of his brother, lives for some time retired ; but, dariBg bis retreat, improves his power of oratory, v. 225. Tbe peoale delighted, and the patricians alarmed by the specimen of ut eloquence imthe defence of Vettiue, ib. He goes qiuBiar U the consul Orestes in Sanlinin, 224. His dream, i^. Diida- goislies himself greatly in Sardinia, i&. Prevails with tbe Sudt- nians to grant the Romans a supplv of clothing, 225. Tbe ceaatc puis an affront upon Micipsa's embassadors, in order to maitify Caius, ib. They endeavour to keep him in Sardinia, sA. He returns in spite of ihem, and is impeached, il». Defend* hiuelf, and is acquitted, ib. Clears himself of all concern io tbe ooa> spiracy of Fregellar, 22G. Is elected tribune of the peoplr, notwithstanding the opposition of the patricians, ib. Hia spcecA previous to pnssing two laws, 227. What those laws were, H, Other popular laws passed by him, 22S. Returns money to iha Spaniih states, for the com which Pitbiits had extorted ffon tl'em, 22y. Procures decrees for semling out colonies, rosds, and building public granaries, t6. The method
olonies, —MiHifg
1
XNIKEX. 387
with the public roadf 9 2S0. He makes Fannios consul, and k himself appointed tribune the second time, 2S1 . He colonises Tarentum, and Capua, i&. The nobility incite his collegue Livius Drusus to outdo him in popular acts, ib. He goes to plant a colony in Carthage, 23S. Meantime Drusus ui,ya an mformation against Fulvius, who was a friend of Caius, i6m Scipio dies, and it is suspected that he was poisoned by Fulvius^ with the coaninmce of Caius ; at least it was so giTen out, ib, Caius ^ves CartlMge the name of Junonia, 2S4<w Sleets with ill omens, c^. Retwrns to Rome, and proposes other laws, 2i54>, il35. Fannius ordering all that were not Romans by birth to depart from the city, Caius promised to support the allies, but does not perform his promise, 235. He pulls down certain scaffiilds erected hf his collogues, ib. Miscarries in his application for a third tribuneship, 236. The consul Opimiua prepslres to repeal his laws, and annul his acts, ib. And Caius to defend them, ii. The two parties meet in the Capitol, and one of tiie consul's lictors, using scurrilous language, is killed, ib. 2S7« The senate, ordering the consul to provide for the safety of the comnum- wealth, Fulvitts, a partisan of Caius', prepares to repel force with force, and marches out to seize the Aventine hill, 838. Caius goes in his usual habit, with no other weapon but a ilagger, ib. Licinia's speech to him, ib. 239. Fulvius, bv the advice of Caius, semis hb younger sons to the consul with proposals of peace, 239. An affiray taking place, Caius retires to the temple of Diana, 240. His prayer to the goddess, ib. Is prevented by his friends from killing himself and takes to flight, ib. Finishes his days in the Grove of the Furies, 241 . His body is thrown into the river, ib. His goods confiscated, and his wife jforbiddea to go into mourning, to. Graces. Hato desired Xenocrates the philosopher, who was morose
and unpolite, to sacrifice to the Graces, iii. 122. + Grarucus, river, iii. 342. iv, 261, 262.
GraniuSf son to Marius' wife by a former husband, iii. 165. Dunne Marius* flight, geU to the isle of JEnaria, 171. Passes with Marius into Africa, ib. — — , the quaestor. Sylla, one day only before he died, ordered him to be strangled, iii. ^3.
PetroniuSf Ciesar's quaestor, taken by Scipio^ iv. 376. Has
his life given him but kills himself, ib.
Gratitude^ ii. 220.
fGreece^ the magnificence of her public buildings, ii. 20. The most glorious theiitre for the display of great actions, iii. 89. Liberty proclaimed to all Greece by order of Flaminius at the Isthmian games, 42.
Greeks. The wisdom of their attention to liberty, to popular govern- ment, and to the vicissitudes of fortune, i. 261 . When first listed in the Carthaginian service, ii. 266. Invincible when unitedi vi. 161 . Philopoemen called the last of them, iii. 3.
Guras, brother to Tigranes, surrenders himself to LucuUus. See Gouras.
98S INDEX.
tiytippus, Bon of Cleandridas, extremely avaricions, ii. S5. [j- Irustcd by Lyjiuidcr to <srry money for the public use V> SfKU, lie rips the botlcim of the bags, anil takes out paK of it, uL 807. Is detected, and witlidraws from Sparta, 208. Goes to the hosI- ance or the S^racusans, 4'27. Arrives at the very instant vba Ihey were goinp to capitulate, ib. 428. Oefeals Niciai, IS Takes Plemmyrium by storm, 430. Refuses the Atlieiiiaiu i truce, 4W. Touclieil with pity for the miefbrtuiies of Niois ib. Demands him of the Syracusana aa his prisoner, aDd > ' refused, 44.S. ObDoxioos to tlie Syraciuans for liia taoroaHi I and avarice, ih. I
, the father of Agiates, iv. 1,55. I
Gylan, from wbom Demosthenes descended, v. 253. I
Gt/nnasium St Athens, the place iihere Theseus was interred, iK- '
liecomes in consequence the refuge of the oppreKa«tl, i&. Gt/mnosopAistx, Indian philosophers, Lycurgus supposed 10 httt consulted them, J. llfi. Why so called, ib. u. iv, 336, n. Ur\- ander's converaatioa with tliem, 337, -S.Sa. Gyiutcen, said to have been tlic mother of Midits am] BacdiA and the wife of Faunu«, ir. 336, 337. See Goddeu at ife
■]Gi/riKriiian>, iv. S. ^dglhium, iii. 19. V. 186.
s a monument between old and new Albmv
HADRIAN, (
i. 31,>i.
Hair, why worn long by the Spartans, i. I4'7. iii. ISS, 189. HM fruits of it sacrificed to Apollo, i. 6. The Abontes lati to ahave the fore-part of the head, ii. The directions wbid Mn- andcr gave his aoldiers with respect (o it, 7. Shaving it {way*- ine to Herodotus) a mark of sorrow, iii. lUB, h. " * Alfred the very horses and mules to be aiiorn in tlio for Hephieation, ii. 38*.
ifJicmon, a small Hver, anciently called Tliermodon, i 3^
+//*mnt, Mount, iv. 2+1.
■\HatiaTtus attacked by Lysander, iii. £21.
^ HatieamaMut, iv. 26*. v. S69.
iHahnesHs, v. 262.
Hamihar, ii. 261.
Hanno, his trifling artifices before Sv-racusc, ii, 2.'H, 2S5
HappineM,i. 161,361,262. v. ISO.'
Harmons, iii. 20S.
Hnrpalns, governor of Babylon, deserts the service of > and carries off his treasures, iv. S(J6. v. 25, 281 , 262.
Harpates, son of Tiribazus, employed by Ochus, to kill Aismcs. vi. U9, 1,50. ^^
fJatf, puriile ones, royal marks of favour, iv. ,50.
Head, n bloody one found ia laying the Ibuiiduli ~ '
Hearing. A shock upon that disturbs the mind mdre ihtn any
other of the senses doesy iii. 481 . Hecate^ an ancient woman entertains TheseuSi i. 15. His grathade
to her, ib» Hecalesium^ a sacrifice offered by Theseus to Jupiter Heeilas» i. \5.
Hecataus the rhetorician, i. 143.
, tyrant of the Cardiahs, ir. 41 .
Hecatombaon^ the month so cdled, i. IS* 29, 46. ir. 242.
•\ Hecatomhaum^ the Argtres defeated there by Cleonienea, v. 166.
Hecatompedon^ the temple of Minenra at Atliens ^ ealledy ii. 2ft, 11.499.
Hectemonit the Athenian poor why so called, 1. 285.
Hedar^ vi. 77, 78, 155.
-fHeduif or i£</«f, a people of Ghnil, revolt from the Romans^ W. S89.
HegemoHf the Athenian, appeals to Polyperchon, ▼• 41. b con- demned to die, 40.
Hegesias the Maenesian, it. 242.
Hegesipyla^ dau^ter of Olorus king of Thrace, wife of Mlltiades, and mother of Cimou, iii. 297*
HegistraiuSf Archon the year in which Solon died, i. 269.
Heien^ stolen by Theseus, i. 87. Rape of, 39. The reputed daughter of Jupiter by Leda the wife of Tyndarus, i. 39, 40, n. Carried to Troy, 48.
Hdemtsson of Pyrrhus, by Bircenna, iii. 76.
HdepoUsf Dettletrius* machines for taking cities^ ▼• 882.
Heluea^ court of, v. 19.
Helicon the Cyziceiiian, vi. 18.
— — , the artisan, iv. 292.
t , Mount, iii, 227.
HellanicMs^ the hbtorian, i* 18, 82, 84, 89. ■ ■ ■ ', the Syracusan, vi. 39.
-^Hellespont. Pnocion dislodges Philip fVom the places upon it, V. 18.
Helots^ account of them, i. Ill, 156. iii. 817.
^Helvetians come suddenly upon Cfesar, but are defeated, and forced to return to their own barren hills, iv. 378.
Hdvia^ mother of Cicero, v. 292.
HeUjidius Prisons conveys away Galba*s body, vi. 241 .
Henhaslionf the fiivourite of Alexander, iv. 38. His quarrel wHli Eumenes, 39. With Crateras, 313. His death, 346. AfAong other extravagant expressions of ^ef, Alexander pulls do#n tlie battlemenU of the cities, ib. His funeral, 347.
Henioche, daughter of Pittheus, and mother of Sciron, i, 82.
HeptachaloSf iii. 250.
Heraclea^ places in Athens consecrated to Hercules, i. 44.
t — in Pontus, iii. 844.
t in Greece, taken by Desnetrius from Cassander, v.
385.
t in Italy, tit. 7.
1 place of some strength doi Co-
fHeracleum, ii. SOO.
Herocfitte demolisb the pillar set up by Theseus,
in Peloponnesus, iii. 219. The kings of Sparta of dm Csbil/, i. 110.
HeracUiiet of PoatM, the historian,). 268, 389. ii. 55.
— .— ■ — , a Syracusan ynuth, brings on the battle in vhicti St- ciaa is defeated, iii- 436.
, the Syracusan admiralf *■. 12. His bebavioiu to Da 32, 33. His death, 50.
Heradiius, his opinion concerning the soul, i. 98.
ff/crira, a city of Arcadia, iii
^Heratan, or lemple of Juni rinth, i».97. »i. 172, 17G.
H(rrca/«, desiroys robbers, i. 8. Kills I pi lit us, ib. Is tfcalcd ti( Omphale aa a slave, ib. Inflicts the same puoishmenu vps those he conquers which they had done "pon others, 12. Juiii with Theseus into the Euxine sea, 32. The first who grans Qit bodies of the slain to the enemy, 37- Initiated in ibe Gem Mj-sterics by means of Theseus, 39. Intercedes w ith A'lioM^ for the release of Theseus, 43. The firat of the Fabii defccodri from him by a nymph of Italy, ii. 62. As a god, accepts i»i s coward's offering, 306. A verse of Euripides descripticr e\ him, iii. 298. He never was the aggressor, and Theseus imi- , tated him in that respect, i. 9. iii. 437. His temples, J *+. Jii ) ♦97. V. 483. He takes Troy, iv. 2. Kills Ant«u*, «n<i fta. a son by his widow, named Sopha.\, 13. Sylla dedicates tiie tenth of his Eubstance to him, iii. 281. Crassus doG* the MaiB, iii 448.
, son of Alexander by Barsine, iv. 39.
Hereas, the Megarensian, 1. 22. 42, 230.
Herennitts, Caius, cited as an evidence agaiost Mario*, but t\- cusea himself as being patron to the family of Marius iii, I2S. , one of Sertorius* officers defeated by Pompey is, Jis, ■, the centurion, despatches Cicero, v, 353.
Herippidas, the Spartan, by too severe an inquiry after tlie pH- def, disobliges Spithridales, iv, 83. ^^
HervKe, or statues of Mercury, 418.
Hermann, the priest, trodden to death, when Mithridates fiedfrnB LucuUus, iii. 350.
Herminius Joins Honitius Codes ii Porsenna, i. 294.
^Hermione, i. 12, and n. iv. 153.
f , purple of, iv. 298.
Hermippidas the Spartan officer put to death for surreodei Cadmea, ii. 356.
Hermippus, V. 256. Accuses Aspasia of impiety, ii. 48.
the historian, i. 1 17. 148. v. 286.
Hermocrates, general of the Syracusans, a saying of his, jii. 45*. His stratagem against Nicias, 438, 439. IncfiDed to treat llw Athenians witli mercy, but wts aver-mled, 443.
mutilated at Athens, iL 15flL m.
1 defending the bridge 1
INDEX. 401
HermotrateSf father-in-law to Dionysius the Elder, vi. 4*
— r- of Rhodes, employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the
states of Greece, vi. 1S7. HermolaiU, his plot against Alexander, iv. S24« Hermon stabs Phrynichus for his design to betray the Athenian
fleet, ii. 151. -fHermuSy v, 26.
Hermotimusy the father of Milto, Cyrus' concubine, ii. 38. Hermuss left governor by Theseus of the city of F^hopolis, which
he built in the country of the Amazons, i. S3. HerOf niece of Aristotle, and mother of Callisthenes, iv. 324. Herodes, v. 322. Herod of Judsea sends forces to Antony, v. 484. Revolts to Octa*
vius Caesar, 494. Herodorusy i. 32, 37, 38, 62. Herodotus, the historian, i. 389, n. ii. 477. — — — of Bithynia, beloved by the gods, i. 170. Heroes : serpents, why consecrated to them, v. 197* One link in
the chain between divine and human nature, i. 99. Herophytus, the Samian, advises the allies to take the spoils for
their share, and leave the slaves to the Athenians, iii. 306. Herostratusy one of the friends of Brutus, sent by him into Mace- donia, vi. 78. Hesiody honoured after his death by one of the gods, for the sake
of his poetry, i. 172. Hesychiay the priestess of Minerva, removed from Clazoroenae to
Athens, iii. 419. Hetruria, i. 64. Hexapylunty ii. 416. Hiemvsaly king of Numidia, endeavours to detain young Maritts
ana Cethegus, who had taiken refuge at his court, iii. 172.
— , Pompey gives him the kingdom of Sarbas, iv. 138.
'\Hier(Ey city of, u. 267.
\HierapoiiSy given b^ Antony to Moneses, v. 461. The goddess
worshipped there, iii. 472. Hieroy king of Syracuse, ii. 407. Desires Archimedes to apply his
mathematical knowledge to practice, 409.
, the pretended son of Dionysius Chalcus, represents to the
Athenians the cares and toils of his master Nicias for their be- nefit, iii. 404. Hieronymusy a descendent of Hiero, assassinated by his own sub*
jects at Leontium, ii. 40(), n.
y a Greek, settled at Carrae, desires young Crassus, in
time of extremity, to retire to Ichns, iii. 485.
, the historian, commissioned by Antigonus to oibr
Eumenes terms of peace, iv. 54. Appointed by Demetrius
governor of Bceotia, v. 405.
, the philosopher, iv. 86.
-fHimeroy ii. 260. iv. 136. 'fHimer€BansyW, 186.
Himerauiy brother of Demetrius Phalereus, v* 886. ▼OL. ▼!• 8 D
f/tW, a white one presented to Serlorius, iv. 11, 15. He h«> tends that it was a present from Diana, and that it pnaigai&ai his future eventfi, 13.
Hipparchus, Antony's freedman, v. 496.
— of the ward of Cholarga, the fiist person banished bf the Ostracism, Jii. 416.
— ' , father of ABclepiades, v.26-
Hipparete, daughter of Hipponicus, and wife of Alcibiade^L 122. Oftended at his dissolute life, she leaves him aodRiafK a divorce, but he carries her out of court in his arms, i^.
Hipparinus, father of Aristomachc, ttie wife of I>iooniai tbc
Elder, 1
Hippias
ofDio:
31.
. i. 14-8, 166. a faithful servant to Pyrrhus, carriea bim m tua jafaiq
to a place of refuge, iii. C6,G7.
, the comedian, one of the favourites of Aatony, v, tS4- Hippo, tyrant of Messana, besieged by Timoleon, eadeafoon I*
make his escape ; but the inhabitants seize him, sad put hia to
an ignominious death, ii. 271. ■ the Syracusan orator, vi. 36.
Hippodvs, father of Pelopidas, ii. S4:i. Hi^pocom^ i. 39. Hippoerates, commanding officer in Cbalcedon, billed by 41dbi-
ades, ii. 158. • ■— ■— , the Syracusan general, defeated by MaTceUui, iL
415.
, the Athenian general, defeated at Delium in Bceotia,
iii. 406.
, the physician, ii. 526.
, tlie mathematician, availed himself of mercantHa ad- vantages, i. 221. Hippoda-telovnUs, i. 242. Hippadamia, wife of Pelops, and mother of Pittheus and T iiMiri
i.9,38,n. '^^
Hippodrome, or Circus Maximal, i, 55. iii. 257. Htppodrcymius, the month, i. 384. Htppolj^te, the Amazon, i. 32, n. Peace concluded by her mmnt
between the Amazons and Athenians, 35. A pillar erected H
her honour, i. ii. and n. Hij)poit/tus, said by Euripides to have been educated by Fiubeo^
' - , the son of Theseus, the great misfortunes which bwftt him. i. 36.
, the Sicyonian, the favourite of Apollo, i. I7i, Hippomachus, the wrestler, vi. 3.
Htppomedo'if sun of Agesilaus, one of the Ephori, and cousin to Agis king of the Spartans, v. 1^8. Saves his father on a critical occaiion, 149. Hipponicus makes an unfair advantage of Solon's infonoation witfa respect to the abolishing of debts, i. $39.
INDint. Mi
Hippomcus^ father of Callias, ii. 121. Alcibiadet behaves wilh ' wanton rudeness to him, yet afterveard marries his daughter^ ib. 122.
fHipponium a city of Lucania, subsequently called * Vibo/ r. Sd2.
HipposthenidasyyiM Pelopidas in his enterprise in delivering Th^bei» but afterward draws off out of fear, ii. 349, 350.
Hippetas^ one of Cleomenes' friends, latnei but a man of great courage, v. 194.
Hirtius and Pansa defeat Antony near Mutina, but are both billed in battle, v. 348, 34^.
Historian, the duty of a good one, vi. 35. Proper for him to btf situated in a great city, v. 251.
History, the very ancient, fabulous, or at the best uncertain^ i. d; Truth hard to be discovered from it, ii. 26.
■ , and Biography, their use, ii. 280. The difference between history and lives, iv. 239.
Hobby-horse, Agesilaus rides on one aoiong his children, iv. 108;
Holy Cornel-tree. See Cornel-tree.
■ Fire, how to be lighted. See Fire.
— — Island in the Tiber, how first formed, i. 280, 281.
Horner^ says that Minos converses with Jove, i. 17, 30. His worba^ bv whom preserved, 115. Collected into one body by Lyourgus, ib. His opinion of the divine influence on the mind of man, explained and supported, ii. 214, 215. His verses have this peculiar excellence, that they seem to be produced with isaseii 278. A passage of his explamed to mean, that the person, who loves not labour, will be inclined to support himself by vioJeBce and rapine, 536. Said to have been born at los, and to hlivii died at Smyrna, iv. 3. His Elysian fields situated in the Atla|i|ic Islands, \4. The high value which Alexander set upon b» poems, 250. Alexander's copy of the Iliad corrected by Aris- totle, and called the < copy or the Casket,* ib. and 279.
HomoUnchus, and Anaxidamas, inhabitants of Cheronssa, their valour and services to Sylla, iii. 256.
Honour, the temple of, ii. 432.
— — , only the image of virtue, v. 132. Whether honours change men's manners, iii. 276, 277.
Honoratus, Antonius, his speech to the prstorian bands, vi. 223.
HoplOa, one division of the people of Athens, i. 253.
\HopUtes, the river near which Lysander was slaio, iii4 225# 226.
Horace, iii. 385.
Horatius, Marcus, dedicates the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, i. 291.
Codes, why so called, i. 294. Defends the bridge while
the Romans break it down behind, ib,
Horcomosium, a place near the temple of Thceeus so caUed, and why, i. 85.
Horses, the flesh of dead ones breed wasps, v. 197.
Horienthis marches with a reinforcement for Sylla flrom Thesaaly into Boeotia, iTi. 259. Acts as one ef 0ylla*« lieuleBaDts, S^
2i>2
, ir. 330.
n Thebes, ii, 334,
♦Ot INDEX.
Hortensm, the oratnr, iii. S81.
■ , QuintuB, desires Cato to give up his wife to fain, w. 71
, the proelor, delivers up Macedon to BrutuG, »i. 79.
■ ' ■ ■-■, slain by Antooy on his brother's tomb, v. iiS, ti.81 Hatpitaliti/. Jupiter avenges the breach of it, vi. 209. Hottilim, marries Ersilia the Sabine, i. 71. Killed in the btfti
between RomuluB and TatiuB, 79.
the consul defeated by Perseus, ii. 292.
Human sacrificeB sometimes offered before a battle, ii. ,
stances of them, ih. Not acceptable to the gods, 367. Hiubandrif. See Agriculture. Hyacinthtu, the favourite of Apollo, 1. 171. ^Hybla besieged by Nicias, iii. 423. Ht/briat, employed by the cities of Asia on a conimis«ioia U
V. 447. Behaves with great boldness, i^. iHuccara, raised by Nicias, iii, 423. iHydaspti. Alexander pawes that rive Hudrieiu, the Carian, iv. 86. If/Um, father of Cleodes, iii. 66. If/menaus, i. 71. liupales, n friend to I,.eonidas' party
by Pelopidas, i6. Hyperbalut. The Ostracism disgraced by his hani&hmeDt,
127. He the last whom it fell upon, iii. 415, 416. \ Hyperboreans. Some account of them, i. 389, w. Hyperides, the orator, v. 10, 266. Put to death
84, 286. Hypstrus, iv. 197. v. ^. Hjfpsechidas, \. 330. fii/jKicratia, Mithridates' mistress, her courage and attentiou ^
that prince in his distress, iv. 166. /[
tHj/rcflnw, iv. 169, 309. iHi/rcanean sea, iv. 170. Hyrodet. See Orodes.
lACCVS, or Bacehui, his image carried in procession, *. 35. ^Jalysm, an ancient city of Rhodes, v. S84, n.
—_ , hia history painted by Protogenes, v, S84-.
Janiculum, i. 206.
Jantu, why represented with one face before and another behiod,
i. 202. His temple when to be shut and when open, t& HoV
often shut at Rome, ii. 203. ili^gia, a country of ftaly, i. 16.
, cape of, iii. 85. Tiirbai or Hiarbas, taken prisoner by Pompey, who gave his kaK"
dom to Hiemp«3l, iv. 138. '
Jaion, and his ship Argo, i, 21. Appointed to clear the aea of •!
piraiea, ib. S7. His espedition to Colchoi, iii. £96,
INDEX. 405
Jamm the tragedian, iiL 497. Appositely introduces the head of
. Craffttty ih.
Javelin. Marius contriTes a new form for it, iii. 150.
flberiOf the king of Iberia presentB Pompey with a bedstead, table,
. and chair of state, all of gold, It. 172.
f Iberians. A warlike people aeated about mount Caucasus, defeated by Pompey, iv. 168, 169.
-iiberian mountains, iv. 168.
Iberus, river, iv. 21.
Ibifrtiusy governor of Arachosia, Antigonus puts the Argyraspides
• m his hands, to be harrassed and destroyed, iv. 66.
IceltiSf vi. 217.
JceteSf prince of the Leontines, chosen general by the Syracunni against Dionysius, iL 283. Designs to sieze Syracuse for hiro« self, 254. His letters to the Corinthians excite their indignation^ 289. He defeaU Dioaysitts, 241 . His proposals to Timoleon at Rheginm, ib. Is defeated by Timoleon, 245. Sends two assassins to Adranum to destroy Timoleon, 251. Is reduced to a private station, 260. Leagues again with the Carthaginians, 268. Is defeated and nut to death, 269. His wife and children also suffer death, for the cruelties of the family to that of Dion, ii. 270.
Ichneumon^ an .^gjrptian animal, it's history, iv. 305, n.
Jctinus and Cailicrates build tlie Parthenon at Athens, ii. 23.
•flda^ Mount, iv. 48. See Daetyli IcUti.
Idas. Helen said to be carried off by Idas and Lynceus, i. 39.
Idleness punished at Athens, by a law of Solon, i. 251.
Idomeneus the historian : his calumnies against Pericles, iL 18.
Jealousy, in what manner provided against by Lycurgus, i. 134, 135. The Persians extremely guilty of that passion, 3&.
-f Jerusalem taken by Pompey the Great, iv. 174, n.
IgnaiiuSf one of Crassus' officers, escapes with three hundred men to Carrae, informs the governor of the battle that had been fought, and then hastens to the bridge over the Euphrates, iii. 489.
Ilia, Rhea, or Sylvia, daughter of l^umitor, and mother of Romulus and Remus« i, 52.
— — , one of the wives of Sylla, iii. 239.
Ilicium, accordins to Plutarch, a place so called from Jupiter's showing himself propitious there, i. 195.
-Allium, iv« 260.
lUyria, iii. 67. v. 184.
Ilhfricum, v. 82.
Images forbidden in divine worship by Pythagoras and Numa, i. 179. No images permitted in the temples at Rome for 170 years after it was built, ib,
' or forms of visible objects, according to Democritus, float- ing in the air, ii. 281.
Immortality of the soul strongly asserted, L 98, 99.
Imprecations. The opinion the ancients had of their force and reflect, L 8T7« iiL 470. An Athenian priestess said, * she thought her office was for blessing, not for cursing,' iL 145.
toe INDEX.
Imprec-ntiom againit Crassus at hia departure from Roia», iii. tHO,
t/nrfio>i)[, some of them acted OS mercenaries for their neighlioiiri, iv, 329. Alexander's Indian war, ib.
/nt/fan pbiloophers, iv. 3^. Alexander hangs some of thniv sedirioui persons, wlio were only advocates tor liberty. iA. SH> Tfaej persuaded Sabhaa to revolt, S36. Their philosopher*, vhj' called Gymnosophisle, 336, n. Tlieir eonTer^ation irith Alex- ander, 337, SS8. One of them, named Colanus, boms hinri^ 3+3. Another burnt'd himself long after at Alheos, lA.
Jngratitvde punished by the gods, i. 377, 378.
Inimitable in Lifi, a lociely so deDomiaated by Antony vAOko- palra, v. ig*.
Jno. Her sufferings from the jealousy of Jufao rl process of a sacrifice by the itomans, J. 367.
■\lnora. caslle of, iv. 166.
flasiUirianr, part of the Gnuls so called, ii. 39C
JnUrcalart/ month, i. 19!).
Irtterrfgntan amongst the Romans afler the death of RomoJus, h» settled, i. 168.
Jolaiis, son of Antipater, chief cup-bearer to Alexander, ir JtS.
ilbieos, v. +21.
Ion of Chios, the tragic poet, some account of him, i, 23. ii. 9, iii. 305. V.12S2.
-■' , the favourite of Persetis. Persem puts his chihlreii in hit hands, and he betrays them, if. 316.
f/oHta, what in ancient timei, i. 31.
in Asia, v. 281.
iloman sea, iii. 85.
Joniant, i,31,n.
J'ope, daughter of Iphiclcs, and irife of Theaeus, i. 37.
lopkon, son of Pisistratus by Timonnssa, it. 528.
Id), a city where Homer was said to he buried, ii. j nifies, also, a violet, iv. S.
T'liides, a colony in Barta, founded by loxus, i. lo.
loxux, son of Melanippus, and grandson of Theseus,
Jony into Caria, i. 10. A custom observed by the Itixidci lb deEci;ndents, in memory of an incident in Theseus' life, ih
Ivhickt, i.37.
Ipkicrales the Athenian general, to what he compares the nMJt- tuent parts of an army, ii. 341. vt. 211. Defeats a ptiCV tf Lacedsenionians iv. 97. ■ '
" ■ , lieutenant to Arla\erxes agaiott the .^gSTitiftos^ »i, |4J.
Iphigenia, iv. 76.
Ip/iilut slnin by Hercules, i. 8.
, con tern poniry with Lycurgus, i. 109. Lycui^vw aniNl
him in ordering the ceremonies of the Olympic g«in«i^ A
Iphtha, king of Mauritania, and father of Aacalis, ir. 12.
ilpsM, iii. 69. Battle of, v. 395.
iriu, one of Cleopatra's VToraen, v. 183. FouDd dead •thcrfttt,
IX if
INDEX. Wl
Irens and Mellirent ftt Sparta, what they were in' Ae claisea pf young men and boys, and what their offices, i. IS^ 140.
Iron Money. No other current in Sparta, i. 124. rreparedso as not to be malleable, ib,
Isadtts^ son of Phobidas, goes out naked from the bath to battle, iv« 115) 116. His Talour and the effect his appearance had on the enemy, 116. How rewarded, and why fined, tb.
Is€Bu$j instructs Demosthenes in eloquence, v. ^56. His charac- ter, ib,
Isander. His family alliance with Pericles, ii. 55.
Isauricus, Serrilius, Csttar's competitor for the ponti6cate, ir. 864. He speaks against sending deputies from Caesar to Pomney with proposals of peace, 400. Caesar declares him his collegue in the consulate, 401 •
flschna^ iii. 485.
Ischomache, i. 38^ n.
Isu. Cleopatra dressed in the habit of that goddess, and affiscted to be called * a second Isis,' v. 478.
Island. A part of Syracttse so called, il. 241 .
■ , AtUmiie^ Sofon begins a work under that title. See Jtlan*
tic Island.
in the Tiber, how formed, i. 280, 281. Called the * Holy
Island,' or the island between the two bridges, 281. Islands f Fortunate, Homer places his Elysium there. See AtlanHc. Ismenian Apollo. See Apollo, IsmeniaSf a firiend to popular government m Thebes, carried to
Sparta after the taking of the Cadmea, and put to death, ii. S46. ^ a Theban officer, taken prisoner by Alexander, cf
Pher», ii. 374. Released by Eparainondas, 578.
the musician, made his scholars hear bad practiiionera
as well as good, v. S63.
the Theban embassador, lets his ring fall before Ait^^
xerxes, that in taking it up he might seem to adore him, vi. 139. IsocrateSf i. 37, «. ii. 126. v. 257.
Isodice, daughter of Eurjrptolemus, and wife of Cimon, iii. 299. flsomantuSf river, iii. 226. Formerly called Hoplios, ib. Isorium^ a place of strength in Sparta, iv. 112. \Issus^ battle of, iv. 270. hter the historian, i. 43#
t . See Danube.
Isthmian games. See Oames.
f Isthmus of Corinth, iv. 258. vL 168. Between the Red sea and
the Mediterranean, v. 492. Ilalioy one of the daughters of Tliemistocles, married to Pan*
thrides of the isle of Chios, i. 358. Italtis, 1.50.
Itafi/, i. 16. Ithagenesy ii. 40. ^Jthome, ii. 869. iii. 318.
f/Moma/ff, or Ithome, a fortress belonging to the MessenianS| said to be at strong as Aerocorinlhus, vi. 205| n. 206.
Jlonis, an appellation of Minerva. See Minerva.
Juba, klag of MBuritanta, his pride, v. 106. Corrected by 0 Utica, ib. 107.
. the historian, son of the king of Mauritania, i. 70. i». VXi.
Led captive to Rome, which turns (o his benefit, i^. Hebe- comes a learned and elegant writer, i6. Alarries CleoMn, Antony's daughter, v. 503,
fjadma subdued by Ponipey, iv. 174.
Judges, when chosen out of the ctiueslrion order, v. 228.
Jugurtha delivered up to Sylla by Bocchue, iii. ISO, 131. flit character, 135. Thrown into a dungeon at Itotne, andhiiMy- ing upon it, ib. His history delineated by twenty golden tutno presented to Sylla by Bocclius, and erected in the Cauiitol, ISli 2S6. ^
Julia, aunt to .Julius Cssar, and wife of Marios, iii. \26. ^MU pronounces her funeral oralion, iv, 3G2.
-— , daughter of Cte»ar, and wife of Pompey, her great iiftf'"' for her husband, iv. 192. Removes the jealousies belireentte two great men for a time, 216. liut she dies iq cbiklbed^ nk they break out again, iv. 192, 193. Is buried in the Camogi Martius. 192. ^^^ i
t Antony's mother, married to Cornelius Lentulua, t. 4SG.
, daughter of Augustus, ii, 437, and wife of Agrippa, y. 5Q8.
\Jvih, a town in the island of Ceos, t. 250.
Julius the Censor, i. 37fl.
■■ Proculus, by his declaration that Romuius was t«Miwd
amongst the gods, appeases the tumults at Rome, i. 9Q, 9T,
Halinalo, iv. 10.
• Atiicus, a soldier in the guards, falsely asserts that iw bad
killed Otho, vi.238.
■■ Martialas, the officer upon command, admits Otho iato ll*
prffltoriuu camp, vi. 237.
Junia, wife of Cassius, vi, 6S.
Junius Bnilas deposes Tarquin. See Bnitus.
—~ Brutus, one of the first tribunes of the people, U. |8I.
' -^-i Marcus, dictator with the army, while another ia ttjffn**
at Rome, ii. 79.
■ , prtetor in Asia, his avarice and extortion, iv. 359.
' Vindex, governor of Gaul, revolts against Nero «■ 911.
Kills himself. 216.
Juno ^uiritis, why so called, i. 100. Her statue eent from VeiiU Rome by Camillus, 369.
, her temples at Samos, Argos, and Lacinium, plundered br the pirates, iv. 153, J54-. Her statue at Argos, ii. 4. , Aspasia why so called, ii. 37, 38. fJunonia, the name given to Carthage, when rebuilt by Caiui Gracchus, v. 234.
JuoitfT, Capitolinus, ii. 216. iv. 17t, n. Feretrius, i. 75 Heca- lus, i. 15. Inferus, i. Ib7, n. Ilcos, i. 195. Liberator, U 479.
■ Mariius, iii. 7a Olympjus, iii.260. Servotor, v. 285. Stator '.80. SylJanui, I. 119. OfPia.ii.t. PolicuiandF" ■ '
11 and Pp*'Bftf .
INDEX. 409
V. 409. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinua, i. 288--290. Sihenius,
i. 89 n. JusteiuSf Marcus, v. 487. Justice^ iv. 99. v. 94. Justin^ i. 32, ji. Ixion. Ambitious men well reproved by his story, ▼. lS/2.
K.
KALENDAR reformed by Numa, u 198. More perfectly by
Cssar, iv.426. Keraia, i. 332, Keraton, an altar no called, i. 24. Ascribed to the workmanship
of Apollo, i6* n. KermeSf a scarlet dye procured from them» i. 18, n. History of, ib. King. The duty of a king, i. 104. Wherein distinguished irom a
tyrant, ib. The afiection of his people his best guards vi. I789
179. n The title when assumed by the successors of Alexander, ▼.
379. The effect that title had upon their behaviour, ib/ Cato's
opinion of a king, ii. 503. Kings of Athens, a maxim of theirs, i. 340. Of Rome expelled
and a commonwealth set up, i. 272. How ready they should be . to receive petitions, and redress grievances, v. 408. Of Sparta,
descendents of Hercules, iv. 73. Their power limited by the
institution of a senate, and still more by that of the Ephori. See
Senate and Ephori, Of Persia. Customary for them to give
every woman a piece of gold when they visited Persia, iv. 842*
Therefore few of them made that visit, i^. King^s Euty an officer belonging to the kin^ of Persia, vi. 127. ^i^^ of KingSy a title assumed by Demetnus Poliorcetes, v. 388* Knights^ or equestrian order, v. 307. Knot. Gordian knot cut by Alexander. See Gordian. Know thyself, v. 252.
L.
LABEO joins in the conspiracy i^;ainst Caesar, vi. 67. Lieutenant to Brutus, 105.
\Labici, ii.209.
Labienus^ while Cesar'js lieutenant defeats the Tigurini, iv. 378. He goes over from Caesar to Pompey, 207. Eager for a battle, 212. Takes a voluntary oath not to quit the field till he shall have routed the enemy, ib.
Labyrinth of Crete, i. 16. Theseus confined in it, 20.
Lac^ i. 18, n.
Laceaplutiy a name given to Callias' family, ii. 454.
^Lacedamm^ the Athenians accused there, ii. 44. Attacked by Pyrrhus, iii. 106, 107* Epaminondas goes thither as embassador, iv. 105. A conspiracy there suppressed with great art by Age-
no INDEX.
Bilau*, IIS. Debts remitted,
gthe
145. Cleomenei attempti » ion back to it's first principles, and dftcu ii
e Sparta.
Lacfi^inoniaR/invite Lycurgus to return, i. 116. He D«woaAt)* their government, r6. Tbey are of a aiiiBical, as wett a* oMnid I turn, 144. Tlieir sharp and pithy Bayings, 14-1 — 144. TWr method of education, 131. Tne only people to whom war wi ' remigaion of laborious exercises, 147. Their form of govemiDai, 119- Before a battle the king sacrificed a goat, and the muu played the hymn to Castor, 147. The king had an Olvmpic champion to fight by his Mde, t£. A Lacedasmonian sajis,'' iJm Athenians punish a man for being a gentleman,' 149. Tbey maintain the first rank among the states of Greece for fift biDK dred years, 158. The Sabmes a colony of them, and some eF ihcir laws introduced by Numa, 165, 166. Propose to escludc i'rom the general council of Greece, such cities as had not joiMd m the war against Xerves, 342. This would have given lbs Lnoedfemonians too much veight in the tcale, ih. Traverse the designs of Pericles. ii.31. They fine Plistonax their king fet withdrawing out of Attica, and pass sentence of death on Cit- andrides for taking money to advise him to it, 85. Invade At- tica again under the conduct of king Archidamiis, and advisee ai far ns Acharns, 50. Make pence with the Bcvotians, uA deliver up Fanactue to the Athenians, but dismantled, ItS. Their etnbassadors imposed upon by Alcibiades, and f heir pro- posals rejected, 130. Esteem any thing just and honovnole, which is advantageous to their country, iv. 99, 120. Deprive nicebidiifi of his command, and fme him for siezing the otaAd of Thebes, but at the same time keep possession of the citadel, ii. S46, 347. The great error of the Lacedannonian officen ia the Cadniea in not supporting the party of the tyrants the nigfil lliey Were attacked, 35tj. Those officers surrender the Cadmea, and are punished for it, ib. Their wars with the Persians under Agesilaus, tv. 87. The LacedaimoDians enter Bceotia with t puwerful army, 103. Are defeated by Petopidas in the battleaf Tegync ; which is the first time they were beaten by an inferior or an e(]ual number, ii. 359. Defeated by Epaminondas and PelopidaH at Leuctra, iv. 105, and ii. Their magnanimity on that defeat, ib. Not expert in sieges, ii. 476. Their decree ngflinsi the AtheniaiiB, and in favour of the Thirty Tyrants, iii. 205. Their regard for Cimon, the Athenian general, 315. I>e- rire succours of the Athenians against the Helots and Mease- nians, but send their forces back without employing them, ill. 318. Their scruple about the oracle concerning a lame king, iv. 72. No enemy had been seen in their country for the spare of six hundred years, 1 10 They lose the moderation usual to them in time of success, npon an advantage gained by Archi* damus, son of Agesilaus, 1 14. Their answer to tlie embassadors of Taiihos and Necianabis, and privute instructions to Agesilaus, 119, 120. Whence the corruptions that led to their ruin, v. J37. Their great deference to their wives, 1 10. Philopofm behaviour to the Lat-cdw men inns, iii. 22, 24. See Spartan:
INDEX. 41Y
Lmsfda^miauwoiaeni i. lUl. iti. 107.
LacecUemoniuSy one of the sons of Cimon, iii. 315.
-fLaceianiarUf defeated by Cato the Elder, ii. 507.
Lachares, usurps the soTereignty of Athens, v. 397. He quits the place, 398.
m ., father of Euricles, t. 490.
LachartuSf blames Cimon for entering the territories of iht Co- rinthians without their leave, iii. 317-
Ladaij ward of, ii. 144.
-^Ladnium^ promontory of, iv. 154.
Lacoy a fHend and minister of Galba's, Vi. 237| 238. D^^tehttd by the conspirators against that prince^ 940.
•fLaconia divided by Lyciirgus into thirty Uiousand lotili i* 128.
Laconian cop. See Cothon.
Laconic maimer of speaking. See Sa^ngs»
Lacratidas advises Agesilaus to let Lysander's papers rest with him in the grave, iii. 227.
Lacratides, According to some accounts, it was upon his accuto- tion that Pericles was fined, ii. 54» 65.
LacritttSf the orator, v. 286.
Laliuty happy in having no connexion with more than one wo^ man, v. 55'
, Caius, whence his appellation of the * Wise,' v. 207.
■ goes in disguise from Lepidus' camp to advise Antony lo attack it, ▼. 442.
Litnoy Popilitts, the conspirators alarmed at his talking tHtll
Csesar, vi. 70, 71. Laertes, Cicero says, * he lived his lifb,' v. 343. Lavinusy the consul, answers Pyrrhus, that the Romans neitlier
accepted him as an arbitrator, nor flared him as an enetoy, iii.
87. Is defeated by Pyrrhus, 89, 90. Laisy the Corinthian courtesan, said to be the daughter of Ti-
roandria, Alcibiades* mistress, ii. 172. Taken, when v^ yoang,
by Nicias, at Hyccara, and sold among the other captives, i6» Lake Alban. See Alban, Curtian. See Car^fi. Lticanian.
It's waters sometimes sweet, and sometimes salt, iii. 461. Thmj*
mcnian, the battle fought near it, ii. 67. Lamachus joined in commission with Nicias and Alcibiades for the
Sicilian war, ii. 137. Brought into disrepute by his poverty,
143. A more spirited seneral than Nicias, tb, iii. 418, n.
Takes the opportunity of Nicias' sickness to engage the Symeu-^
sans, 426. He and Callicrates, the Syracusan general, engage
in combat, and fall by each other's hand, ih,
■ of Myrrhene, the sophist, his panegyric upon Philip an4 Alexander, v. 261.
Lamb, yeaned with the figure of a tiara upon it's head, and in another respect a monster, iv, 326. Considered as a bad omen by Alexander, ib.
Lamia, the courtesan, becomes the favourite mistresi of Deme- trius, though much older than he, v. 377> 378. An enter* tainment of bar providiogi, S9a Called * Detnetrius' Helepolii,'
412 INDEX.
ib. Objects to the Eentence of Bocchoru io an aSmit in ha on |
way, 391. ^Lamia, the trac thence called 'I^mlan,' iii. 66. n. ir. 41. <■
. Athens extiogiiiGhed in the tine of I. Lighted again by fire gained ina
I L Camillue
J Latona Tri^
372. Lamp. The sacred lamp i
the tyrant Aristion, i. 1)
the auD-beanu, ib, Lampito, trife of ArchidamuB, and mother of Agis, iv. 70. Lanipo, the diviner, predicts Train the horn of a ram, that Ferida*
party would soon be greatly superior to the opposite one, it. 10. Lamponius the Lucanian, lieutenant to Teleainus, iii. 273. Lampra, an Athenian borough, v. 39. Lampriaa, grandfather to Piiitarcli, v. 451. fLampsacas taken by Lysander, iii. 197. A city given to Tfcfr
mistocles by the king of Persia, to supply bim with wine, i.
35+. Lami/rus or the ' Buffoon,' a surname of one of the Ptolemici, i.
187. Lanatsa, daughter of Cleodee, and wife of the elder Pyirhn, iii
66. , daughter of Agathocles, married to Pyrrbus, liL 7S-
Leaves him, and marries Demetrius, 78. iLango, V. leS. ■\ Langobriia, n. 18.
Language, the Latin, anciently much mixed with Greek, i. 177. Laodke of Troy, said to have had Clymene, by Dcmopboon, i. 4S.
On painting her story in the portico, called I'cecile, Polnaotai
puts the figure of Elpiuice in her room, iti. 298. LaotnedoH refuses Hercules the horses he had promised bin, wL
Hercules lakes Troy the first time, iv. 2. ■ the Orchomenian, his cure for the spleen, t. fiS7.
the Athenian, iii. 305.
LaphyHiiis the orator, accuses Timoleon, ii. 274.
fLapitha. Theseus assists them against the Centaurs, i. S7, 38.
Laroi or Lam, a common name of the Tuscan kings, i. S^.
Larentia. The story of Larentia and Hercules, i. 54'.
Larenlialia, a festival kept in honour of Acca Larentia, i
tLariisa, city of, iv. 89, 220.
iLarUius, river, iii. la
Lartiui. iiee Spuriut Lartiut, and TitM Larliut.
iLari/trtna, a city of Bteoiia, iii. 268.
Latin feasts. See Feasts.
^Latins demand a number of free>bom virgins of tbe Romam^
'"" Invade the Roman territories, 403. Are defc " ' '
1
■m
mtma*, i.
Latinut, son of Tdemachus, i. 51.
Titus, his vision, ii, 204.
Latona frighted by a wild-boar near mount Ptoiim, ii. 360. Lalarnj/as and the Tliessalians defeated at Gere^slus, i. 584. Laughter, a liule statue dedicated to the God of laughter by Ly- curgus, in the public hall where they used to eat, i. IsOm
<«•
INDEX. 41 S
miaf i.5L
fLaviniufny L 89*
fLaureniunij i. 89.
Laurentia. See LarenHa.
\Laurium^ a silTer mioe belonging to the Athenians, i. SlSy and it. Themistocles propoaes that it's revenuea, which used to be divided among the people, should be applied to the building of ships, ih. 816.
fZaicroiiy a citj in Spain, taken by Sertorius in sight of Pompey, iv, 24«.
Lflxn of Romulus relating to husband and wife, i. 88. Of Peridaa against bastards. See Bastards. Of the Spartans never to mslce one man twice admiral, iii. 195. Easily evaded,- ib. Agrarian, against bribery, &c. See Agrarian^ Bribert/f &c.
Lawgivers f i. 172.
Laws of Lycurgus not reduced to writing, because the practice of what they enjoined was to be interwoven with the whole course of the Spartan education, i. ISO. For the particular laws of Ly- curgus, see Lycurgtu. Of Draco, Gracchus, Solon, &c*, see DracOf &c.
. To men of few words few laws sufficient, i. 143. Com- pared to spiders' webs, 224*. Should be so contrived, that the observance may be more advantageous than the breach of them. Purposely left ambiguous, to increase the power of the popular judges, 243.
Lamsukt ceased in Sparta, on the prohibition of gold and silver, i. 149.
League^ Achsean. See Acfueansm
-fLekuUa^ iii. 253. Sylla's victory foretold by prophecies thence, 255. Taken by Lysander, 22S.
- 'Ledueum^ v. 175. vi. 176.
- 'Lectum^ a promontory in the country of Troas, iii. SSI. • LegeSf iv. 170.
LegtoHf formed by Romulus, i. 67^ Doubled, 82. How many men
it contained at different periods of the commonwealth, 82, n. Lentiles ofiered on the tombs of the dead, iii. 475. Leniuius BatiatuSf trains up gladiators in Capua, who break fiom
him and raise war, iiL 457. — — Spinther, iv. 436. — —— sent into Asia by Flaminius, iii. 45.
■ , the consul, marches against Spartacus, and is defeated, iii. 459.
■■ the censor, iv. 150.
the consul, averse to a reconciliation between Pompey
and Csesar, refuses to assemble the senate, iv. 201, 202. Opposes Csesar's demands, v. 431. Calls Csesar a robber, and sajs there was need of arms, not voices, against him, iv. 395. Drives An* tony and Curio out of the senate-house, ib, v. 430, 431.
", Lucius, coming to Mgypt^ and wandering about Ig- norant of Pompey's fate, is put to death, iv. 229.
♦tt INDEX,
Lentutut, Coraeljus, his cliaracter.
y-
Sura, 312. Join:
n Catilin
s conspiracr, ■ ed, :
Whence hia i 71, Sll. Ii£
t afterward reston ing of hta, Sl'i. Infatuated by vain predictions, i^ Dnmibe eiuiasaadora of the Allobrogcs into the conspiracy, 313. k convicted in full senate, and laken into close custody, 314. kai executed, 318.
Leo of Byzantium, s saying of his, iii. 434.
—~ the Corinthian, salJies frnm the citadel of Syracu>e, and i& lodges the enemy from Achradina, ii. 253.
Leabotes, the Athenian, accuses Fausanias of a treasonable dc^gi against Greeee, i. S15.
LeocAares the statuary, iv. .SO*.
Leocrates, an Athenian of considerable note, ii. 478.
Leonalm the Macedonian, warns Pvrrhus of the design vJudiu Italian had upon him in battle, iii.'flS.
-, one of Alexander's generals, directed, after the toili of i that prince, by Perdiccas, to establish Eumenes in the gnen- ment of Cappadocia, iv. 41. Conceives a project to Kiie tbe kingdom of Macedon, which he mentions in confidence lo E»- menes, 43. Sent by Alexander to the ladies uf JDariut' famili. S71. Employs a number of camels, to bring him earth out cl Egypt, to be used only in wrestling, SOS. Joins Aniiuntci, •. 30. is killed in battle, i6.
Leonidas, uncle to Charilaus, king of Sparta, >. 1 13. |
, king of Sparta, tells one who talked well, but UUBS-
seasonable time, that * he should not talk sn much to the BUi- pose, of what it was not to the purpose to talk about,* i. t4A.
— -- —, (lain at Thennopylse, i 324.
-— , Alexander's tutor, iv. 246, Bids him ' be sparing at
frankincense, till he had conquered tlie several couatnes «Ikr it grew," 278. 279.
— , king of Sparta, sou of Cleonjinus, v. 136. Htt A»-
ntcter, 140. He opposes Agia in his reformations, i&. Ad- heres to the party of the rich, who were against the reminiao of debts and division of lands, ib. U accused by Lysante, and flies to the temple of Minerva, for refuge, 1-44', 145, h deposed, 145. Is restored, and Clcombrotuv, who had beenaet up in his stead, is banished, 148, 149. The great virtue of Iw daughter, who was wife to Cleombrotus, i£. 150. U* the widow of Agis to marry hit son Cleomenes, 1 55.
I.eontidas espouses the Spartan interest at Thebes, and one of the tyrants there, ii. 347. Sends assassins agiiinM Tbeban exiles at Athens, who kill Andruclides, ib. Is tctlli ' Pelopidas, 354.
iUontinu, ii. 260. iii. 97, 417. vi. 26, 37.
Leontit, tribe of, i. Sll. ii. 46S. ^Lrontoc^halus, i. 354.
Leos the herald, discovers to Theseus the conspiracy of tbft i lantide, ' ' '
INDEX. 415
LeottheneSf the Athenian generaly author of the Lamian war, lii. 66. V. 27. What passes between him and Phodon, ii« 2S8. iv. 27. His victories, 28. His death, ib,
Ltotychidas^ one of the ancient kings of Sparta, asks his friends at Corinth, * whether trees grew square there,' L 130, ISl.
, bom in marriage to Agis by Timsea, but believed to be the son of Alcibiades, ii. 147. iv. 72. Acknowledged as bii son by Agis upon his death-bed, ib. Set aside as spuriou!, through the management.of Lysander, t6. See also iiL 216, 217*
Lfpida, contracted to Cato, marries Scipio, v. 55.
LepiduSf Marcus ^milius, chief of the senate, ii. 883.
■■■ , Marcus, against the inclination of Sylla, chosen consul
through the interest of Pompey, iv. H2. Attempts after the death of Sylla to make himself absolute sovereign of Rome,- ib, 148. Flies into Sardinia, and dies of grief for his wife's infi- delity, 144W
Csesar chooses him for his collegue in the consulship.
V. 435. Forms the triumvirate with Antony and Octavianus, 849,
850. Has Africa for his share, 454. Leptines and Polyperchon kill CaJlippus, vi. 53, 54. , tyrant of Apollonia, surrenders it to Timoleon, and is
sent to Corinth, ii. 260,
•, brother of Dionysius the Elder, vi. 10.
f Lesbos, ii. 125, 148.
Lesche^ a place at Sparta where the old men meet for conversa^
tion, to which the new-born children were carried to be exa- mined, i. 136. Letters^ Laconic, i. 142. ii. 156. iv. 86. -fLeucadiattSy v. 271. Leucaria, Roma supposed by some writers her daughter by Italus,
i. 50. \LeucaSt a Cormthian colony, ii. 248. Apollo's temple there,
iv. 158. Leucothea^ the goddess, i. 367. ^Leuctra, battle of, ii. 367, 368. iv. 105, and n. Another baUle,
V. 160. Leudrida^ daughters of Scedasus, their rape, and the sacrifice to
be made to their manes, ii. 365, 366. Leuctrum, ii. 365. fLeucuSf river, ii. 302, 309. Liber Pater. See Bacchus. LiberaUat iv. 422. Liberty of man not inconsistent with the co-operation of God,
ii. 215.
, games of, observed at Platsae in honour of the brave
Greeks who fell in battle there, ii. 478, 480.
proclaimed to all Greece by Flaminius, at the Isthmian
games. See Games.
, an altar reared to her by the Greeks, ii. 477.
\Libethray iv. 259.
Libitina^ the goddess of funerals, i. 187.
♦16 INDEX.
£(&> had the commaiid Tor Foinpey of the fleet ttiat wttchellb
mouth of the harbour of BrundusiiiiD, r. 4-32. L^rary. That of Alexandria burnt, iv, 41+. That of Ptifinui
given by Aotoiiyto Cleopatra, v. 481. That of Luculluit^lt
all the Grecian literati, lii, 387. +/,%fl, ii. 136. iii. 8*. Liln/s, V. 133.
■fLybitsa, in Bithynia, iii. 5'i. Lice, See Lousy Diseate,
Licho!, the Lacedemonian, celebrated for his hospitality, iri.Jir. Lidnin, daughter of Licinius CrassuE, and wife of Caiui Giiixkn
1. 222. Her discourse to her husband, «38, '2S9. Depradflf
her dowry after his death, 241 . — , the vestal virgin, M. Crassus pays Iiis court to hK, 3
order to buy her estate, iii. 4-*7. Licinius StcJc raises a great commotion in Rome, by inButiog tl*
one of the cdheuIs should he chosen out of the Plebeiuni, L 411
Appointed general of horse, 414. Procures a law tliat doom
should possess above five hundred acres of land, and is (be Gtt
that breaks it, ib. I Crassus. See Cramut. , servant to Caius Gracchus, v, 201. Killed in stteiiipli<i(
to defend his master, 240.
, Publius, defeated by Perseus, king of MacedoD, ii. S9I. Macer, when accused by Cicero, goes home and dresMi
himself in a white gown, as secure of being acqiultad: but
finding that he wad cast, kills himself, v. 302, 303.
Cossus, i, 366.
Liclort, persons who attended on the great ofEcers of lUte UMM
the Komans, why so called, i. 94. Lieymnius, hi* monument, Pyrrhus fulls ihere, iii. Hfi. Li/i. A general should not be prodigal of hit, life, ii. S41, SH Ligarius, Quintu«, defended with great eloquence by Cicero befi...
Ca;sar, v. 342, Is acquilteil, ii. ^'et anervrarU in the con- spiracy against Caesar, vi. 66. Light. A great one appeared over Ca.'sar'a camp the night pft-
ceding the battle of Pharsalia, iv. 213, 40S. Lightning, a ridiculous story of a charni for it, i. I9S. FIks
struck with lightning accounted sacred, i. 162. Ligurians. The expedition of Paulus ^milius against theOr ^■
287. And of Faoius Ma>iiDus. 65. Exercise piracy as far «
the pillars of Hercules, 287- Poim a barrier against the Gaoll,
ib. Under Marios engage with the Amhrones, iii. ] 44. \Lilybieum, promontory of, ii. 261. Limnaus, killed in defending Alexander, in a city of the Mriln
iv. 235. Limmtt, a Macedonian, conspires against Alexander, and is killal
in the resistance he made to those who were sent to apprehcDd
him, iv. 315. \Lindtu, ii. 437, ^Luigonet, B people of Gaul, iv. 389.
INDEX. 417
Lions let looie in the city of Megara, yi. 64.
fLipareanSy attack die Roman ships, charged with an offering for
Delphi, i. 373. j-Lirisy river, iii. 168.
Lisping. That defect ^aceful in Alcibiades, ii. 114. - ■ ■ of the gout, pain in the feet so called by Strabo, iii, 267. Lituus, the crooked staff of Romulus used by the augurs, i. 88.
Lost when the Gauls burnt Rome, and recovered by miracle, H. Livia^ the wife of Augustus, v. 508. vi. 218. Uvius DrusuSf uncle to Cato the younger by the mother's side,
▼.48. ■ ■■ Drusust tribune with Caius Gracchus, ▼. 281. The senate
put him upon opposing that popular man, by acts of greater
popularity, f^.
■ Posihumius^ general of the Latins, i. 100. ■■ MarcuSf what he said concerning Tarentum, ii. 99.
-fLocri EpizephyrH^ ii. 4S4. ^Locris, ii. 359. vi. 4, 167.
•^LoUiust Marcus, Gate's coUegue in the qusestorship, y. 64. — ■-, Lucius, iv. 16.
Longimanus, a surname of Artaxerxes, yi. 1 14. Love, how defined by the philosophers, i. 108. What the loye of
the god^ toward men, 171. LoiiSf the month so called, iy. 242. Lousy Disease, Sylla and others die of it, iii. 282, 283. -fLuccOf iii. 467. -fLucaninn lake, iii. 461. ■fLucanianSf iii. 83.
Luceretises^ one of the Roman tribes so called, i. 83. Lucilius the tribune proposes the choosing of Pompey dictator,
but is opposed by Cato, and nearly turned out of office, iy. 194. -*- suffers himself to be taken, to save Bmtus, yi. 104^
speech to Antony, ib. He attends Antony in his retirement into
the desert, v. 492. Lucius^ son of Camillus, i. 406. ' Antanius, his rebellion against Domitian in Germany, fi.
314. The news of his being cut to pieces with his whole amy
suddenly spread in Rome, and the author not to be found ; yet
confirmed afterward, t^. 315. See all the other LucU under tlieir
family^names. LucretiOf the wife of Numa, i. 205.
, her rape the cause of the abolition of kingly goyemment
in Rome, i. 271,272. Lucretius^ the father of Lucretia, elected consul, i. 288. Diet, H. ■ Ofella besides young Marius in Prseneste, iii. 275. He
applies for the consulship against the inclinations of Sylla, and it
killed by his order, 279.
, Lucius, chief senator, i. 401.
Lucullian coin, iii. 327. Games, iii. 358. LucuLLUs, Lucius, his grandfather a man of consular diffni^, iiL 325. Metelltts Nunudicus was his oncle, ib. His ftthtr found VOL. VI. 2 E
♦18 INDEX.
guilty of embezzling the public moDey, and his mothar a wtm
, fif iiidiSerent npiUation, ib. DeiecU Senrilhn. ht> Mvrt
KCCuaer, in some miBdemeanor, and prosecutes hira fur iL iff.
Bbs great command botli of the Greet and Lalin tortus. li
Svlla <iedicatei his Commentaries to him. ib. Vcncd a liberel Bciencee, ib. Writes a short hislAry of ilie Mani in(i'w verse, 327. His great all'ection for lii« brother Mbtcim, U m are created cedilee tof^cther, ii. Distinguishes liiniaelf n » Maraian war, though then very young, ib. HJaconUaiciK -loildneas recotntnend him to Sylla, who make* use of bit temrs from first to lust, ib. SylJo gives him the 4.lirection of tlr »»'. ,.ib. Syha seeds him out during the eiege of Alliens, wbiW* - ibips in search of provisions, ib. He brin^ Crete ovcruiu eenerai's interest, 328, Puts an end lo the civil won in Cwtt tb. Sails to Egypt, and finds a magiiificeat recepttoB then.* Ptolemy refuses tP enter into alliance witli SvUa, but ^ Luciillus presenU lo the value of eighty taleDls.' S'.iS. LuoJs touches at Cyprus, ib. The stratagem he made use of to oof the enemy's ship^ii. Cetsafreth supply of ehip» at )UW« and reduces sc-vernl islands in tlic j^gciin sea, I'A. Im deBtrit' Fimbria to shut up Mitliridalcs in I'itAtia by sea, while he »»*'*> hira by Uqd, 330. He fcjecu the proposal, ami sulfere iMii!"> dates to escape, ib. Detlais the king's fleet twice, »4. ISl Conveys Sylla and his army from the Chersonese to ibe Auttit coast, 531. Being comnrisstoned lo levy the fine, laid bv Silk upon Asia, and to coin the money, he performs the odivut juri of it in as lenient a manner as possible, ii, Puni^ilta iht Mit; leans f<ir having joined Marius' party, ib. 332. Hm ou band ii the troubles of Itiily, S-S2. Is constituted by Svlln guardiw to his son, ib. This the foundation uf tiie jealoiuia briween Pompey and I.ucuHus, i6. Af\er the death of Sylla. LucuUl is chosen consul with M. Cottn, ii. A new war with Mithi<d*t*» being proposed, Lucullus readily lupplies Pompey with nonry i Spain, lest he should come home, and be appoiated lo the cm mand against Milhridatcs, ii. 333. Preventa L. Quintiu* d tribune fVom rescinding the acts of Sylla, »3S. The tnethodt Ukeft to get the government of Cilicia, 334. Gains the commv in the Mithridatic war, ib. His collegue Gotta is sent with fleet to guard the Propontis and Bithynia, i6. Lucullus pwM into Asia, with a legion raised in Italy on this occasion, ii. Fis^ the Roman troops in Asia, particularly those called • Fintbran.' intractable and entirely corrupted, hut brings tbem uoder ^ cipline, ib. 335. Miihridaies netT-modeh his nrmy, und brings from show to use, SS5. The people of Asia extremely oppreM^ by the Roman tax-gatherera and usurers ; Lucullus redresaeslbc grievances, ib. Colta fights Mithridates, and being^ defeatnl W shut up in Chalcedon, Lucullus marches to his relief, Sd6. Nah sayings of Lucullu«, ib. He goes to meet Marius, whom Gei*' riu« had sent to Mithridates, hut the two armies are partMl b«» prodigy, 337. Uesolves to reduce Mithridates by fntnina^ iL
ditbridMea decampa in the oight, and
iiitiirmatcs by fnmJM^ UysiiegetoCjnricmn,*
UL
INDEX. li*
•
LucnIIus fonowgy and takes measures for ciitting off his bcfdVcors, ib. Mithridates* sien have the art to persuade the Cy2iceni^s, that the Romans who lay upon the neights, were Armeofttis, 339. But Lucullus finds means to send Demonax into the iawn to acquaint them with his arrival, ib, Lucullus cpmes up \^th part of the forces of Mithridates at the river Rhyndacus, destroys great numbers, and makes many prisoners, 341. Lucullus Mrikes another great blow near the Granicus, 342. Gives chas^ Cd^ a squadron of the enemy's ships, takes them and kills their addifiral Isidorus, 342. Destroys more of the king's ships n^ar Lepii)6s, and takes Marius, the general sent by SertoriuS, prisoner, ibJSis. The senate offer Lucullus three thousand talents, to enable him to fit out a fleet; but he tells them he shall drive Mithridates out of the sea with the ships which the allies would give him, 344. He resolves to penetrate into Pontus, by way of Bithynia and Galatia, ib. Finds provisions very scarce at first, but afterward meets with them in extreme plenty, ib. His troops complain of his taking the enemy's towns by capitulation, instead of storm, 345. His answer to those who complained of his proceeding slowly, ib. He leaves the siege of Amisus to Mursena, and marches against Mithridates, wno waits for him on the plains of the Cabiri, 346. In the first engagement the Roman cavalry are put to the rout, ib. Artemidorus conducts Lucullus to a strong. post which commands the plains of the Cabiri, 347. A second rencounter between the two armies, ib. A Dardarian grandee pretends to desert to Lucullus, with a view to assassi- nate him; but is providentially disappointed, 348. Lucullus takes Cabiri, and many other places, where he finds much trea- sure and releases many prisoners ; amongst the rest, one of the king's sisters, named Nyss», 351. Subdues Tibarene and Ar- menia the Less, 352. Demands Mithridates of Tigranes, ib. Returns to the siege of Amisus, and takes it, ib. Weeps for the fate of that city, which is burnt and plundered, 353. Rebuilds and peoples it, ib. The miserable state of Asia Minor, relieved by his regulations, 354. The farmers of the revenues raise a clamour against him in Rome, but he is adored in Asia, 355* The Grecian cities in Asia institute a feast in honour of him, 358. He lays siege to Sinope and takes it, 359. Destroys the Ciliciaos who had thrown themselves into the town, ib. Endeavours to save the town on account of a dream concerning the hero Auto- lycus, ib. Machares, son of Mithridates, sen£ him a crown pf gold, and desires to be admitted among the friends and allies of Kome, 360. Lucullus leaves Sornatius, with six thousand men in Pontus, and with little more than double that number marches against Tigranes and Mithridates, ib. His troops murmur, and the popular orators at Rome declaim against him, ib. 361. He passes the Euphrates without difficulty, and has presages of success, ib. Passes through Sophene, and pushes hip march to mount Taurus, ib. 362. Enters Armenia, ib. Mithrobarji'ancs is sent with a body of men to take the Roman general alive, 302. Lucullus sends Sextilios against hlili, ib. Tigranes leaves Tigra-
2e2
Tigran of Luc
R
429 INDEX.
nocerta, and retire* to mount Tauru«, latendiag to I his Forces there ; but Lucullus cuts og' tlie partius wH up, 363. LuculluB invests Tigranoccrta, il>. He ]eaie> to coniiniie the siege, and goes with a small paiXj i S5. Tigranes* saying on the diminutive appa ' army. Hi. He imagines Lucullus is flviog, ooll making a motion to pasE the riier, 366. Somebody observef.'tVfl day had been a black one to the liomans,* and lJucul[us*a}ii'ii:T will make it a white one,' (A. He gains the advantage of the i» | mit of a hill, and bears down upon the enemy, who Sy <riliM atriking a stroke, 367. He takes Tigianocerla, 369. Finiii tnense treasures tliere, am! makes a proper use of them, ii. i* commendfi himself to the eastern nations by his justice and ln»- nily, 370. Docs great honour to the remains of Zarbicnus, l«{ nfOordyene, who had been put to death by Tigranes, li. flecex embassadors from Parthia, 371. Finds the Partliians i and meditates an expedition against them, i6. His troops proTe* fractory and mutinous, li. He ascends mount Taurus, and marde against Ai-taxaia, the capital of Tigranes, 372. Defeats Tign** inanotheTbattle,373. Hiiarmyrcfusc« toroUowhim to ArtaxiS. ;174'. He crosses mount Taurus again, goes tigainst Nisibii,iDd cakes it, ii. 375. His good fortune forsakes him, partly thmi^ his own fault, 375. Murmurings against hira at Rome, u^ i practices for appointing another general, 376. His brotheMn- | law Clodius excites the Fimbnans against him, li. 377 refuse to march for some time, but on news that Fabiitf i beaten by Slithridates, tliey put themselves in motion, 577, 3. Trinrius hastens to tight before the arrival of Lucullus, aiidtidl feattd, 378. Lucullus proposes once more to march mat T grnnea, but his mutinous troops show their empty panel, t. Ail that they will agree lo, ia, to keen the Reld, and to figbtji they should happen to be attacked, io. Poraucy succeeili 'm in the command, 379. Their common friends bring them ta J interview, «4- They meet upon polite terms at first, but { greater enemies thao ever, :i80. Tlie circumstance of tbelj veU which the lictors of Lucullus gave to those of Pomm Pompey allows Lucullus to take no more than sixteen mi men home with him to attend his triumph, iA. With diiEi~, he obtains his triumph, through the interest of the pUridM 381. The triumph described, tJ, 382. He divorces Clod^i^ her infamous life, and is not more fortunalu in vilia, Cat0*8 sister, 382. Soon quits the affairs ol tires to luxurious indulgences, ib, 383. His villas, gardens, fiL pondg, purple robes, furniture for his house, and nrciTtsinn*] his table, ii. 384, 38^. He entertains the Grecian literati in t house, 3tf6. Cicero and Pompuy sup with him, nnd onlv a' him to say to his servanls, ' We sop in the Apollo,* 387. collects books at an immense expense, and his libraries are 01 to all the world, it. The Greeks in particular have Wm coui nance, and he often confers with them on matters of learning, ""*" H« gJTei the preference to the Old Academy, ,-^_ Qi
INDEX. 421
Bionally attends both the senate and the Foniro, only quitting his pretensions to the lead, ib, Pompey's party suborn a person to accuse Lucullus of a design against Pompey's life, 389. Lucul- lus* intellects fail, and his brother has the care of his estate dur- ing the last years of his life, 390. The people insist on burying him in the Carouus Martins, but his brother begs leave to nave it done in the 1 usculan estate, id.
LuculitUf Marcus, his brother Lucius' particular attention to him,
iiu 327* Appointed sedile along with his brother, ib. Acts as
' one of Sylla's lieutenants, and gains a considerable victory, lii.
270. Accused by Memmius for some of his acts when quiestor,
but acquitted, 381.
, Marcus, prsetor of Macedonia, iv. 360.
Lucumo^ his intrigue with Arron's or Aruu's wife, i. 379. Rather a title than a name, ib. it.
LupercaUa^ a feast of purification, i. 86. A dog then sacrificed, ib.
Luperci run about naked, and beat the women with thongs to cure them of barrenness, i. 86. iv. 428.
'fLusitantOy iv. 370. vi. 230.
fLusitanianst send embassadors to Sertorius, iv. 13. Defeated by Csesar, 370.
Lustration^ vi. 92.
Lutatius Cattdus. See Catulus.
Luxury flies from Sparta on the introduction of iron money, i. 124* Increases amazindy at Rome in a short period, iii. 163.
Lybi$, the father ofLysandcr, v. 138*
^Lycaoniay v. 484.
Lyceum^ i. 35. iii. 24-7.
fZycfa, the actions of Brutus in that country, vi. 85, S6,
LycimniuSf his tomb in Argos, iii. 116.
Lycomedes the Athenian, the first who takes a Persian ship in the battle of Salamis, i. 335.
, king of Scyros, receives Theseus when banished from Athens, i. 44. But afterward pushes him from a rock and kills him, t^. iii. 304.
Lycon the player, inserts a verse in his part, by which he begs ten talents of Alexander, and that prince gives toem, iv. 285* t
— of Syracuse, an accomplice in the murther of Dion, vi. 53.
Lycophronj brother of Thebe, assists her in killing her husband, Alexander, the tyrant of Pherae, ii. 386, 387.
-^— the Corinthian general, killed in battle by Nicias, iii. 406.
LycortaSy the father of Pdybius, chosen general by the Achseant, revenges the death of Philopoemen, iii. 27.
Lycurg^cUtf days observed in memory of Lycurgus, i. 163.
Lycukgus, the Spartan lawgiver, the times in which he flourished, i. 109, 110. His gencalogy, 110. He succeeds his brother Polydectes in the Spartan throne, but relinquishes it, when it appears that his brother's widow is pregnant, 112. Preserves the child, and keeps the administration only as his guardian, f^. To get dear of unjust suspicions, travels inte foreign coODtriety
tuCiMff
422 INDEX.
till his nephew Charilaus 6houl<l be grown up, 1 13. VwuCMv and treasures up some of tlie Cretan laws, ih. 114. Thales, the lyric poet, to go and settle at Sparta. 1 H. B copy of Homer's poems in Ionia, 115. SelDcts one UBag<;s of Egypti '(•• Said by one historian to have vititaliii GymnoMphists, 116. Uctuins to Sparta, at thtf requed afli countrymen, and resolves to alter tile wliale frame of the gm6 tutton, i&. Gains the Banction of the Delphic oracle, 1 17. ht pares the principal citizens, and enters the market pU« rt^ thirty persons well-armed, i6. Institutes a senate, cotuiatft iweniy-eieht persons, who were to preserve a just eqoiiikB between the kings and the people, 119. Makes aa equaldiiaa of lands, 1^23. Banishes gold and silver, naJ inlroduca b«< iron-money, 124. Obliges all the citizens lo eat at pidilicaUi 125, Has one of his eyes struck out by Alcander, tnaniMnR- tion, on account of this institution, 127. A descriptioaifllar public repasts, 1?7— 129. Chooses not to commit tlie pna^d his polity to writing, but to interweave them with Uie tdittt* of youth, 130. Commands the Spaitans to have plain aadBafl' dwellings, ib. Not to fight oiieu wilb the aante cnetu*, tl- ' His regulations concerning the virgins, 132. He ftxeeanaiti infamy upon old bachelors, 133. The Spartan marrioga, kx conducted, 1 A. ISi. All jealousy removed, and adultemp vented, by the husband's occasionally consenting to the cou* nication of his wife's favours, ib, No weaklj- children taiti > , Sparia, 136. Ttie nurses excellent, ib. The education <rf4 boys undertaken by the public, when they reached the i|ti' seven years, 137. The whole an exercise of otiedieatx, • Their attention to literature very small, ib. They are prabp^ ' taught to be valiant and hard^, 138. Hncourajjed in onm , things off by surprise, but punished, if discovered, 139. IVi < spare diet contributes to make them tall, ib. They are 10*1 tomifd from their childhood to think, HI, If a fuvnuritttel offend?, the person who had taken him into his protection ii y ' nisljed, ih. They are taught to be concise in their languanV I to excel inaharp repartee, H. Instances of that kind, 1^% l&'. \Jii. Their riiverence for old age, 133, 114. The .Spananp' try and mueic, IH. The king sacrifices to the Muses beftft' batde, 14G. Tlieir discipline less severe in war tban in pcM ib. H7. A saying of Lycurgus' concernine a large head of I»« li?. Other rcguTalions when they had taken the field, ii. If curgus assists Iphitus, in regulating the Olympic games dera a general armistice during those games, 148. The discioiai of the Lacedaemonians continues after they arrive at yearew^ iurity; and the whole city, in point of good ordu-r, U like iti great camp, 149. Their citizens exercise no mechanic uV and the Helots till the ground for Ihem, ib. Law-suiiB areW nished with money, ii. Lycurgus encourages faceiinusncM.si seasoning of their bard exercise and diet, 150. lustructsllOT to live not for themselves, hut for their country, |£. -t thod of choosing a new aenator, in case of a vacancy, jgl
INDEX. 4»
regulatioiis widi respect to burials aiid maumingy 15S. He fl4r- tDits only some fuirticttlar persons ainoDg the Spartans to travel ; and suffers few strangers to Tisit Sparta, ib, ISi* He provides for the perpetuity of his laws, by making the people swear to db- serve them till his return from Delphi, 157. With the seme vkv he voluntarily puts a period to hi« life, 158. His establishment and the glory of Sparta continue for the space of five hundred yenrs, ib. His laws broken through by the introduction of gOld and silver, 159. Eulogium of Lycurgus, 161, 162. Leaves a son named Antiorus, who dies without issue, 162. A feast called Lycurgidae, is observed in memory of him at Sparta, ib, 16S.
Lycurgus^ bead of the Pedisi, i. 268, n.
, the orator, v. 10. What he said to Phocion, IS. ■w The conditions upon which he proposes to deliver Up Byzantium to Alcibiades, ii. 159.
\Lyctu^ river, ii. 270. iii. 34, S46. v. 414.
\Lydia, i. 50. iv. 48. vi. 116.
Lydian March^ one of the Spartan festivals concludes with it, ii. 473.
LygdamiSf liL 133.
Lynceus. See Idas,
wrote a description of the entertainment which Lataiia pro- vided for Demetrius, v. 390.
Lyra^ iv. 426. '
Ly Sander^ of Alopece, i. 357, 358.
Ltsamder, his statue, or that of Brasidas, in the oratory of the Acanthians at Delphi, iii. 188. His father not of the royal line, but descended from the Heraclidse by another family, 189. His education and character, ib. Does not love money, yet fills Sparta with it, and with the love of it too^ ib. 190. Is pitcned . upon to at!t against the Lacedemonians, ib* He proves a gt^t benefactor to the city of Ephesus, ib* 191. Goes to Sardis to Ac- quaint Cyrus with the treachery of Tisaphemes, who, contrary to the king's orders, favoured Alcibiades and the Athenians, 191. Ingratiates himself greatly with Cyrus, who gives him ten thou- sand pieces of gold, t6. Increases the seamen's pay, and, by that means, almost empties the enemy's ships, ib. Afraid to engage with Alcibiades, ib. Beats' Antiochus, to whom Alcibiades had imprudently lefl the command of the fleet during his absence, 192. Lays the foundation of aristocratical government in the cities of Asia, ib. Greatly lamented by the principal persons in those parts when he leaves them, 193. Distresses his sue* cesser Callicratidas, ib. The command is restored to him, 195. He and Callicratidas compared, ib* An instance of his duplicity and cruelty too, with respect to the inhabitants of Miletus, ib. Large sums given him by Cyras, 196. PiUn^;^ £gina and Salamis, 197. Visits the coast of Attica, where A^is was with his land-forces, ib. Takes Lampsacus, fi. D^ ceives the Athenian fleet by his artful manoeuvres, 198. Falls upon it when the men were gone ashore to divert themselves, and takes or dasti^s the whole except the sacred galley tdled^ Fsi^
I
INDEX.
]U9,' and eight shipSi ivrth which Conon escapf kinKof Cypru«, life. 200. Visits the mariiime and every where seU up on oligarchy, compo friends and creatures, 203. Evpels the Shihiiii 204.. Restores the /Egineta, Teliana, and Sci< possessions ii- Obliges Athens, distressed by ramine, to pj- render at discretion, i&. Condilions on nhich he agrees to mi: peace with the Athenians, 205. Findii a pretence lo chr? their form of government, iB. Burns all their ships but !■*'", and pulb down their walls, with every iaetooce oC fesiiritv, 2)^ Sets up the Thirty Tyrants, il. Puts a garrison in thccui^ ib. Sends the treasures he had taken to Lacedienion, by GrJy- pus, who open^ the bottom of the bags, and takes out l*t^ lums, 207- Sciraphidas proposes to exclude all gold inleltr money Troin Sparta, but Lysander has interest enou^hiafttii retained as the public treasure, 208, He erects his dihiuEm, and those of his officers in brass at Delphi, and dedicua t*° golden stars to Castor and Pollux, 209. He, likewise, t^xn there the galley made of gold and ivorj-, which Cyrus luw fKr senced hini with, ib. Has altars erected to him, sod birmts sung, 210. His favours to the poets who flattered him, ik.m. Flattery makes him extremely arrogant and cruel, i6. Instico of his cruelty, ib. On the complaint of PharnabaEua tf;t^ him, the Ephori send the Syctale, and recall him, 2I'i. ThuM- bazus outwits him, and makes him his own accuser, 213. Ly ■ander pretends an obligation to visit the tetnple of Jupiter A> men, ib. Keturns, upon hcariii); that the oligarchies were fan to be dissolved, 214, Is appointed general, ib. Is preieolH from taking Athens again, by the jealousy of Pausauiat, Sli< The Athenians soon revolt ; and that circumstance redeemilbi reputation of Lysander, ib. Several saying of hie, a. Oath demise of Aeis he finds means to get Agesilaus appointed kiogi notwithstanding the preteosions of Leotychidas, and the Uar nesg of Agesilaus, 21G. Advises Agcsikus to carr^ the <nr into Asia, and goes with biro as one of liift counsellors, 317. Tit king, finding that Lvsander is treated with superior dibtinctiofi. humbles him more than he ought to have done such a tVtend, ti- S18. Lysander comes tu an explanalion with Agcsilaiu, ud has the lieutenancy of the Hellespont given him, il. 21 <j, Dnm off Spittiridat«s from the Persian interest, 219. Iteturru to Sparta, and forms a design to open n way to the throne to all tlw citizens of Sparta, or, at least, to all the lleracliil^, i&. HofMS, if he can effect tl.is, to have tbe best pretensions himself. 990^ Gets Cleon of Halicarnassus to compose him an oruttun suitabk tu the occasion, lb. Endeavours to support his sclieme with divine [sanctions, ib. The priests of Ammon accuse him, bst the Spartans regard them not, ib. .'\vails hiiuseir of a pretended •on of Apollo, 2V1. Gives it out that there were certain oradet at Delphi, which none but a son of Apollo was to open, il, JIns the mistbriune to see his scheme miscarry tbroiiuli tbe ^viyarslipe of op? of the a^entS) ib. Charged with «ngi^uig hit
INDEX. 4M
t country in the Boeotian war, 922. Sent against the Thehaoa I with one array, and Pausanias with another, 223. Takes Orcho* menus and Lebadin, ib. Sends letters to Pausanias, that he will meet him at HaUartus, whicli the Thebans intercept, ib. Is at- tacked by surprise and killed, SS^. Pausanias recovers his body by treaty, 225. It is buried in the territories of the Panopaeans^ to* An ancient oracle fulfilled by Lysander*s being killed near the river Hoplites, 226. His poverty, which was discovered aflcr his death, proves ^n advantage to his character, 287* Among his papers is found that political one, which discovered his design to make the crown elective, ib. Agesilaus is inclined to publish it, but is restrained by Lacratidas, $b. The Spartam fine the persons, who desert their engagements with his dai^htei% 228.
Ly Sander^ son of Lybis, v. 138. Chosen one of the Ephori throagh ^ the interest of Agis, 140. Proposes a decree for cancellii^ ' of debts, ib. Accuses king Leonidas, 144. Is prosecuted by the Ephori for his decree relating to debts, 145. Deceived by the artful Agesilaus, 146.
Lysandridast the Megalopolitan, his advice to Cleoroenes, v. 180*
Lysiades of Me^lopolis, sets himself up tjrrant there, in hopes of finding supenor happiness in power, vi. 183. Quits the sove- reignty, ib. Joins the city to the Achasan league, t^. Is chosen general of that league, and declares war against the Spartans^ f^. Quarfels with Aratus, and loses his interest, 184. Forms n •cheme to have all the honour of bringing Aristomachus, tyrant of Argos, into the league, but is disappointed, 188. Aratus ne- glects to support him with the infantry, and he is killed by Cleo- menes, v. 160.
LysiaSf i. 37, n,
Lysicles^ a man in a low sphere of life, by the instructions of Aspasia becomes one of tiie principal and most polite men in Athens, ii. 37.
Lysidicff daughter of Pel<^s and mother of Alcmena, i. 9.
LysimachiUf father of Aristides, ii. 444.
, grandson of Aristides, experiences the bounty ^
the Athenians, ii. 489* Turns interpreter of dreams for bread, ib,
king, forges a letter to Pyrrhus, as from Ptolemy«
iii. 72. Ravages Upper Macedon, 78. Divides the kingdom of Macedon with Pyrrhus, 80. Marches against him as far as Edessa, upon which Pyrrhus retires, and loses his share of Ma^ ccdon, 81. Says to Onesicritus the historian, who read to him an account of the Amazon's visit to Alexander, • Where was I at that time ? ' iv. 312. Suspected by his allies on account of his great power, v. 895. Taken prisoner by Dromichsetes, 405.
- the Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander, jy. 2^i
Desires to go with his master against the Arabians on Antilibanuff by which Alexander runs no small risk of his life, 277*
Lysippusy the Achaean general, iii. 16«
^■. w Alexander toffers no other artist to make his statue,
INDEX.
'. 243. Itepreients, in figuTes of b
MACARIA, daughter of Hercules, iL 366.
^MaeedoR subdued bv the Komans ia (be time of Perseui, n.Sll, I
S20. \
Macedonian troofa, ordered by Alexander to Biwve their Imt^ '
i. 7. Macedonians, great loversof iheir kinge, li. 312, Maeedonicus, a name given lo Metellos, iti. 120. Machanidas, the Lacedfemoakn tyrant, killed in battle hAi- j
lopcemen, iii. 14. ]
Machares, son of Mitbridates, sends Lucultus a crown rfpi^Hd I
deeires to be adoiilied iuto the friendship and aUtann of &
Romans, iii. 360. j
MachterioTtes, the posterity of Anticrates bo called, i». 116. Maeenas, v. 357. MaUtu, Spurius, etabhed by SerriliuB Ahala for aspiring a ib
monarchy, vi, 57. iMaiatU, Palus, iii. IS3, 246.
Magni, brothtif to Rolemy king of Egypt, his life saved bn Ok-
Rienes, v. 189. Magi, the Persian, iv. 243. vi. 117- I
f Magnesia, a city given to Thcmistocles by the king of PerM." I
supply hirn with bread, i. 354- I
Magnman citizen. Antony gives the estate of oae to a cod^
dressing a supper, v. 447- ^Magttfsiant, Iii. 43, 50. Mago, the Carthaginian admiral, joins Icetes in his attempt ■*
Syracuse, it. 252. Miscarries and returns to Africa, SS6. Maia. i.a01. Maimacleriott, ii. 480. Malchus, king of Arabia, sends forces to the assistance of AoMt,
V. 4*4. MaUUesani Diogiton, sent by the Thebaos ioto Thessalrio^
venge ihe death of Pelopidax, ii. 385. ^Molea, promontory of, ». 140. \i. 163. Maliac Ray, ii.Sl.
fMttUi. Alexander's danger in the attack of their city. iv. 3S4> Mallius, or Manlius, Lucius, an assistant to Cato the gJ^ff. k
attempting the heights near Thermopyls, ii. 510. Mamercii, pretend to be descendenis of Matuercus, tba MS W
Numa, i. '.«)4. Mamtrcus, the son of Numa, i. 180.
, the son of Pythagoras, ii. 282.
tyrant of CMana, forms an alliance "'■th_ Tjmalani &
INDEX. 4fV
246. Envief his aduevements, and esters into a leagte vtA the Carthaginians, 266. Is beaten by Timoleon, and flies to Hippo, tyrant of Messana, 270, 271. Surrenders to Timdeoft, and is sent to Syracuse^ where, upon his trial for breach of Mthy and other crimes, he attempts to kill himself but is prevented and put to a severer death, 271.
\Mamertines^ a warlike people, inhabitants of Messina, iii. 99.
Mamurius Veturitu. See Veturius.
Mandnus^ Caius, the consul, is beaten by the Numsntioes, and makes peace; for which he is disgraced and inprisoned, and the peace annulled, v. 203— -205.
\Mand(miumt v. 135.
Mandriddas^ the Spartan, tells PVrrhus, * if he is a god, he will de them no injustice ; if a man, there will be found as good a one as he,' iii. 106.
MandrodidaSf the son of Ecphanes, assists Agb in his schefnes for restoring the Spartan constitution to it's original purity, t. 138. Called to account for it by the Ephori, 14i5.
Manilius expelled the senate by Cato, ii. 517.
the tribune, his law in favour of Pompey, iv. 161 . Ac-
cused of having robbed the public, and defieiided by Cicero^ t.
803, 304. Monipulif what so called, i. 60. MarupulareSf u 60. Mantus Acilius Glabrio^ sent against Antiochus, whom he defeats at
Tbermopylfle^ iii. 23, 50. ■ ■ AqniliuSf iii. 137. Curius Dent&tus triumphs thrice, ii. 494r. Cato the EMer
often visits his little iaxm, ib. He defeats Pyrrhus, f^. His
answer to the Saomite embassadors who ofibrf^l him gold, ib*
495. ManHuSf Titus, the temple of Janus shut in his consulship, u 200. , with Sylla's veterans, engaged in Catiline's conspiracy,
V. 308.
', Torquatus, causes his own son to be beheaded for figfatiog
without orders, though he gained the victory, ii* 78.
who saved the Capitol, put to death for aspiring to tbe
supreme power in Rome, i. 408.
the tribune, opposes Flaminius in his solicitation for the
consulship, iii. 32.
— defeated by the Ambrones, iii. 143.
I . ■■, Lucius, defeated by Sertorius' lieutenant, iv. 16. — — -, Lucius. See MalUtu.
conspires against Sertorius, iv. 34.
his application to Tiberius Gracchus, v. 210. 211.
\Mantinea^ iii. 2, 13. Besieged by Cleomenes, v. 161. Taken by Aratus, v. 161. vi. 190. lu name changed to Antigonia, Ti.fiOO. Battle of Mantinea, ii. 131.
\Marathon^ a city of Tetrapolis, i. 15, n. Battle of, ii. 452.
Maraikoman bull, conquered by Theseus, i. 14, 15, and ».
♦2« INDEX.
Marathus, to fulfil an oracle, offers btmwlf up at the bem
army, i. 41. MareeUinui and Dotnilius, deiiiand of Pompey, whether he mi
gland for the consulship or not, iii. +67. iv. 190. Marcelius, brother- in -law to Caesar Octavitmus. v. 347,
, Marcus, goes with Crsssus to Cicero's hoti»e at midaijk,
with letters relating to Catiline's coospiracj^. r. S09.
, the tribune, son of (he conqueror of Sj-racuse, ii \&- , son of Caius, liis roorfier Octovia Jediculea a librarr.a' Augustus a theatre, to his memory, I'i. 437.
. the consul, calls Ctesar a public robber, \v, 200, Coo-
mands Pompey lo prepare for the defence of his couoirj, 3)1.
the qutcstor, v. 66. Collegue with Cato, ib.
Marcbli-us, Marcus Claudius, consecrates the 8po!ia Opinn w Jupiter Feretrius, i. 76. The original of his famil;, ii. SR; Whence the surname of IMarccllus, ib. His great skill in "r, particularly in single combat, 390. He rescues his brother O ciliue, i(t. Appointed tcdile and augur, ib. Appointed reraii, and takes Cneius Cornelius for his collegue, S94. Viritionurft king of the Gesatie, laying waste the couotry about tiic Po, Mp- celtus defeats and kills him, 395, S96. Consecrates the Spola Opima to Jupiter Feretrius, 396. Is honoured with a trionpi. 397. Is sent with a fleet to Sicily to oppose Annibal, 399. Ann the great blow at Csnne, sends fifteen hunitred men to ikbi i) the defence of Rome, ili. Is ordered to head the remiiorfa ^^ the Roman army, whicli had retired to CaDusium, ij. VVhat Annibal said of him, 400. Marches to the relief of Napln v^ Nola, fi. Recovers Bandius to the Roman interest, 40I. DrfeiU Annibal, ib. 40S. Is colled to the consulate, but )ay-s it down. upon the omens being declared inauspicious, 402. Attacb An- nibal when he had sent out large detachments for plunder, n' defeats him again, 403. Three hundred of Aunibal's cxTiln come over to Tiim, ib. Od the death of Hieronymus, the Cv- thaginians assert their claim lo Sicily again, and Marcellu*, iO» consul the third time, is sent ioto that island, 404. With niKi difficulty he procures leave from the senate lo einploj the (a^ tives from Canna:, 405. Takes Leontium, ib. Attacla SyiMW both by sea and land, 406. Prepares a prodigious machineaM eight gallics fastened together, ib. This machine culled *&» buca,' broken in pieces by Archimedes, 410 — 412. Tttfniiil 8 blockade the siege of Syracuse, 413. Takes Megara In Siehi 414. Attacks Hippocrates at Acritlte, and kills ei^ht ' — ' of his men, ib. In the conferences held with Ibe S about the ransom of Damippus, he takes notice ofa loi.„ might, be gained, ib. In the night of Uiana's fesUvat 1m into the city, and forcibly enters the He^apyluin, 415, 416, ofBcers compliment him on his taking the ciiy, but he * the thought of what it was to sutler, 41 G. He is much at the unhnppy fate of Archimedes. <11(!. His mercy to iha people of Eoguium, 421. He i* called home to cnrry oo tic
INDEX. 48ft
I W9T against Anoibal, ik Carries with him the most valuable of the statues and paintings from Syracuse, ib. Is satisfied wilh«D
I Ovation, 423. Accused by the Syracusans before the senate, but honourably acquitted, 424—426. Continues his protection
. to them notwithstanding ; and their liberty and laws by bis means are confirmed to them, 426. Marches against Annibal, and acta, with more vigour than the ofiicers before nim, i6, Eecovers the best towns of the Samnites, and makes three thousand of Awi-. bal's men prisoners, 427. Cneius Fulvius, the proconsul, with eleven tribunes, afid great part of his army being slain in ApuViv Marcellus revenges his death, id, Annibal lays many snares ftr him, but he escapes them, 428. Confirms Quintus rulvius dio- tator, his coUegue having refused to nominate him, 428, 4S9» Watches the motions of Annibal, while Fabius Maximus besic^g^ Tarentum, 429. Is beaten at Canusium, 429. Renews t)ie charge the next day, and amply redeems the Ropian honour, 430, 431. Retires to Sinuessa, for the refreshment of hk wounded soldiers, 431. Is accused by Bibulus of neglect of duty, ib. Is honourably acquitted and chosen consul a fifth time, 432. Allays a dangerous commotion in Tuscany, ft. Poet not succeed in his desire to dedicate his temple to Honour and Virtue, t^. Is extremely desirous to fight a decisive battle with Annibal, 433. Fixes his camp between Bantia and Veausia, 433. Going with a few horse to reconnoitre a hill, in order to encamp upon it, is killed by a stratagem of Annibal's, 435. An- nibal, after having taken Marcellus' signet, gives the body a magnificent funeral, and sends the ashes in a silver urn to btB son, 436. Marcellus* public donations, 437. The inscription on the pedestal of his statue in the temple of Minerva at Linduf, ib. His posterity continues in great splendour down to Mar* cellus, nephew and son-in-law of Augustus, ib. Marcia^ daughter of Philip, and wife to Cato die philosopher, ▼. 7S* She is married to Hortensius, with the consent of Cato, and vhaa a rich widow Cato takes her agam, 74, 101. MarciuSf or Martins, Numa's lunsman, persuades him to accept the crown which the Romans offered him, i. 174. Starves him- self to death, 205.
, son of Marcius, marries Pompilia, the dau^^hter of Numa,
i. 205. Is the father of Ancus Marcius, ib, Publius and Quintos Marcius supply Rome with water, ii. 174. , Caius Marcius. See Coriolanut*
Philippus, ii. 333.
employed by Catiline to kill Cicero, v« 310.
t , Mount, i. 403.
Marcus Crassus. See Crassus,
jEmiiius Lepidus^ declared chief of the senate by Ptokii
iEmilius, ii. 333. See all the other Marci under their fmflj*
names. Mardian^ conducts the Romans out of Parthia, v. 465, et spgm Mardion^ the eunuch, v. 483. Mardonius, Xerxes' general, ii. 460. Pausaniaa acts as com-
INDEX. chief against him, 470. And Aristidtt at tb'
I killed in the banl« of
4S0 niaoder
of the Athenisiu, 469, 475.
Maren, the graves of those ofCimon near his own, i
Mnrgian fitee\, iii.481.
Margilei, why Deniosthenei called Alexander bjr 878, and n.
Marica, a comedy of Eupolis bo celled, tii. 403.
Marician gro»e, dedicated to the nymph of Marica, iil, 171.
Marios, Cains, had no third name, iii 120. Uta stattieat III 17^1. Stern in hl» countenance, and intractable in hit tion, ih. The diBadTanla^e of his having no knowledge Greek literature, l?S. His parents obscure and indigent! ib. His father's name the same with his, and hisntotluj cinfs, ib. Born ot a village in the territory- of Atpii Makes his first campaign under Scipio at the siege of Kb H. Scijiio Ibreiels that he would one day be a great i IM. When tribune of the people, he proposes a la*' lessened the authority or the patricians in matters of judil will carries it against the consul, ib. Qppo5<^5 the pleben respect lo a distribution of corn, 124. Applies for the a sdile, and loses it, ib. Is accused of bribery in his ft
for the prffitorship, and gains the olfiee with great dift
Goes proprtetor to the Farther Spain, and clears it ofrt 12,'). Marries Julia, of the family of theCwsars, 1S6, of his fortitude hi bearing an operation in sui^ery, ib, takes him as one of his lieutenants in the war against In ib. He practises against Mctellus, and take? every nu recomntcnd himself to the common soldiers, ib, iji?, upon Metellus to pass sentence of death on bis rrieodTtt wfio had lost the toim ofVecca, and iln.n insults him for Applies to Metellus for leave to go and stand for the cM which he gains only twelve days before the election 14 his arrival at Rome, by false charges against MeteUi great promises to the people, he prevails on thenj loeh ft. His insolent speeches against the nobiliij-, ISO. Mariua' quteslor, endeavours to rob Marius of the honouf exph>itB rn AfHca, as Marius had done Metellas, ih. is elected consul again, though absent, in order la hia general against the Teutones and Cimhrt, who n-cre im toward Italy with an army of three hundred thou!>and raei 134. He triumphs for the coniiuest of Jugurtba, who captive, 135. He enters the senate iti his triumphal n» He trains his soldiers to labour, and disciplines then excellent manner, ib. He obtains ft third and fourth ■ulship, because the Romans did not choose to meet t) barians under any ether general, 1 36, 1 87. Ho ei by the river Rhone, and makes u cut in the moi that river, i» order to the supplying of liis camp the with provisions, 137. Tlie Teutones and Ambroues chwH him to battle, 138. He accustoms his men to the uqcou^
^
INDEX. 4S1
terrible looks oif the Miemyy ib. The troope complain of his restraining them from aetioa, 1S9. He makes greBi use of the pretended prophecies of a Syrian woman named Martha, ib. 140. The Teutones attempt his entrenchments, and lose a number of men, 141. They march by, and ask the RoiiHins, whether they have any commands to Rome, 142. Marius follows, and pre- pares for battle near Aquae Sextiie, ib. Pitches up<m a camp that afforded little water, f^. Defeats the Ambrones, 145. De- spatches Claudius Marcellus, to lie in ambush behind the enemy with three thousand men, ib. Defeats them in another battle, it. 146. The troops vote Marius such of the tents as were not plundered, 146. As he is preparing to set fire to piles of the enemy's arms, news is brought him of his being elected consul a fifth time, 147. His joy damped by the defeat of Catullus, by the Cimbri, 148. He goes to Rome, but refuses the triumph that was ofiered him, 149. Joins Catullus, 150. What passed between Marius and the embassadors of the Cimbri, ib. He contrives a new form for the javelin, ib. His answer to Boiorix, king of the Cimbri, who challenges him to battle, 151. The battle described, 151, 152. The desperate behaviour of the Cimbri and their women, on the defeat, 153, 154. Marius gains the honour of the day, though Catullus did the most service, 154. He is called the third fDunder of Rome, ib. He courts the people for a sixth consulship, 155. Timid in popular assem- blies, ib. Obtains the consulship by the assistance of Glauciiis and Saturninus, throws out Metellus, and gets Valerius Flaccus elected his colle^ue, 156. Abets Saturninus in his Agrarian law ; in the murther of Nonius ; and in a clause obliging the se- nate to confiim whatever the people should enact, 157. By means of the snare which lurked in that clause, and Marius' pre- varication, Metellus is banished, 158, 159. Marius acts a double part between the nobility and the seditious tribunes, 159. Sa- turninus and the rest of the cabal fly into the Capitol, but are forced to submit for want of water, 160. Marius tries to save them, but they are despatched by the people, on their coming down into the Forum, to. He declines ofiering himself for the censorship, through fear of a repulse, ib. On the recall of Me- tellus, he takes a voyage into Asia, and endeavours to stir op Mithridates to war, m hopes of being appointed general against him, ib. 161. Bocchus, king of Nomiaia, erects in the Capitol a set of figures, comprising the history of his deliveriog up Ju- gurtha to Sylla, which inflames the jealousy of Marius, ib, A civil war is prevented, for the present, by the breaking out of the Marsian war, or the war of the allies, 162. Marius does not distinguish himself in that war, like Sylla, ib. Yet he kilb six thousand of the enemy in one battle, and suffers not Pompedius Silo, one of their best generals, to take any advantage of him, ib. He lays down his command under pretence of inability, 16S. Yet he solicits the chief command against Mithridates, through the tribune Sulpitius, f^. Takes his exercises in the Campos Martius, like a yowig man, t^. Sulpitius having killed the son
432
I\DKX.
of one of ihe consuls, and |iiit ilie other consul lo fiigfat, ia the comaianil to Marius, Itii, 165. Martus sends twoeCcr Sylla, with ortlcrs that he F^hould deliver up Ihe arm, IS^ SyUa put8 those officers to death, and marcbes ii»ni«(iiiicii Is- ' ward Ilome, i6. Marius, after some cruellies, and a •» ■- | tempt 10 raise forces, flies, ib. His rriends desert him, ti Ifc i retires to Salooiuni, a little villa of liis; and fioat thcnni: Ostia, where he cDibarks, attended anl/ by (iranius, ii. Yov; . Marius ia in dung et, but is saved by a baililf of hts CuhtM^ law MutiuE, and carried toward Itoiue in a cart-load ofbeai^d Young Marius sails for Africa, 166- The elder Marimne i Italy. il>. Distressed by fear of hie old encmieii, his infiroM, ' and bad weather, he goes an slioro at Circocum, i6. In fi« want of provisions, and hunted by Sylta'e soldiers; vtttMR' rages his little company by u prophecy, that he should pa I , feventh consulship, ib. 167. He copies a troop of horvsMb*; | toward him, and with much difficulty gets on board u itad, m. 168. The mariners, after having refused to surrender bints'Jic ' horsemen, set him ashore near the mouth of the river Ijta, a* there desert him, 168. He applies to a cottager to bidrhim,it- On the noise of persons sent by Geminius to search for im. ' he leiivee the cave nhere he was lurking, and pluneus vf ' one of Ihe marshes, 169. He is discovered, and cwiird ^ Minturnte, i&. The nioeistrntes place lum at the hoiue of ft- nia, who had an inveterate aversion to him, iii. She foricO ha resentment, and entertains Marius in the best manner. ITO. Be , is encouraged by an omen, ib. The magistrates of Mintanw < pass sentence of death upon him, ib. The execulioaer, wW ' was either a Gaul or a Cimbrian, trembles at his voice, tai u i ]i(;ht which darted from his eyes, i6. The soldier report* lia u the peoole, and they resolve to conduct him n-herever he tieaKi. 171. They lead him even through the Marcian grove, rt, H( 1 goes on board a vessel provided by one Uelffius, id. 'findtta son-in-law, Graniiis, in the idle of j^naria, iii. Touches sL Si- cily, from whence he escapes with difficulty, a, js inforiMda the inland of Meninx, tliat his son Marius had escaped to Aftio. and was gone to implore succour of Hiempsal, 172. LsMbn Jlfrica, and receives a message from the prictor Sextilius, cn» mandirg him to depart, ib His noble answer, I'fi. "1^,^ iiuti Numiilia detains young Marius at his court : but a Idvc adt«- ture sets him free, and he returns to his father, li. ]73. Tb* omen of two scorpions fighting, puts Marius upon escunina (o i neighbouring island, and soon after he sees a party of Nuniibii horse in pursuit of him, 173. Being informed of the qusmt between the consula Cinnu and Octaviue, he sails to join Cinu with only one thousand men, 173. He arrives at TeUmon, » port of Tuscany, and proclaims liberty to the slaves id C^ lects a considerable force, and tills forty ships, ii. 1 7^ Mslo Cinas an offer of his assistance, which is accepted, ilt Cian declares him proconsul, and sends him the fasces, winch hen- jecls, ib. He cuts off the enemy's convoys at sea, nqd m^hw
INDIX 43$
^ himwlf master of the maritioie towns, ib. Ostia is betrayed to
^ him, ib. He enters Rooae» after having demurred, under pre*
h tence of beinff an exile, 176. He selects a guard from the
^ riaves, and caUs them .hb Bardicans, ii. These put all to
P death, whose salutation Marius does not return, id. Account of
if the dreadful massacres, ib. 177, 178. Marius is elected consul
I the seventh time, and the very day he enters on his office»
. - orders Sextus lacinus to be thrown down tl^ Tarpeian rock, iL
I 179. Finds his faculties fail, ib. Has recourse to the bottle^ ib*
^ Becomes deUrious, 180. Dies at the i^ of seventy, with the
t nbegrin .^f an unfortunate wretch, who had not obtained what he
L waited, ib. His death productive of the greatest joy in Rome,
• 181. His son treads in the steps of his cruelty, ma comes to
an untimely end, ib» ^ Marius^ son of Caius Marius, iii. 165. Goes to beg succours of
f Hiempsal, king of Numidia, 17^ Is detained at his court, but
^ makes his escape by the assistance of a young woman that fell
I in love with him, ib. 173. Is beaten by Sylla, 270. Flies to
IVseneste, 9^2. Kills himself, 278. Cdsxts, See Celsus.
J
, Marcus, proscribed by Sylla, and killed by Catiline, iii. 278.
-s Marcus, a Roman officer, sent by Sertorius to act as ge-
nana far Mithridates, iii. 887, S43. iv. 32. -' mules, who so called, iii. 1S6.
k MarphadateSf a Cappadocian prince, husband to Psyche, with
■ whom young Cato had aaiatrigae, v« 122.
4 Marriage. Customs and ceremonies relating to it at Rome, i. 71*
s Romulus' laws coneecning it, 88. Regulations of Lycurgos,
i 1 33, 1 34*. And of Solon, about it, 247, 2/bS.
I fMarrudnianif ii. 307.
It Affirm, given out as father of Romulus and Remus, L 51.
9 fMara. Sylla persuades them to declare for the Romans, iii. 2SS.
,i Marsvas^ put to death by Dionysiusibe Elder, for a dream, vi. 10.
i Mariaaf a Syrian prophetess, dressed np by Marius with great
i pomp. She attends him in his expeditions,^ and he makes great
f use of Jier predictions, iii. 1399 1^»
I Martuu See Marcia.
\ Martial^ epigram of, iii. 23^ n.
! Mariia&Sy a tribune, vi. 237«
Martianrntf a gladiator, vi. 217.
Mariiiu Mes^ marries Tertia, sister of Clodius, v. 828.
, V. 340.
MarvUuMj a tribune of the people deposed hf Cosar, it. 429.
Masinissa^ king of Numidia, nis wars with the .Carthaginians, ii. 529. A steady friend to the Romans, 530.
Masistius^ a Persian officer, behaves witli great courage, ii. 4€7* Is killed in baUle bv the Athenians, 468.
fMasakm^ or MarseiUes, dty of, founded by Frotus, a merdiant, i. 221, and it.
vox.. VI. 2 F
434 INDEX.
Massilians inclose their vineyards with the bones of Uii
in die battle between tliii Romans and the Teutones, Malronalia, a feast in honour of the KoniBn tnatroci,
having put an enil to the war between tbe Sabmet
mans, i, bS. Matutn, Mater, the temple of a goddess so called br Uaf
i. 367. ^
Mauritcus, what he aoid to the senate of Rome, vi. SI8. ^Mauritania, i». 12. MaziTut, upon the impression inade on Parmenio by tlM
horse, sends a party round to tall on those «rbo gvi
ander's baggage, iv. 291 . Alexander's munificence
ofMazsuB, 303. Mea!, no sacrifice lo be made without it, i. 192. Mrcenas, v. 458. Mechanics first cultivated as a branch of pbilosaohvtf
and Archyta?, ii. 408. *^ ^^
Media, wife of ^geus, i. 13. Supposed to have «mI
naphtha the crown and veil which she gave Creo&V
+M«/m, their habits, iv. 310. *
\Medica, ii. 295.
Medimnus. A sheep and a medimnus of corn, earii it
drachma in Solon's time, i. 252. Of wheat, sold IbrI
drachmas in time of famine, iii. 249. i
■fMediolanum. See Milan. t
Medius, a friend of Antigonus, his dream, v. 380. '
Medon, son of Codrus, the first Archon at Athens. Ltf,* Megabacchus, famed for his strength and courace alhtai
CrassuE, iii. 483. Kills hiroself, 4S5. ' .
Megabales, son of Snithridates, a favourite of Aee^tmot, i MegahzHs, Alexander's letter to him, iv, 306. Megacics, Archon of Athens, involves the city in tlie bu
lege, in the affair of Cylon, i. 232. ^
, father of Dinoraache, and Krandfather of
ii. 112.
thei
' Alcmaion, heads a party of tbe AtlH reaking into factions after the departure of St~ ~ ituE obtains a guard, and -Megacles tlies, 266.
, a friend to Pyrrhua. Pyrrhus tells him, that*
of the Roman army has nothinp of the burbarian in
Pyrrhus changes his dress with him; upon which he
and killed, 89.
i ' — , hrothei
SyracuMDi, vi. 28 Megaltstu belonged
vi. 203. Megalopolis, taken by Cleomenet, iii. 6.
Dion, joined in commiasion with I ) the court of Philip, the son of
- . inhabitai
and restored by Philopccroen, t6. Hard pressed by Ni
ef Lacediemoo, 17.
INDEX. ^35
'^M€gara in Macedonia^ i. 11» 31, 36. iii* 66.
• ' — in Sicily, ii. 415.
-« ■■ , restored to liberty by Demetrius, v. 371 .
Megarensians take Nissa, and recover Salamis iVom the Atlieniaiis,
1.232. Their manner of sepulture, 230. The Athenians forbid
them to set foot on their territories, ii. 44« They are united to
the Athenians by Phocion, v. 18. Megellus migrates from £lea to Agrigentum, which had been
ruined by the Carthaginians during the Athenian war, ii* 271. Megistonous marries the mother of Cleomenes, v. 160. Taken
prisoner by Aratus, vi. 191. rMdanckoly. Aristotle observes that persons of genius have some- thing of it, iii. 189. Melamppusy son of Theseus by Perigune, i« 10. Has a son named
loxus, ib. Melanopus the orator, v. 266. MelaniaSf vi, 135. Melanihius the elegiac poet, iii. 297.
, what he said in praise of Phocion's wile to a player,
V. 23, 24. MelatUkus of Sicyon, the celebrated painter^ vi. 164. fMelaSt river, navigable from it's source, iii. 261. Swells about ' the summer solstice like the Nile, and produces the same plants,
ib. Meleager^ Theseus assists him in killing the boar, i. 37. iMelians^ Inhabitants of Melos, one of the Cyclades, Alcibiades the
chief cause of the slaughter among them ; yet he thinks he does ■ the island great honour by cohabiting with one of it's women, ii. : ! 134. Lysander re-establishes them, iii. 204.
iMeUbad^ a city in Magnesia, ii. 377. feliceries. Ceremonies in the worship of him, i. 31.
MelisippidaSj iv. 70.
Mdissusj the philosophef, Themistocles studies under him^ i. 313^
— — -, admiral of Samos, beats the AthenianS| ii. 40. But is af- terward defeated by Pericles, ib.
^MeUt€f an Athenian borough, L 230* v. 244
fMelitea, dty ot\ iu. 260.
MelituSf a torch-bearer, iv. 1 91 •
'\MeUariay iv. 16.
MeUirens. See Irens.
MelvUU^ Lord Viscount, i. 414', it.
Melotij one of the assoQiiEites of Pelopidas in delivering Thebes, ii. 349. ) f
Memmus, Caius, accuses the tiro Lucolli, iii. 881. ▼• 78.
, Pompey's sister's hnsband. Pompey, after he had re- duced Sicfly for Sylla, left him governor there, iv. 137.
— , Pompey's lieutenant, killed in battle by Sertorius,
iv* 28. Memnon^ the most able of Darius' generals, iv. 266. His dtath^
ib. He was husbnnd of Barnne, 272. -f Memphis^ one of the^iroaden of Egypt, ill 329*
its*
f-
INDEX.
i of the Athenian gcnerale, defeated b; Ij
1S6
Menatider,
at ^go» Polamos, ii. 168, 169.
officer Bent by Mithridates to intercept one i
lui
I cotnmiseioD with l^iciaa, iii. 4S9.
;, iSO.
e of Antigonus' baggage, n. Si.
, tlie poei, alludtis i Pamphylian wa, iv. """ Menas, a Eea-officer u
Atexander's
r Septus PompeiuF, pr(^>05es Ii
method to make the whole Roman empire his ovo, *. tSI fMende, castle of, iii. SOi. \Mendes in Egypt, the prince of it solicits the &vour
latu. iv. 121. Meneclidaf. from a principle of envy, endeavours to set «
against Epaminondas and Peloptdas, JL 371, Is tut
Thebans, 572. "
Mcnecratcs, llie historian, i. 33.
■ , an officer in the nary of Seztus Pompetw; t
, the physician, W. 97.
Menedemm, au officer of the bed-chamber to I,ucuUm, i__
master from an attempt of Oltiiacus upon his life, iii, S*9 \MeTidaus' haven in Africa, Agesilaus dies there, iv, ICS. Mendaiii, brother to Ptolemy kin^ of Egypt, it Mt
suncndera to Demetrius, v. 377. Menfmncfitii and Mtron, sent by Mitbridites to intncnti I
convoy ; but ihclr troops are fdatost totally cut otTbvAwn,! Meuenius Agrippa, appeases a aedition, by reciting s Wt^
people, ii, 181. Menes, See Mcnas, Mencslhes, one of the young men sent nith Theseus bv wl
bute to Crete, i. 19. Meneitheus, stirs up the Athenians against Theseas, and B
reins of government, i. 40,41. The first, who underioi
a demagogue, 40. Quietly possesses the kingdom of
45. Hrs death, ii.
iii, 172.
, the o
island, at which Marius touches in his flight M
r, hfls R principal command under PericJes, ii. fi5. ■■ , the Cariiin, a rhetorician, visited by Cicero t. !
Menaxini, son o<' Creon, derDies himself t« death for his
■ 'if. see, 71.
Menoii, Phidias* scfrelar, accuses him, and Phidias dies ta
'-'^R:'47, 4ft. .
— T — , coinmaiids the Tliesaalonian horse in the Persiaa
fion; v.SO.vi. 120, ». 134. Tlie father of Phthia, iii. 66. Mc'ilor, brother of Mi^mnun, gffs with Eumitnes to Ala)
K'hcn he has a certain MtupUiint lo make, iv. S9.
a^
INDEX 4ST
^ienylhi commands the gtirisoii which Antipater put iti Athens, . ▼• 33. Offers Phodcm a sum of money, which he refuses, 35» 36. )fircedintiS9 or MercedoniuSf the Roman intercalary month §o
called, i. 199. iv. 426. kXrrcAan/, the profession of, honourable, i. 221. Solon follows it
some time, 220. Ilinrcury, i. 33. His statues, ii. 138. iii« 302, n. Many of them
defaced in one night at Athens, il. 138. iii. 418. 9 ■ '■ of .^Bgeus' gate, i. 14.
}ferope9 daughter of Erectheus, and mother of Dsedalus, i. 21. UiniifAi. See Cornelius. Vesabate^ the eunuch, won of Artaxerxes at dice, by Parysatis,
and ordered to be flayed alive, for having cut off the head and
hand of Cyrus, v. 133. )tesolabesy mathematical instruments, ii. 408* 'Mesopotamia, See the Life of Crassus. Vtessalay father of Valeria, the wife of Sylla, iii, 281. -**-- Corvinus, a friend of Cassius and Brutus, fights in the right
wing of their army at Philippi, vi. 95. His generous answer to
Augustus, J 07.
-, consul with Domitius, iv. 194.
'Mcssana^ or Messenay in Sicily, ii. 255. iii. 99. v. 102. vi. 53.
Messapiatis, iii. 83. ▼. 135.
Messene in Peloponnesus, the fertility of the lands about it, i. 122, «• Re-established by Epaminondas, iv. 114. Freed from the tyrant Nabis by Philopccmen, iiu 16.
)IessengerSf of Harpalus find a disagreeable reception from Pho* cion, V. 25.
VdageneSf continues building the Parthenon, which was begua by Coroebus, ii* 23.
Hetageitnionf the month so called, i. 290. v. 286.
'Metapontum^ ii. 94.
MeteUOi See CcecUia Metella.
\IeUlluS9 Quintus, his invidious observation upon Tiberius Grac- chus, V. 214.
« , Quintus, why called * Cder,* i. 64. Married a sister
of Clodius, ▼. 328.
, the chief pontiff, marries his daughter to Sylla, iii. 239.
His death, iv. 364.
-, Caius, calls upon Sylla to declare whom he will save.
and whom destroy, iii. 276.
, or, as Plutarch calls him, Metilius Cimber, gives the
signal for the attack upon Csesar in the senate-house, iv. 434.
, Quintus Csecilius, called * Numidicus,' is general in the
war against Jugurtha, iii. 126. Takes Marius for his lieutenant, by whom he is supplanted, ib. 127. His firmness and dignity of mind, 155. A saying of his, 158. Banished, 159. Recalled, 160.
, son of the former, iii. 175.
PiuSf invites Pompey to his assistance, iv. 134. Refuses
the challenge of Sertorius, iv. 18. Lays siege to the city ot
oMinuiius, ii. 76. SetaopMi»|
488 INDEX.
LangobriUe, but is Torced to raise it, i6. la wouBded am !» f guntum, iv. SS. Promises a hundred treats and twoc; liMc > •and acres of land to the man that should kill Sertoriiu.S. B vanity upon an advaatage gained or Sertorius, i6. Gtgm Is urioug as he advances in years, iv. 17.
MeleUus Crdiaa, a rehitioo or the former, 17. 160. Beoc^s pirates in one of the towns of Crete, i6. Pompejr cmoom faini to desist, and he refuses, ib. 161.
■ Sepos, tribune of the people, *. 69. Oppoiet C**
opening the treasury at Rome, 399, 4O0. A decree bem«pi« and the means he used to get it passed, v. 75 — 77. Dihf[A cd by Cato, 76. 77. His behaviour to Cicero, v. 319, SSO
Scipio, V, S09. Father-in-law to Pompey, it. 19fi. i
MeUoroUtehte, iii. 432. iMethone, n. 163. fMclhydrium, v. 158. Metitittt, the tribune, kinsman
tius against Fabius Maxiraus. Mctacia, a festival instituted by Theseus, in rememtnwmf A
people of Attica removing to Athens, i. 29. ' Melon, the astrologer, lo prevent his soo'it goioe npon ibt Sc-
lian expedition, burns his own house, ii. 136. iii. 419.
, the Tarentine, feigns himself drunk, to exdte llwatM-
tion of the Tarentines, i^ea he wanted to dissuade tkfl fivn
calling in Pyrrhus, iii. 82. Melrol/iui, a player, and favourite of Sylla, iii, 282.
, the Athenian, iii. 307-
Metrodorus, counsellor to Mithridates, and lionouredviOiilbe tiia
of his father, iii. S57. Put to death by him for wontot fiieto?
in an embassy to Tigranes, 35S. Metron, iv. 315. Micion commands a parly of Macedoniaus, v.
killed by Phocion, 30.
• ', the Athenian, opposes Aratus, vi. 195, Micipsa, sends the Romans a supply of corn, by way of co^
ment to Caiua Gracchus, and his embassadors are turned e«''
the senate, v. 225. Midas, iv. 266, 366.
Midias, an Athenian exile, begs Sylla to spare the city, itj. 35!. ■ Demosthenes drojis his accusation against tiim for a 10
of money, ¥. 265. \Mieza, a lawn. Aristotle erects a school of Philostmhy tbrt
for the people of Stagira, iv, 248. iMilan taken by the Romans '■- 397. What passed becwMB di
people and Augustus Ctrsar, vi. 1 12. MtUsiacs, obscene compositions of Aristidcs, iii. 495. fAWrtw, iii. 211. iv. 26t, 358. The people at war with
Samos, ii. 3(i. Uiiilari/ tribunes, ctccrcd for a time by the Rmuaas inrtprt J
cpnsuls, L S61, Thgir number, ib-
Udettiuiwi
INDEX. 4S9
J\IUot detached by Perseus to oppose Scipio Nasica in his attempt*
* ing an entrance by the mountains^ ii. SOI. J* » a candidate for the consulship,, v. 96.
* ■ 9 Annius, the tribune, seizes and kilb Clodius, v. SS4. De- i fended by Cicero, ib, 335.
Mibasoi Thessaly, a diviner and friend of Dion, vi.21. C MikiadeSf the first in dignity and authority of the ten Athenian I generals at Marathon, ii. 461. The olive crown denied him after his victonr» iii. 303. The father of Cimon, 299. His \ trophy excites the emulation of Themistocles, i. 9. Is fined and I dies in prison, iii. 297.
ilftAo, the fiivourite concubine of Cyrus the Younger. See As* I pasia.
^ MmaOoneSf the Bacchanals so called, iv. 240> 24>1. Mina^ the value of it increased by Solon, i. 238. MindaruSf the Spartan admiral, ii. 154. Defeated by AlcibiadBa>
and slain, 156. Minds. Great minds productive of great vices as well as great fir* I tues, ii. 175. Minerva the Syllanian, L 119. Ootiletb, i. 127* The Itonian^ av. 92. She communicates to rericles a remedy in a dream, ii. 24. Her peplum or veil, v. 372, and n. The golden statue of her made by Phidias^ ii. 25. Her image brought from Troy, i. 387* Her temple at Athens called * Parthenon,' ii. 23. Her temple at Sparta called * Chalcicecus,' v. 145. Mines. Gold-mines beloDging to the Thrasians, iii. 31 3. Silver mines at Laurium. See Laurium .
iMinoa^ island of, iii. 406. vL 25. finoSf demands tribute of the Athenians on account of his soa Androgeus havine been killed in Attica^ 1. 15. Institutes games in honour of An^oseus, 16. Pursues Daedalus, is shipwrecked on the coast of Sicily and dies, 21. Two of that name kings of Crete, 23. Why abused by the dramatick poets at Athens, 17. Minotaur 9 the Cretan monster, slain by Theseus, i. 20. fMintunutf Marius lurks in the marshes near it, but is taken and
brought before the magistrates of that place, iii. 169. Minudus^ or Minutius^ chosen dictator, but obliged to quit his
office for the crying of a rat, ii. 394. — — , Marcus, one of the first quaestors, i. 288.
■ ' ■> Thermus, tribune of the people, v. 76*
f Caius, i. 274. Lucius, appointed by Fabius Maximus his general, of
horse, ii. 69. His vanity and presumption, 72. Gains som# advantage of Anoibal i« the absence of Fabius, 77. Persuade* the people to give him equal authority with the dictator, 78. Is worsted by Annibal, and seasonably relieved by Fabius, 81 » 8^ His submission and speech to Fabius, 83, 84.
Mirades, Plutarch's opinion of them, i. 370. See Prodigies.
Mirrors^ concave ones, by which the fire of Vesta was to be re* kindled, L 183.
fMisenum. Marius* villa there, iii. 163.
440 INDEX.
MUfirlunes, la what cases a trial, ii. 90, 91.
Mithra, it's Mysteries, W. 154.
Mit/iras, or Mithra, the sun worsliijipod ander that Persians, tv.287. vi. 118.
Mithridates, king of Pontiis, galliers strength after hli becomes a formidable enemy to the Romans, it. 5% • endeBvours to provoke him to declare war, iii. 161. iA ensues, and Sylla is appointed to the connnand oF it, 9t6. Ki intemew and peace with Sylla, 265, 266. Before thi* b> U caused a hundred and fitly thousand Romans to be ttaatenii Asia in one day, 266. He leaves Pergamus, and ahoU iHEl up in Fitane, 330. Taught by experience rather to prapwiti troops by exercise, than to fumieh Lheni with spleodid armK — " Marches to surprise Cyei cum, 338, Account of hi
I there till provisions e • '•■ ■-'
:tremely scarce iii bis own cup, ai Takes tbe opponesiii . . Jld have beeMAnbj
had not the avarice of the Roman soldiers preiatti Orders his wives and sisters to be put to dwdi, HI lis son.in-law Tigranes, 352. Encouraged that jna defeat, 369. Offers to supply Serlonus with mm^ and ships, which that general, though an exile, trill not iccrfi but upon certain conditions, iv, 31, 33. His saying upon ii, i'~ ax.... ..., :„ |,.;g p^^p j,y pompey, 165. His dream, )i. Ifift-
obliged to relinquish it, 340, 341 ^ •f a siorm to make his escape, 341 . V
it, 350. . Flies tc
The 6<itk Deliven poiwn tn
feated, and flies with only three friends, I<
services of his concubine Hypsicratia, (A.
each of his friends, ib. J67. Hia memoirs and letwu between
him and Monime, 172. His de.ith, 177. — ■ , the ton of AriobarzaneE
and Demclrius, v. 366.
, the Parthian, hisadvice to Antony, v. 470,471.
, rewarded by AriaiierxeS for wounding Cyrw, r.
129. Put to death for claiming the honour of what bo had ^ott<
131.
laiive of Pontus, laughs at Galba's trithnTid fc and bald head, vi. 22S. Is put to death by Galba, S24.
, king of Commagene, v. 484.
Mitkrobarzanes, sent by Ti^ranes against Lacullug, Jji, fg^ |i killed in buttle, rs63.
Miil'ropaustea, nephew to Xerxes, his saying to I>eBiarallW, ^M his ambition to wear a diadem, and to be carried in pomp iJmMl Sardis, i. S53. r "r -v
\Mitytene, i. 237, ». iv. 221.
\MityUMar.i, punished by Lucullue for having joined Mariitf Mtr, iii. 831, 932. Set up Pittacus as prince, i. 296. '
Mnatithewt, a friend of Aratus, *L 158.
Mnemon. See ArlaierxBS.
Mneiklet, the Athenian architect, fivo years tn finiahine ihepoi' lico of the citadel, ii. 24. » r"
M'letiphilui, Tliemistocles' preceptor in political koowkdnk ^
INDE3L: 4*1
Mnesiptolema^ Themistocles* daughter, devoted to Cybele by the
direction of that goddess, i. 355. MnesthetiSf the notice taken of him by Homer, iii. 803« Mnestra^ one of Cimon'g mistresses, iii. 299.
Mo£fe<(/y, the ornament of the fair sex, i. 212. -
Molo^ Apollonius, Cicero and Caesar attend his lectures at Bbodes.
See AfoUonitu. fMolosstanSf i. 40. iii. 65, et tej. Molus, river, iii. 259. Mohadia^ an Amazon, i. 35. Mciossusj an Athenian general, v. 17* Monarchy^ Scion's dislike and reiiisal of that authority, i« 235, 29T*
An enemy to eloquence, which is befriendedbydempcracy, 371>ii«
Cast off, and detested by the Romans, iv. 392. MoneseSf a Parthian nobleman, revolts to Antony, but soon deserti
him, V. 460, 461. Moneta, her temple, i. 84, 408. Money^ of the ancient Romans, had the impression of an ox^
sheep, &c i. 287. , i^ ■ ' ■* See Lucullian. Athenian, why stamped with the figure
of an ox, i. 30, 287.
Gold and silver money prohibited by Lycurgus, and
heavy iron money introduced, i. 124. Gold and silver, when
brought in again, proves the ruin of Sparta, 159. The scarci^
of it at Athens in the time of Solon, 252. See Bribery. Monime, refuses all the offers of Mithridates, except that of nar«
riage, iii. 351. Lives unhappy, id. Attempts to hang hendf
in her diadem, and it breaks, 35 L Month, intercalary. See Merddinus* Months, the Roman, whence named, i. 199. Do not answer to Ibe
Grecian months, 65. Numa adds two to the calendar, 200. The
irregularity of the Grecian, ii. 262, fi. Monuments, the custom of pouring oil upon them very ancient,
iv. 26(^ 261. Moon. See Edipse.
t considered as a goddess, iiL 243. Moons, three seen at Ariminum at one time, before the defeat of
the Gauls by Flaminius, ii. 392. \Mar%us, river, iii* 256. Mother Earth. See Vesta. Mothers, what goddesses so called, ii. 420, ». Mountains, what the height of the highest, ii. 301. Mourning, the time allowed for it at Romey !• 187. And at Sparta,
153. Mucianus, general of the army in Syria when Galba is dedaieA.
emperor, vi, 247. Mulberry, Sylla's face compared to one strewed over with meal,
iii. 281. Mules. See Marha^ mules. MunmiuSf Luchis, who destroyed Corinth, preveBts the defiicbg
of Philopamen's monutnent, iii. 89. GtUD» the cnraUK rf Achaiiu, 120. Mummiiu, the lieuteaant of Crauus, defeatctl by Spatt>CH,n.
er to Antony, v. +33. . 56, 79. The difiereace betwaco U and Cato, 85. Ttiey are reconciled, 87. •fMunda, acity of Spain, iv, 421.
Mundui, the name of the ditch drawn about the place trhereRM was erected, i. €4.
MunicMrm, the month to called, i. 19. iii. 205. v. 43, 389.
Munycktu, i. 43.
Murtsna, comniaDds the left wing of Sjlla's army in the baBfefUl
ArchelauG near Cheereneo, iii. 256.
, LacuUua* lieutenant, blocks up the city of Amiis, 2.
346. Pursues and defeats Tigtanes. S63. -, Lucius, chosen consul with SilanuB, v. 309. Acaaeidt
bribery by Cato, v, 70. Is acquitted, 71. Behaves to « i<7
respeclfut manner to Cato, 70, 71, 77. Marcuf, vi. 240. Muiieus, the poet, buried in, and gives name to, the MiMMBlt
Athens, i. S4, n. Mtue, of silence, celled Tacita, i. 179. Muses, their temple, iii. 256. Museum, at Athens, i. 3 K
Musk allied to war, i. liS, J46. The Lacedaemonian rouuc, 1(6- Mathos. See Mylhoii. MtUia, wife of Pumpey, false to his bed while he is upoo hi& Atia-
tic expedition, iv. J79. He divorces her, ib. \Mviina, or Modeno, Antony beaten there, v. +4| . Mulius, or Mttciui, why called • SacA'oIa,' i. S95, 296. Attempt!
to kill Porsena, 395. Mistakes and burns off bis richt bmti
ib. 296. , father-in-law of Marius, iii. 165. His bailifl* saves youM
Marius by sending him off in a toad of beans, ib.
, a retainer to Tiberius Gracchus, made tribune ibroagh bti
interest, v. 213.
Scarvola the lawyer, iii, 982. v. 20S, 295.
iMvcalf, Mount, 11. 5, »■ Battle of, ii. 31*.
f Aiycenitans, colony in Africa, settled by Hercules, iv. 13,
fAfygdonia, iii. 374.
\Mylassa, v. 23.
MjfTo and Menemoehus. See Menemachm'.
MyrocUs the orator, ». 267.
Myron, the person who managed the charge agairiM ilie per«oiH
called • eifecrable," in the (--lue of Cylon, i. 232. Myronides, the Athenian orntiir und statesman, ii. 478.
INDEX. 4i»
iMtfrrhimu a borOugh of Attica, ▼• 261, n.
MyrtiluSf cup-bearer to Pyrrbus. GreloD attempts lo bring bint
into a plot to poison his master, but he discovers the plot to.
Pyrrbus, iii. 71. Mursilus the historian, vi. 155. An/rtle sacred to Venus, ii. 424. MyrtOj grand-daughter of AHstides, ii. 489. Socrates is said to
have married her out of charity, ib. -^Mysia, vi. 247. Mysteries of Ceres, v. S3. Mimicked by Alcibiades, ii. 188. L
39, It. Demetrius admitted to them, contrary to all the nileSy
V. 389. Muthosy or MuthoSf a name given to Demetrius, because he bad
his Lamia^ v. 390. \MuHlene, declared by Pompe^ a free city, iv. 178. \myus^ a city given to TbenoistQcliM, to supply him with meatt
i. 354.
N.
NAB AT HE AN Arabs. Demetrius marches against th^m, and
brings off considerable booty, v. 368. NabiSf tyrant of Lacedsemon, surprises Messene, iii. 16. But fliea
on the approach of Philoposmeti, i6. At war with the Romans
and Achaeans, 18. Slain by the ^tolians, 20. NaiUy Agnon the Teian wears silver ones in his shoes, iv. 303. Names of distinction among the Greeks, iii. 121. Roman, iii. 120.
Grecian and Roman, iL 187. Naphtha^ a kind of bitumen found in the provinces of BabyloUi tv,
296. Easily catches fire, t& See Medea* f Naples, ii. 400. fiVarma, iii. 32. Naska^ Publius, why an enemy to Tiberius Gracchus, v. 213.
Insists that the consul shall proceed against him as a tyrant, 219,
Leads a party to the Capitol, which kills him, 220. Thesenate»
after this, send him embassador into Asia, because he is become
extremely obnoxious to the people, ib. He dies near Pergamus,
ib. See Sdpio Nasica. Naucrates, the orator, persuades the cities of Lycia to oppose
Brutus, vi. 85. \Nauplia, iii. 112. NausUheuSf Theseus' pilot, i. 18* iNaxos, i. 22, 23. The victory of Chabrias and Phocion there, r,
9. Colonised by Pericles, ii. 19. Nealces the painter, vi. 165. Endeavours to dissuade Aratus fiom
destroying a capital painting of a tyrant, ib. Neandery a jroung man who assisted in carrying off Pyrrbus i|i )u9
infancy, id. 66. NeapoUsy part of Syracuse, ii. 416. Nearchusy the Pythagorean, ii. 495.
7
INDEX,
Nearchiis, tb« Crelan, uses hit intereat wilb Antigoiiai M Mt i
Eumenes, but tails in ihe atleaint, iv. 65. |
, banished Macedon by Philip, but Mibeequently trfiM ;
by Alexander, iv. 254-. Alexander's admiral, n. 39. Cto ,
Alexander an account of his voyage, iv. S51 .
AgesilMu tleurtiTidn |
Necromancy,
JfeOanaHs, revolis rrcim Tachoi, iv. I
"jctanabiB. 120. Neleni, the Scepsian. Theoplirasius bequeatlis to
Ni?. Sfinm, the courtesan,
Netnean games. See Games.
Neoclioruf of Haliartus. kills Lysandcr, iii. 226.
Neades, father of Theniistocles, 1. Sll.
, Bon DfTheoitslocles, i. 357-
Neon, theBccotian, ii. 311,
^'eoptoleniiis, son of Achillea, settles in Epin
-"u of kings, iii. 65.
, raised to the tlirone by the Molouianx, wheo itiCT
I Pyrrhug, iii. 69. Pyrrhita returns, and assocuM
He agrees, or it is pretended thit
nmgof Pyrrhus, 71. U killed by !>-
I to htBi^k^JI^^^
F and leares i In;
revolted fro
him in the government, 7 he agrees, to the poi rhus, ib.
: of Mithrldates' officers, beaten by Laaiflw «
i. 331.
, captain of Alexander's life-guard, after iWletth aT
that prinre, endeavours to lessen the reputation of EnmeM, i*. 3ft, 39. Is defeated and killed by Eumenes, 47.
, father of Olympias, iv. 239, n.
Scplune, worshipped by the Troeaeniatis a* their tutelar ddty i". His temple in Calauria, v. 2S7. His titles of ' A«phaliu»,*'L«T. '.Gaieochus,' ib. • The Equestrian,' 70. His temple at Sptiu, V, 149. Theseus repMted to be his son, J. 7-
Nero. In him Antony's oSspring gain the iinpcrinl power, for be wa» the fifth in descent from Antony, v. .TO8. ProfUims libem to Greece at Corinth, iii. 47. His great enormities, »i, S23. R( kills his mother, and almost ruins the Roman empire, itt. ' Hit rage upon being informed tliat Ualba was declared emocror S15- Hii death, 217. '
fNervii, the most warlike of the Belgs, defeated bv Cwmt i* 382,383. ' v.«>«, •
Xeutvrs, in lime of sedition, infamous by Scion's law, ;. 34^
Nieita, widov of Alexander of Corinth, is married to DemMiMt. and Antigonus gets the citadel ul'(\irinLh from her, vi IBs i£9.
Sicagorai of Trcezene, makes a decree very favourable to the wives and children of the Athcni:iDS, who retired tlutjicr unoa Ihe invasion of Xerxei, i. S26, 327- ^^
— ; the Messenian, a secret enemy to Clcomenos, r. |9l.
Nicanor, sent to receive £umene«j who wm delivernl tut bv4k Argyraspides, iv, 63. ^^ "V^
INDEX. «M
iMocMTy the oooMBiiMioii of Menyllut in MKnychia given hmi by OaflMnder, y. S7. His inn dependence on Fhocion, 38« < He makes an attempt apoo tlw Piraaus, S9»
NiearckMif great»grandiatlwr to Plutarch , t. 491.
^Nice in Bidiytiia, it's historjr by Menecnites» i. 83.
Jifkeraimt, father of Niciaa^ lii. S99.
■ » tiie poet, the contest between him and AntimacbuSt
wbioh^oiild write the best poem in pause of Lyatoderfiii. ^10,211.
MMfof Engwoo^ ii. 4®0. -
NioiAs, son ef Miceratos, ili. S99. Yaunger than Pericie8» yet often his coHegoe in tbewafa, H* The nobility hope be will profo a barrier against the insolenoe jof Cieon, 4flO« Ho is oqnaily favoored by the people, i&. l^ahirally timid and cold* beavted, iL Applies bis weakb to the purposes of popobuntyy paitioaUriy ia pabbc OKbibitions, iL £nfraaehises a abmst *who bad appeared with apfdause in the character of Baeebosb 401. His regulations with respect to the cboras that was sent to the isle of Ddos in honour ef Apollo, s6« He coase- crates a palan-tree of brass, and a piece of ground to AnoUo, 402. Is pious to a degree df superstittoo, i6. Has auven-minea in the borough of Laurioai, io. 40S. Gives money, not only to those who dMenred his bounty, but to such as might be abio to do him harm, 403. Goes seldom into company, and pretends to he for ever intent upon the business of the state, 404. Uir.re* tainer Hiero holds oat (these pretences to the people, ih. His life is, in fact, a life of great fear and care, 405. When be takes the command, bo makes it his business to proceed Jipan a sure pUm, ik Talcas Cythera, 406. Eacovers many places in Thrace, t^. Makea himself master of Ihe isle of Minoa, land the port of Nissea, t& Defeats the Megarenaians and Corin* tbians, iL Chooses to lose his trophy, rather than leave two of his men unburied, id. 407. Takes die tetress of Thyna^ 407. His enemy Cieon, who had prerental a peace with the Lace- idftmonians, now raises a clamour .against him about the aie|^ of Pylos, 406. Nicies gires up to him tlw command, ib. Ho is no sooner dear of Cleon, than Alcibiadijs begioB to oppose km in the admmistratiosi, 410. I4cvevtheless, he efGratuatesa'peaco with the Lacedasmonians, 411. Alcibiades endeairoura to em- broil the two powers again, and draws the Lacedssmonian em- bassadom from Nicias br-felse promilea, 4iS* Nidas desiras to be sent to Sparta, to aiQust the matters in dispute, but does not succMd in that comBsission, >4i4. The quarrel rises so liigh between Nicias and Alcibiades, that the people propoee io;mi- nish one of them by the Ostraoism, 415. Nicias and Alcibiades join interests, and oarn the Ostracism upon Hyberbdus, 416* The .A^gesteans and Leontines desiring the Athenians to under- take the Sicilian .expedition, Nicias o«>oses it, but is over-raled by the arts of Alcibiades, 4i7. Though appointed general along with Aldhmdes and Lamachus, he still protesu againit the war, i6. i/2Kk His timid pfoceedmgs io the conduct. df it.
+t6 INDEX. i
4^ Alcibiades being called home, to tmke bia trial Tor itbd^ i the Uenne and profaniDg the Mvfiterie*, Nicias hat ihnhkf ' suihorily, 4'21> He lays siege to the little town of HTbU,tni< <loeB not take it, 4S3. Rases Hyccara, ii. Draws the frm- cusan forces to Catana by stratagem, and in the mean bK seaex the ports of Syracuse, and encamps in on advkou^ eitaation, i6. 42<t. Attacks, with soiiie success, the &ji*a^ OR their return, 424. Prevents his troops from takiog tk temple of Jupiter Olympius, i6. Winters in Naxo*, adnk- Iween Syracuse and Catatin, il/. The Syracusans tnakeniMff excursion as for as Cataiia, 425. Nicias, who is as TigMovi executing as he is slow in resolving, reluros lo Syractue, pat the peninsula of Thapsos, and geU possession of Epip^, i , Beats not only the Syracusan infantry, but ilieir cataln. >: Encloses Syracuse almost entirely with a wall, ili. litataiiil, I and during'his illness Lainaclius is defeated tty the SyiaoMiih 436. Saves his camp by setting iire to the machines btAn the entrenchments, ill. The cities declare for him, and suncWW with provisions in great abundance, 4S7. Treaia Gylippw ^ contempt, who comes to Syracuse with a large army, anil oSm him a safe conduct, provided he will quit iiiciiy, 491. Pciao that general in the first en^ngeinent, ib. Is beaten in the k- cond, 439. Falls into his old despondence, and applies to the Atb- nians, either for another army, or else lo bu n-called, 0- Thty send him a reinforcement and money by Kuryrocdan, ti. He gains some advantage by sea, ib. Loses the fart of Pktnmj- rium, in which were lodged the Athenian stores and toaaeif, 430. Is forced by his collegues, Menandur and Euthjdcmtis, t^ give battle at sea, and is beaten, ib. DeniostheDetaitivnoilli a tbrmidable fleet, 4S1. He, too, is ambitious to cobio nnme- diately to a decisive action, ib. Nicias represents to bim tbc SyracuBuns' want of money, and their being tired of Gyli|^ but cannot prevail upon him to wait, ib. ^^2. DenuMthsna »■ tacks Epipolffl in the night, and has tiome ndvantage at ficM, tM proceeds ton far, and is entirely defeated, ii. 433. "^
gives hia opinion for returning to Athena ; but N, ____
itnpcachraenis there, opposes it, 433, 434. Fresh forcw o
in to the Syracusans, and sickness prevailing in the Atl
ramp, Niciaii ngrees to return, 434. Loses his opportunily I* his superstitious fears of an eclipse of the moon, H, ItUK upon his sacrifices, till he is surrounded bolli by sea and hod, 436. His fleet is defeated, and Eurimcdon sToiD, i6. Tit Athenians insist on his leading them off by land, but bt n- solves to risque another naval action, 437- Abandons his gctU camp and his walls, ib. The sea-fight described, ib. AfUrdx defeat of Nicias, Hermocrates by a stratagem prevents liioi from retiring in the night, when he might have done it aaftiy, *SH. The Athenians beginning their march, with every ctrcn*- stance of misery before ihem, Nicias behaves with spirit ani
Sropriety, 439. Through a march of eijjht dn)-«. keeps bn on ivision tolerably estire, 440. In vain oflers conditioiM flf
INDEX. 447
- peace^ ib. Marches on to the riyer Athitnn, where 8 bloody scene takes place, 441. Throws himself at the feet of Gylippos^ and implores his humanity to the Athenians, ib. Nicias and Demosthenes suffer death, 44S.
Ntcoriy a slave belonging to Cratems, iy. S06.
, or NicOy the name of an ass which Octavius met, and which he considers as a favourable omen, v. 488. The name of an
r elephant ; his fideli^ to Pyrrhus, iii. 115.
Nicocles^ kills Paleas, and sets himself ap tyrant of Sicyon, vL 155. Expelled by Aratus, iii. 2. vi. 160.
I , a friend of Phocion, ▼• 21. la condemned to die, 42.
yicocreanf king of Salamis in CypvsMf one of the prendents in Uie theatrical entertainments of Alexander the Great, iv. 284.
NicodemuSf a Theban, both blind and lame ; Epaminondas* obser- vation upon him, ii, 344.
— -, the Messenian, his excuse for changina: sides, ▼. 266.
NicogeneSf entertains Themistodes at .£g8e in Moii^ L 348: Gets him conveyed to the Persian court in a woman's carriage^ S49.
NicolikUt the philosopher, vi. 107, 108.
■Nicomachef daughter of Themistocles, L 858.
J^icomackuSf his paintings, though excellent, appeared to be wrought off with ease, ii. 273.
■ ■-■, a Greek settled at Can», attends young Crassus in his Parthian expedition, iiL 485.
, informs his brother Cebaliniis of a conspiracy agamst
Alexander, iv. 315. NicomedeSi the Athenian, i. 358.
> » king of Bithynia, reoondled to Mithridates by Sylla,
iii. 264, 266. Visited by Csesar, it. 358. 'fNicomediay iii. 343.
Ntconidesf the Thessalian, an engineer in the service of Mithri- dates, iii. 34a fNicopolis, city of, formerly Actium, y. 485.
, the courtesan, leaves Sylla her heir, iii. 232. Nicostrata^ the same with Carmenta. See Carmenia. Ni^eTf a friend of Antony's, sent to him by Octavia, t. 476. NtgidwSf Publius, a friend of Cicero, v. 316. fNile. Water of the Nile, as well as of the Danube, kept among
the treasures of the kings of Persis, iv. 296. •fNui^i iii* 78, fi. T. 18. fiVtist^, a city in Mygdonia, by the Greeks called Antiocb, taken
by LucuUus, iii. 374u fNola, ii. 400. iii. 243*. fNomades, Thracians so caUed, iii. 457« fNomentum, marshes about it Csesar intended to drain, iv. 425. Nones of the GoaUj Nonee CanroHfue^ a feast kept by the Romans,
in memory of Philotis and ttie other servant-maids, who imposed
upon the Latins, i. 100, 166. fNonacritf rocks of, iv. 352.
Nfmhu^ killed by Saturninus, his competitor for the tribooeship, . iii. 157.
448
lioniui, Tie)»bew to SyJIa, Ute. iii.S45.
tA'oiw, Msileof, iv. 52.
Norbaniu, the consul, der^ated by Sylla, iit. S70.
, escapee »ilh ditHculty from Brutus^ vi. 91.
f A'oriou", ill. I3S.
fA^woosmufff, iv. 393.
NuMA Po.MPiLics, several Homan families trace tp I>iro, but not with eufficieot certiiiaty, L IGi. temporary with Pythagoras the Spartan, tliaa with Fjtktm* the Kantian, 16.^ Od the demise of RomuIuK, varioutimm , etituing «biiut the clkoice of tt king, Numa is liie person ^idri upon. 168. He vra« « citizen of Cures, the son of fawfma, and liad married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius, Komoloi' » icgup, 169. His character, i/i. Believed to converse ailbe goddess K^eria, ITO. la his fortieth year, when invitedtaiit throne, 113. Uis answer to the embassadors on ihsc ocoMi ' i£, Ui» father and bis friend Marcius prevail with hini uaeeqt \ the crown, 174. Vettius the interred receives him in the P«» i and his election is cooGrnied, ITo, 176. He baa bsppy preMfB , ia the flight of birds, 176. Immediately dtsmiues the gavds wliich had been kept on foot by RomiOus, i£. To ibe fvioM '■ adds one for Aonuiltis, ib. Moulds tlie people to a idki temper, by the force of superstition, 178. His jiMt of Ihe firit cause of all things, 179. Allows no i bloody sacrifices, ib. 180. Said to have a son named to whom he gives the surname of JCmilius, ISO. order of priests called Pontifices, and is hiaisetT PwtiCn Max- imuB, 161. Consecrates the veslalt, IM. Ruilda tlKUa<plc«( Vesta in on orbicular form, 186- Teaches ttie ItoBM» U bcik upon the touching uf a dead body as no pollutioD, JUT. Tm^h them to venerate the goddess Libitina, ilt. Fixes ihciancdf mourning, ib. Hie reguhtions conc^nine widows, ii. Ucla- stitutes the saored orders af tlie Saiii mid recialcs, 188. BuUi a palace near the temple of Vesta, and spends mo«t of tit time in religious exercises, 191. I^Iakes tite people rcvttmt and Bltentive, 191. Many of Ids precepts re«einale timat i' Pj^thagoras, 19'J. He brings the people lo believe the moat iv- probable tales coDCcrning his connexion with the g«ids, 19^— 195. The ridiculouE clinrm s;[id to be caramuAicatcd lo bimbi thunder and l^htniag, 191.19.1. He builds tcnplos to Fidoi or Faiih, and to Terminus, 0)3. Druws the peopfe to ^ticul. ture, B9 anotiier great means of peace, 196. Uisuibutct llv citizens into companies, ocrardiug to titdr aits and tradca, iST. Corrects the aeverity of tlie law, ivhicb empnirered latbais M sell their chUdren, lil8. Attempts the rofoimatjon of the e*- hmdar. tb. — SOi The teiBple of Janus stmt for the apMeof forty -three yean in his reign, 20:1. I'be happy influence of bit exampli:, to. Various accounts of his wives und ctijltlrcn ; no- thing c«rt«in, but that he had a wife ninoe Taija, and a d«i^|faitf called Pompilia, £04'. Wastes away by a gentle dccUne, 8D5.
INDEX. 449
Buried with {preat honour, and sincerely lamented by his sub* jectSy ib. His books buried with him, and found some, ages afterward ; but the senate thinks proper to burn them, 206, 207. The misfortunes of the succeeding kings add lustre to his cha- racter, 206.
fNumanUa, Scipio's expedition against it, iii. 122.
fNumantineSf beat the consul Mancinus, seize his camp, and take the Romans prisoners, v. 203, 204. Out of respect to Tiberius Gracchus, they grant the consul terms of peace, and let the Ro- mans eo, 204. This peace annulled at Rome, 205.
NumberEight, why sacred to Ijfeptune, i. 46. Twenty-eight, i. 119. Three, the perfection of it, ii. 71.
Numbers f the doctrine of, a great favourite with Plutarch, i. 47, n.
Numemuy a friend of Marius, provides him a ship for his escape to Africa, iii. 165.
', a partisan of Pompey's taken prisoner by Caesar, and sent to Pompey with oflfers of peace, iv. 206.
Numidian cavalry, iv. 418.
iNumistro, ii. 427. fumitar, ejected from the throne of Alba by his brother Amulius, i. 52. His equity and prudence, 59. Restored by Romulus and Remus, 61. NundifUEf the Roman market-days, why so called, \u 197. Nurses^ Spartan, in great esteem, i. 136. Their method with chil- dren, 137. < 'Nursia^ a citjr of the Sabines, iv. 4.
- 'Nvmphaa^ iii. 72.
- 'Kymphigwm^ a place near ApoUonia, where are constant springs
of fire, iii. 268.
Nymphs Sphragitides. See Sphragilides.
Nymphidia^ natural daughter of Callistus, Csesar's freedroan, vi. 219.
Nymphidius Sabinus^ promises the soldiers of the praetorian co- horts, and those quartered in the provinces, much larger sums than could ever bejpaid, for declaring Galba emperor, vi. 212. Attempts to set up for himself, 217. The measures he pursues, ih. 218. His death, 224.
NypsiuSf the Neapolitan, gets provisions ,and money to pay the troops in the castle of Syracuse for Dionysius, vi. 38. He is. defeated by the Syracusans, but they make an ill use of their victory, ib. Sallies out, and sets fire to the city^ 41. Driven back by Dion, 43.
iNysCf a city in India, besieged by Alexander, iv. 328.
Nyssa^ sister to Mithridatet, released by Lucullus, iii. 351.
O.
QjiK^ every Roman who saved the life of a fellow-citizen, waa presented with an oaken crown, ii. 177. Sacred to Jupiter, ib. VOL. VI. 2 G
4S0 INDEX.
On/;, under which Alexander pitched his tent before the hiBit' I ChtcFonea, shown in Piutardi's time, iv, 851. '
Oarles, laid to have been the original nnme of Artaxeno Xk : mon.vi. Hi. '
Oath, the method of taking the (ireat Oath among the Synem^ \ vi. 52. The oath taken by ibe young Atheniane in thr Mflii: i Agrauloa, li. 1S2. Ked-hot ii-on, by way orayinbol, tb«<nV| the Eea by Arbtides, upon taking ao oatb, 486. Betvtd 6 luDgB of Epirus and their eubjects, iit. 70. Taken trilh rfli« [ to the judges at public cxhibiLions, iit. 30.^ By ibe emm. . V.320.
ObelUci, iii.208.
Obdi, iii. 208.
Ochus, Darius would not visit Ihe kingdom of Persia, (ima^ ■ ' native country, for fear of the expense in giving every wmib! 1 piece of money, iv. S4-2. |
. , one of thu sons of ArUxerxes Mneraon, 6tKl« meanitsp!
two of his brothers destroyed, succeeds to the crown, nd »■ • does all his predecessors in cruelty, vi. 149, 150.
Octaoia, half-sister of Augustus, and widow of Caiiu VisK^ ' is married to Antony, v. 454. Reconciles her brodiM' *^ husband, 4'59- Goes to Athens, and carries AntoDV nv^ ' able supplies, 475, 476. Returns to Rome, 477. b «• ' manded by Antony to (juit his Iiouse, which she do» wr'ift ptw reluctance, 480. Lomentii that she should be numbered aaipripi the causes of the civil war, ib. Takes the rest nf .4nK>/iji children after his death, 508.
Octavivx, Cneiui, permits Perseus to enjoy the protediBn of l^t temple in Sumothrace, but guards against his eecaiNDS If *<*> ii.SI5. Perseus surrenders himself to him, 316.
, the conEul, drives Cinna out of Rome, iii, 173, Iit^ of great probity, but adheres too scrupulously to the lam in tw of civil war, and superstition has too much hold of hhn it. IT* Declares he will not make slaves free of that city; fVota wkitfc.' maintenance of the laws, he excludes Mnrius, 175. SeiitdW put to death by order of Marius and Cinna, ib.
, governor of Ciiicia, dies, and Lucullus anplits fvrAc
province, iii. S38.
— , lieutenant to Crassus, in vain endeavoun to coiuofalw
after his deteat in Parthia, iii. 488. Insists on accoraMTCf CrasEus to Surena, 495. Is killed in endeavouring to prevcslil' I 1 Parthians from carrying Crossus 08', 494.
— , Lucius, sent by Pompey to supersede Meielliis tn CW* |
iv. 160. Is treated by him with contempt, 161.
, Marcus, his message to Cato aWjt the comxaaA A
Ulica, V. 115.
, Caius, assumes the merit nf hejng in the connin
against Cffisiir, when he was not, and suffers for his vanity, iv. I
, Marcus, tribune with Tiberius Graeehuo, ». spg |W |
berius deposes him, '21 1, 212.
INDEX. «1
OcUniui^ Marcus, commands the centre of Antony's forces
against Augustus, ▼. 407. ■ See Augustus.
Odeum^ or Music Theatre, built by Pericles, in imitation of the
king of Persia's pavilion, ii. 23, 24. Odours^ sweet ones, how produced, iv. 244. CEconomicSf a constituent part of politics, lii. 449. (Edipusy his tragical legacy to his son, iii. 76. CEnantheSy an infamous minister to young Ptolemy's pleasures, is
also a minister of state, v. 1 89. f{Eneadafy their territories ravaged by Pericles, ii. 82. Forced to
take refuge within their walls, id. CEneis, tribe of, iii. 306, n. 318. -fCEniades. Alexander undertakes to revenge their cause against
the iEtolians, iv. 317. CEnopioTij son of Theseus by Ariadne, i. 22. The founder of Chios, t^. (Enus. See Cnacion. (Eta^ Mount, i. 39, ra. Ofella^ Lucretius. See Lucretius Ofelfa, OUf the opinion of the ancient physicians, that it is salutary when
applied outwardly, and pernicious if taken inwardly, ii. 5ii6> Oiltf springs, found on the banks of the Oxus, and the water of
tnat river itself oily, iv. 326. •\OlbianSy iv. 13. Olbiusy tutor to Nicogenes* children, breaks out into a prophetic
verse, i. 348. Oldnge^ much honoured at Sparta, i. 133, 144. Oligarchy^ at Samos, abolished by Pericles, ii. 38. Alciblades
makes a feint of proposing one at Athens, ii. 151, 152. Olivcy one sacred at Athens, i. 234. Bough of it bound with wool,
and oflfered to Apollo. See Eiresioni. — -— , a spring called so, ii. 360. -Olizony i. 323. fOlocruSy Mount, ii. 308. 'OloguntuSf V. 183. Olthacusy prince of the Dardarians, pretends to desert from MU
thridates to Lucullus, iii. 348. Attempts to kill Lucullus, but
miscarries, 349. fOlympiay oracle of, v. 144. Olympian Games. See Games, Ph>ved by Strabo to have been
unknown in the time of Homer, i. 31, it. Several Olympic
games before the common lera of Olympiads, i. 109, n,
Earth, Temple of, i. 35.
Olympiasy the fidelity of Eumenes to that princess, iv. 54. She
invites him into Macedon, 55, Early initiated in the Mysteries
of Orpheus and Bacchus, and greatly addicted to euthusiasni
and superstition, iv. 239, 240. Her dreams the night before the
consummation of her marriage with Philip, 240. A saying of
her*s upon Alexander's pretending to be the son of Jupiter, 2^1 .
Jealous and implacable in her temper, 252. Her inhoQanity to
aeopaetra, Philip's other wife, 254. Ae adviMt Alexander
Sla2
i3'2 INDEX.
not Id be so proruse to the objects of his bounty, 303,
her daughter Cleopatra raise a party against Antipater, ■! i> I vide the government during Alexander's absence, 341. iM, the height of tlie mouatain so called.
^Olymput, I
ciW ID Pamphylia, ceremooies of Mithis t
mysteries periormed there, iv. 154.
' ' n to Cleopatra, v. 503.
^Olifnlhians,
Omeni, that happened to Romulus and Remus, i. 62.
mislocles, 33t. To Antigomis, v. 392. To Camilluk^ TU To Agesilaus, iv. 76. To Atcibiades, ii. 137, 163. ToTiw- leon, 239, 246, 262. To Paulus i^milius, 29S. To Mintki ♦32, *33. To Pyrrlius, iit. 108, 109. To Marios, 167, H To Sylla, 238, 269. To Mithridates, iv. 165. To the Riw» i. 378. ii. 65. iii. 240, 2'H. To Cimon, 320. To the kP- Dtans, i. 335. ii. 137. iii. 419. v. 374. To Crassus, iii t-J,'?.. 475. To Alexander, iv. 259, 276, 279, 280, 292, 326 St To Casar, 408, 431. To Galba, vi. 234.. To Tiberiiu Gn- chua, V. 217. To Caius Gracchus, v. 234. To Dion andDM<- sius, vi. 23, 24. To Mark Antony, v. 4S3, ^m 496 t> Pompey, iv. 163, 212, 213. To Octayius, v. 488 ' To Ofc vi. 248. To Cicero, v. 315, 332, 347. To Caseius, »l 9S. Ti ' Brutus, vi. 79, 90, 102. To Aratus, vi. 198. See P/mfinM. '
Omcsles. See Bacchiu Omestrs.
Omaus, presents Artaxerxes with a large pomegraneite ti 116.
Omp/ialv. See Hercules.
Oiiarus, a priest of Bacchus, said to have married Ariadfte,»fterihc was deserted by Theseus, i, 22.
Oaalius Aui-elius, relates his vision, in consequence of vhicb Pom- pey and Crassus are reconciled. See Caius AureliuA.
Oneskritus, attends Alexander in his eastern cxpeditioD, i», SSO, 332. Sent by Alexander to the Indian philosophefs, 338. Pi« (■ to the fleet, of which Nearchus was admirni, tn the ww round the southern point of India, 339. ^
tOnwn mountains, v. 175.
OtumarcJiui, commits sacrilege at Delphi, and falls in ihe Sicfa wars. ii. 2r,7.
, who had the custody of Eumenes for Anluromif. i»
conversation wiih Eumenes concerning the fear ofdealn i» fri
Onomasliis, one of Otho's freedmen, vi. 235. '
Ophelttu, the king of tliat name, and such as be could inflocKt. conducted by Peripoltns the diviner from Theseuly into Rttit* iii. 293,
, king of Cyrene, v. 376.
Opima Spolta, what, and by whom won, i. 75. ii. 396.
Opimiiis, Lucius, of the patrician party, loses hts electioa for a*- sul through the opposition of Cuius Graccliug, y. 234, |g ^i^f. ward chosen, and endeavours to annul llie acts oPCaju*. S)S. Upon the ruin and death of that tribnno, builds a icmpic I* Concord, 241. Uses a diclatorial po»er in liie consulate in o*- deinning so many citizens of Rome unheard, 242. 1» convicK^ of taking bribes of Jugurtha, and grnnsold in di^jionoor ttf.
M
INDEX. i5» I
■ Opiacus the Italian, fixes bU aim on Pjrrhus in particular, ia an engagement, iii. B8, R9.
Oppim, Cftius, a friend of Ciesar, some account of liis writings, IV. 136.
OptiteHs. See Minerva Optiletis.
Optio, a centurion's deputv, so called, vi. 235.
Omcfe of Apollo at Delphi, i. 29. ".297. Of Apollo Tegyraeua^ ii. 360. or Trophonius, li. 4-75. iii. 255. Of Amphinraus, ii. 475. Of Jupiter Ammon, iii. 321. Of Dodona, i. 351. Of Pasiphaa, v. 1+1, 161, By Necromancy, iii. 301. Of Tethyr or 'Ihemis, i. 51.
Oracles, and prophecies, concerning .^geus, i.5. Concerning the future greatness of the Itomans, 97. Concerning the waters of liie Alban lake,'36fi. The coming of the Gauls into Italy, ii, 392. The death of Cimon, ii>. 320. To Marius, that he should be a seventh time consul, 167. Concerning a lame king of I Sparta, iv. 72, 73. Concerning the succession of the Spartan tings, to be opened only by a son of Apollo, iii, 221. Tb» ] death of Lysander, 226. To Alexander the Great, iv. 259, 964, 266, 2«l— 2R3, 299. Concerning Catar in the battle of Pliar- salia, 412. To Cicero, v. 298. Concerning the battle ofChs- ronea, iii. 255. ». 273. Three Comelii to reign at Rome, v. 312. Conternijig the untying of the Gordian Knnt, iv. 266. That the* Scipios should always be victorious in Africa, 417- Concerning the burial of Aratus,vi. 208. ToOtho, vi. 23*.
Oraniies, a Cretan, deceives Perseus, ii. 316.
Orations, Funeral. See Funeral Orations. Orations and ^eeche* of Aletander,iv.30t,312. Of AfraniuatoPompey, 210. OfAnni- bal befoie jiis death, iii. 58. Of Appiua Claudius to the senate,' lit. 91,92. Of Aratus to Philip, vi. 206. Of Brennus, i. 380. Of Cleopatra at the tomb of Antony, v. 505. Of Cato to the Three Hundred, v. 109, 110. Of Chelonis the daughter of Le-
■ onidas, T. 149, 150. Of Cornelia to Pompey, iv. 221, 229; Of Cleomenes concerning the institution of the Ephori, v. 164, 1G5. Of the tame conceniing death, 188. OfCnriolanus tv i Tulius, it. 202. Of the same against the insolence of the people, 193. Of Crassus to the army after the death of his son, ni. 487. Of the some, in going to meet his own death, 497. Of Dion, vi, 7, 10, II, 40, 4*, 45. Of Euinenes to the Argyraspidea, iv. 63. Of FabiuB Maximus to his army, ii. 82. To Faului .^milius, 85. Of Caiua Gracchus, ». 227. Of Tiberiua Gracchus, 208, 209, 215. Of EniVia., and the Sabine women, i. 80. Of Licinia, the wife of Caius Gracchus, V. 238, 2S9. Of , Lucullus to the army, iii. 345- Of Marius Celsus, vi. 257. Of Minucius to his troops, ii. 83. Of Numa refusing the oflered crown, i. 173. Of the father of Numa, in answer, 174, 175. Of Otho to his troops, vi. 260. Of Paulus i^milius to Perseua, ii. 317. Of the same, to the young officers, on the taking of Perseus, 318. Of the same, to the people of Rome, 330. Of Perpenna against Scrtorius, iv. S3. Of Pompey to Cornelia, iv, 222, Of Remus to Nunutor, i. 58. Of Sertorius, on the force of
u
INDEX.
perEeverance, iv,22. Or Sylla to liJs mea,ui.S61. OfTlwrycn to Cleoinencs, on the contempt of death, v. 187. Of Tiriicui to Oariiui, Ti. 14«, 147. Of Valerius, sister to Publirota. U Volumnia the mother of Coriobous, ii. 216. Of VoIuidd^ in the Roman matrooG, 217. Of the same U> Iter ioa, 21S— SSn OrViniusto Galba, vi, -214.
Oralnr, prevails mare ircm the goodness of his heart tlutn thed^ quence of his tongue, v, 7.
Onsiory, the conciaene^ of that of Phocioo, v. 7, 8.
\Oreldaia.n hills, iii. 2'27.
iOrehomenus, ii. 359. iii. 223, 261. v. 161.
Orcytiani,, in Cappadocia, iv. £0.
Orettei, the consul of that name, v. 224^
\Ort
^Orexartei, river, iv. 311.
tOnCKW, ii. 322. iv,
iOriies, Alexander marches through their countrj-, iv. 339, $tl.
Omcus, of the family of Erechthcus, i.40.
|Onty/f«, plants a colony in Caria, i. 10.
Orobaziti, comes from Arsaces to wait on Sylla, the first cbImm dor the Parthians sent to the Romans, iii. 235. Put u dtalbin Arsaces for suffering Sjllo to take the place of honour, £36.
Grades, or HuroJei, king of Parthia, sends on crabaaiw to Ct^t—, iii. 479. and n. Restored to his throne by Surcua, 477. Cw quera Crassus, 494. Ib murdered by his son Phraates, 49(L
Orams, the Cretan, kills Ptolemy the ^on of Pyrrhua iii. |j).
OratnatiUs, or Oroma%c!i, the God who is the author of Mil ■ called by the Persians, i«. 286. si. 149. ^^
Oroates, the Persian, vi. llfi, 155.
fOropians, their cause, ii. 524. v. 255.
^Oropuf, V. 255.
■j-OroMBu, V. 396.
Orphans, and widows, excused from taxes by the Romaiu, at ihn first appointment of quKstors, i. 286, and n.
Orphetti, IV. 240. His statue of cypress at Libethra, 259,
OrphidtM, vi, 256.
Ortkogorai, the diviner, a friend of Timoieon's, ii. 236
Qrlhitt, See Diaiui Orthla.
Orthopagut, iii. 256.
fOwtl, IV. 19.
Osekophoria, or * the Feast of Douchs,' instituted bv Th^ua. L 35, 87. Deecriplioo of this feast, 27, n. '' ^
Omdafea, It. 326.
(klanesi, brother to Artaxerxes Mncmon, vi. 110. His TiflMjforRS, 140.
■\.Oslia, til. 165, 174.
Ottiui, Lucius, the first parricide In Rome, i. S9.
fhlrvciim, against tvhom employed, 1. 319, 344. ii. 127. On what account abolished, iii. 416.
OincUiut, brother to Marecllus, ii. 390.
Otlio, the prtctor, hts law in favour of the equestriao order, y, a07.
• Myiag i
INDEX. MS
Otbo, M«re\i09 hii luxury and love of pleasure^ ▼!• 229. Hit con- nexions with NerOy 229. Nero is inclined to put him to death, in order to have Poppaea entirely to himself, 230. But through the intercetsioii of Seneca, he is sent out governor of Lusitania, ih. One of the first who declares for Galba, ib. Pays his court in an agreeable manner both to Galba and his minister Viniua, 2S1. Takes measures for bein^ appointed successor to Galba, ib* Contracts immense debts, i^ Bribes the prsetorian cohorts, ib* Rebels against Galba upon being disappointed of the adoption, 234. Is the means of Galba's death, 238, 239. Goes to the Capitol, as emperor, and sacrifices, 243. Pardons Marius Cel- 8U8, ib. Makes a gracious speech to the senate, 244. Divides the remaining part of his consulship with Verginius Rufiis, ib. Begins his administration with several prudent and popular acta, ib. Resolves to punish Tigellinus, and that wretch cuts his own throat, 244, 24«5. Remembers none of his private quarrels, 245. Assumes the name of Nero, to gratify the* populace, ib. The praetorian cohorts, in their concern, or pretence of concern, for the emperor's safety, behave in a very turbulent manner, and go near to despatch a great number of senators, ib. 246. He punishes two soldiers by way of example, 247. Has intelligence that Vitellius had taken the title of emperor upon him, ib* Receives accounts from other countries, favourable to himself, ib. Letters pass between him and Vitellius, which end in mutual reproaches, ib. Does not deprive Lucius, the brother of Vitel- lius, of his command in the army, but orders him to attend him on his march, 248. Takes particular care of the mother and wife of Vitellius, ib. 249. Appoints Flavins Savinus, brother to Vespasian, governor of Rome, 249. Stops at Brixellum, and orders his army to march on under his lieutenants, which they refuse, ib. Character of his officers, ib. Sends his brother Titia- nus to take the command of the army, and gives him Proculua for his assistant, 252. Holds a council of war, in which his most experienced generals advise him to wait for his troops from Mysia and Pannonia, ib. But impatient to have the affair decided, he ffives orders for a general action, 254. Retires to Brixellum, ib^ His great error in that step, t^. Some skirmishes upon the Po make his troops at Bedriacum insist on being led out, ib. 255« Bravery of his legion called ' the Succourer,' 256. When intel* ligence is brought to him that the battle was lost, the troopi about him give every possible assurance of their fidelity, 259. His speech, in which he assures them, that though he knows the late battle to be by no means decisive, he will lay down his life to procure them peace, 260. Takes leave of the senators, and others of his friends, ib. Appeases his soldiers, who thought the senators were forsaking him, 261. Sleeps sound the night following, 262. Falls upon his sword, and expires with one groan, ib. The army lament his death in the sinoerest. manner, and give him the most honourable burial, ib. A plain monument is put upon his grave at Brixellum, 263. He died at the age of thuty-seven, having reigned only three months, ib.
1.
By his death, in some meesure, he compensated for the dii
of his life, (A. ^Otrva, Hi. 337. Ovation, the smaller triumph, ii. 423. Not tbe uine vi
Greek Evan, m. But derived from tbe Laltn word, Oo^i Ovicula, a name given to Fabius Maximus in hi« youth od M
of his seeming tatneness and stupiditVi ii- 63. (hvl, Athenian money impressed with the figure of one, tii. Ox, eaid to have spoken. See Prodigieg. — , valued at five draclims at Athens, i. 352. At >
in the time of PubJicola, 286. Oxathres, the brother of Darius, Alexander takes him
friendship, iv. 309.
, brother to Artaterxes Mnemoo, vi. 119. tOjtM. river, iv. 326. Oxyartts, asked by Alexander • whether Sisimethres, wkt
taken [lost on an inaccessible rock, was a man of couitfl
S27. ^
, son of Abulytes, stabbed by Alexander, iv. 343.
Oxydraea. See Mtdlt.
P.
PACCIANUS, defeated and killed by Sertoriua, iv. 12. Paches, who had taken Lesbos, being called to Recount it
Athenians for some misdemeanor, kills himself '
iii.405. fPac/ii/mis, promontory of, vi. 2*. Pacianui, Caius, a Roman who resembled Crassus, ol^ni^
Parthians to personate him, iii. 49£.
I Vibius, Crassus takes refuge with tiim .
cruelty of Marius, iii, 4.^1. Paconu, prince of Parthia, marries the king of
iii. 496, Killed in battle by the liomans, ^OS. i Pieanca, Demosthenes of tliat ward, v, 275. Padarctaa the Spartan, a saying of his, i. 150. PtEon, the historian, i. 22. Pteonia, iii. 70. iv. 177. PainUrt, excellent ones at Sicyon, vi. 164. Painting*, Aratus collects them for Ptolemy, vi. 165. Palatine hill, i. SO, 79. \ Palteicepsis, a city given to Themistoclet by the kine of
i. 354. *
PnlHia, a pastoral feast, i. 65, 85. Pnlindium, i. 35. Imase of Pallas, 387- PiiUantidie, the sons of Pallas, and next heirs to ^geua, if XI
had nni been acknowledged ])is eon, have recourse to
are defeated, i. 5, 14. iPaliantium, vi. 1S9. Pallas, brother ofi^geus, and father of the PallantiUte, i. 5^
I Spain £
. *S7.
See Minerva.
J
INDtrX. 457
PaUen€f an Athenian tribe, do not intermarry with that of AgmM,
1. I4f, Paltn^ a spring so called, ii. S60. Po/m-tree shooting up near the statue of Csesar in a temple at
Tralles, considered as prefigurative of his victory at Phanalia.
See Prodigies. PammeneSf Philip, king of Macedon, brought up in his house at
Thebes, ii. S75. PamphiUu^ of Slcyon, a celebrated painter, vi. 164. fPampAy/ta, iv. 223. Pan, i. 172.
fPaiMicha, ii. 128. v. S85. Paruetiui commands a galley of Tenos in the service of Xerxes, and
revolts from him, i. SS1«
, the philosopher, what he said of Demosthenes, v. 267. Panatkeruea, tne fesuval of the united Athenians, instituted by
Theseus, i. 29. v. 24. Pancratium^ what, iv. 245, and ii. -fPandosia, iii. 87- Pandion^ i. 14. PanemtUy the month of Metageitnion, so called by the Bceotians,
i. 385. Panic fears, iv. 213. fPannofifa, vi. 247. \Fanop(Bam^ iii. 225, 253. Panopeiu, i. 37.
Pama and Hiriiiu^ consuls, ii. 332. See Hirtiui, PanUdeon^ a man of great power and interest among the /Btoliani,
vi. 186. PantauchuSf challenges Pyrrhus to single combat, and is overcome,
iii 74. V. 406. PanUw^ sent by Cleomenes to seize on Megalopolis, v. 179.
Kills himself m Egypt on the body of Cleomenes, 195. His
wife a woman of great beauty, courage, and digni^ of sentiment,
196. Panthers^ v. 337. Panthoides^ the Spartan general, Pelopidas kills him in the battle of
Tanagra, ii. 359. PantkiaeSi marries Italia, the daughter of Themistodes, L 358. Paphian Venus. See Venus. iPaphlagonia, in. 264. iv. 41, 82, 266. Papiria, wife of Paulus ^milius, divorced by him, ii. 285. Papirius MasOf ii. 285. — ^-* Carbo^ the consul, defeated by Sylla's lieutenants, makes
his escape in the night, and gets into Lybia, iii. 272. Pappus^ V. 288. •fParaioniunif v. 492. Paralit one division of the people of Attica so called ; they lived
on the sea-coast, i. 263, n. ParaluSf one of the sons of Pericles, his Cither's affiction for bis
death, u. 56.
458 INDEX.
Paraliu, a ship so called, tJi, 20a
\Parapotamiaiu, iii. 254.
Farii'liBTp preserved at Troj-, Alexander refUees to ••« it, k1
Paritcas, an eunuch belonging to the younger Cjras, n. I«7.
'tPanKO, embassadors from thai plHce, iir. 154^
Parmcnio, father of Pliilotas, warns Alexander of * aDBpOMJ' sign of poison from his pliysician, rv. S68. Telia hm, would accept the otfers of DBrius, if he was AIeKUi^,4 Advises him to attsck the eaetsty in the night, to which Al andcT replies, ' I will not steal a victorj-,' 289, 390. Hit M in the great battle of Arbela, disordered by the Bactrian M 291. Sends to Alexander for succours, 994. Censumlftr' ib. Alexander gives hini Bagoat' house, SOS. Parmenio >mi Philotas, ' My son, be less,' 31 4. He is put to death br Alexander, 316.
\Parniuiu*, iii. 25S.
Parrhagiiu, a celebrated painter at Athens, i, 6. Honoarad bji Athenians for his pictures of Theseus, ii.
Parricide. See Oslius.
Parsteif, used in adorning the sepulchres of the dead, Cronos of it bestowed on the victors in the Isthmian ■ mcnn games, ib.
Parlkeaon, the temple of Minerva, at Athens, ti. 23 v 33$
Parthians, defeat Crassus, iii. 483, 484. Their manner rf U ing, [6, 4S2. Their habits, 4S1. Defeated by AnwoT,»i Attack him in his return, and harass him extretaely, ^SS,*I>
Paris. Great parts produce great vices, aa well as virtual f.ml
Pan/satii, wife of Dariut, and mother of Artaxerxe* MMn vi, 114. Her attachment to her younger son Cyms, IIS. 1 courages hi« ambitious designs, and contributes creMlyn war between the two brothers, 120. Her character, a- extreme cruelty to all who were concerned in tbe de CyruD, or in cutting off his head and hand, 131 135. poisons Stntira, the wife of Artaxerxes, 135. Is conGaed' some time to the city of Babylon, 136, Artaxerxea 'art ciledto her, 140.
Pasacas, Cyrus' horse, vi. 123.
■\Pasargadie, vi. 116.
Poseas, the ^ther of Abantidas, vi. 153. Kilted by Nicoctes,
Pasicrales, king of Soli in Cyprus, iv, 284.
Pasiiikae, the wife of Minos, supposed to have had a oriniinal < mercc with bis general Taurus, L 30.
Padphaa, her oracle, iv. 141, 142, 161.
Patt^on, m author, iii 402.
Pamigris, river, iv, 57.
^Pasiaron, in the country of the Molossians, iii. 70.
passions, diseases, and tempests, considered by the divinities, i. 9^ n.
Patacui, i. 225.
■fPalnra, vi, 86.
\Pataream, Grutu«' Ietti:r concerning them, vi, 59.
INDEX. 459
fPairWt S. 192. t. 371, 489.
Pairkians, wbeoce the term, i. 67* A handred of the most emi-
. oenl Romans seleded by Romulus for a coancil or senate, »6.
Their number mcrtased, 82. He leaves them only the name
..\0t a senate without the pover, 91. They conspire against
. him^ 95.
PMrieHsnif i. 148. It's emblem^ iv. 74, ii.
PtUrMuSj one of Nero's senranta, pot to death by Galba, ▼!• 387« Patrocki, father ef Soils, i. lia Potrofif u 68*
PahnoHs and clients among the Romans, an account of their r^ap tioo, i. 68. iii. 125.
iPo^nmM, iii.252. ^aulus MmiUui^ Lucius, consul with Terentius Varro, ii. 85. Fabius Maximus admes him to avoid an engagement wi^h An- . mbal, ib. His answer, 86* Killed in the battle of Csnnse, 89, 282. Paulus ^milius, his &mily supposed to be descendants of a son of Numa, ii. 281. Is the son of Lucius Paulus i£milius, who fell at Cannae, 282» > Sets out in a difierent track from the rest of the young nobility, ib. Carries the office of aedile against twelve competitors^ 2825. When taken into the college of augurs, studies their rules and ceremonies with great attention, ib. Strict in military discipline, 284. Is sent prsetor into Spain, with double the usual number of lictors, and reduces the barbarians who had revolted, i&. Betums to Rome not a drachma the richer, 285. Divorces his first wife P^im, after he had lived long with her, and she had brought him fine children, ib. Mar- ries a second wife, by whom he has two sons, 286. His sons bj tbe first wife are adopted, the one by Fabius Maximus, the othor by the son of Scipio Africanus, ib. One of his daughters is married to the son of CatO, and the other to ^lius Tubero, ib. In his first consulship reduces the Ligurians, and takes from them the ships which they had employed in piracy, 287. Is candidate again for the consulship, and loses it, ib. 288. In« spects the education of his children, and procures them not only Roman, but Grecian masters, 288. Perseus defeau several Roman generals, ib, Paulus .Smilius is called to the consulship, 292. Omens of success to him, 293. His speech to the people, on being appointed to the command in Macedon, 294. After a safe and speedy passage, he finds Perseus strongly fortified by the sea-side at the foot of mount Olympus, 297* Discovers water for his troops, by digging at the foot of the mountains, 298, Finds out a way of coming at the enemy, through Perrhsebia, SOO. Is astonished at the numbers and good order of the enemy, SOS. Has the art to encamp without being disturbed by tto Macedonians, ib. Takes advantage of an eclinse of the moon, and announces victorv to the Romans, provided they stood upon the defensive, 303, 3M. Makes use of an artifice to noake the Macedonians begin to attack, 305. His conduct in the battle, 306. Marcus, his son-in-law, loses his sword, and finds it again
t
with much ilifliculty under a lieap of the Blab, 309. Scipio, hk younger son, is miuiing, but ruturns to the camp late in the night, 310,311. i^milius in two days' time becomes master of all Macedon, S13. Hia rebuke to the vanquished Perseus, when he n brouglit before him, 317. His speech to the officers of liii army on the insiability of fortune, 318. Visits Greece, refimni abuses, and gives specimens of hii bounty, 319. Erects his om statue at Delphi, on a pedestal designed for tbat of Perseus, ii. With ten commissioners from Uome, settles the goTernmeiit of Macedon, tb. 320. Exhibits games, 320. Has a happy lalent for making entertainments, ib. Takes nothing of Perseus' trea- sures for himself, ib. Sacks seventy cities of Epiru&, and yet the soldiers to whom the plunder was given, have no more ihsn eleven drachms a man, 322, Keturns to Italy, and sails in great pomp up the Tiber, i&. The snidiers endeavour to prevent hit trumpb, 323. Servilius' speech on that occasion, j&. SS4- The triumph described, 325 — 328. .^milius loses his twornuii^ sons, who were not adopted into other fomilies, :i29. The mtt- nanimily discovered in his speech on that occasion, 330. He brings so much money into the treasury, that the people have no occasion to pay any ta\es till the times of Hirlius and Pants, 332. Is acceptable to the people, though in the iotervst of ihc nobility, ib. is elected censor with Murcius Fhilippus, 3S3, ud n. His moderation in tbat office, 333. Sickens during Ui censorship, ib. The cordial regard expressed for him at Ui funeral, not only by the Komans, but persons of tbe countries ho had conquered, 334, 335. Leaves a very small ertstc bthindl him, ib.
Pauliu, the consul, bribed by Cnaar, iv. 13!), 393.
— . given up to the proscription by his brother X.eMdaL ».
350, 44.3. '
Pausanias, commander in chief of the Greeks, at the baldl <lf PlatiEfl?, ii. 4«7, rt «j.
, king of Sparta, marches into Attica, under rnvtCDCtof
supporting the Thirty Tyrants, but really with another view, S. S15. Obtains a truce, and carries off the dead body of Lysandtf from beiore the walls of Haliartus, 225. Retires to Tege«, SJT. Deserted by the allies, who put themselves under the cotmnand of Cimon, 301. Unfortunately kills Oeonice at Byzantium, ii- His unhappy end, i. 302, n. 344, .3*5, n.
— ---■—, kills Philip of Macedon for denying him redrew unde; an ineupportablc injury, iv. '25^.
, the physician, Alexander's letter to him on the ok of
hellebore, iv. 305.
. sent by Seleucus to seize Demetrius, v. 4-18.
Peace, of Nicias, iii. 412* Between the Athenians and the kiM<f Persia, 312. Of Antalcidas, iv. 98. vi. 138. Between SvHiiwI Mithridales, iii. 266, 2fi6.
■ an altar erected to her, iii. 312. Verses descrjntivo af bb i. 203. I •« OS ■«»
Peaiiiia, i. 30, u
INDEX.
461
\Pfdalion, a rock lo called, iii. 359.
Pediiei, an Athenian class, i. %3, n.
^Pedum, city of, ii. 209.
iPegie, ii. 32. vi. 198.
iP^sgi, i. 49. The oldest inhabitants orGreece, ib. ».
Pelaigui, iii. 65.
Peleus, the grand»)a of ScifOQ, i. 11.
■fPelig»ia»i, ii. 307-
^Pella, ii. 311. v. 409,
— , Lucius, disgraced by Brutus, vi. 89.
fPellenc. recovered from the jEtoliana by Aratus, vi. |8+. Taken by Cleonienes, v. 172.
Felopioas, the son of Hippoclus, nobly descended, ii.343. Makes a generous use of his wealth, i6. Cannot prevail on his friend Epaminondas to partake of his riches, and therefore partakes of his poverty, ib. Marries into a noble family, yet anenvard by his munilicerice lessens his fortune, 344. Delights in the exer- cises of the Palfestra and the tield, ib. The happy consequences to the public from the perpetual friendship and harmony subsist- ing between him and Epaniinaudas, iO. Rescued in battle by Epaniinondas, 345. Is sentenced to banishment, 346. frevails upon tlie exiles to attempt the deliverance of their country, 343> Is one of the twelve exiles, who hnvin); left the rest of their party at Thriasium, set out in disguist with dogs and hunting jioles, 349. He and his company enter the city in different quar- ters, under favour of their disguise and the snowy weather, and get eafe lo Charon's house, 350. He goes against Leontidos, who was at home in his own chamber, and despatches him with much difficulty, 353, 354. Kills, also, Hypates, 354. Is elected by the people one of the governors of BtEotla, 355. Takes the Cadmea a little before succours arrived from Sparta, 356. This action of Felopidas justly called sister to that of Throsybutus, i6. The Athenians, alarmed at the arrival of a Spartan army on the borders of llteatia, draw off from the Theban league, but Pelo- pidas finds means to embroil them a^in with the Spartans, 357> His agents persuade Sphodrias, the Spartan, to m;ikc an attempt upon the I'irieus, i6. He defeats the Spartans in several ren- counters, 358, 359. His concern in the battle of Tegync, 35ft The Sacred Band, first formed by Gorgides, improved by Pelcv pidas, 362, 364. His answer to his wife, who desires him lo take care of his person, 365. Kfarches with Epaminondas against Cleombrotus, 367. His dream before the battle of Leuctra, 865^ 366. As captain only of the Sacred Band, has a considerable share in the honour of the victory, 366. He and Epaminondas are appointed joint-governors of Bceotia, and make very conu> derable progress in Peloponnesus, ii. 369. 1'hey venture ta keep their commission beyond the expiration of their year* though the penalty was capital. 369. Lay waste Laconia with an army of seventy thousand men, i&. Drive the Spartans out of Messenia, and re-establish the ancient inhabitants, ib. In their returtt defeat the Athenians, ii. 370. Are capitally tried
462
INDEX.
for keeping the command beyond the time allotred by Unr, S?(L Acquitted, ib. Meneciidee forms a p>>^ ^Mnat them, A. S7I- Endeavours to nut Cliaron upon a footfBft with them, S71. A heavy fine is laid upon that envious man, 372. The Theam^mt applying to the Tfaebaos for asHstance against Alexander tbt tyrant of Pherffi, Pelopidaa lakes tlie command of the Ktcemit, and , recovers Lari^sa, 372. Attempt* to humanise the lymt, but in vain, i6. The tmnt escapes nut of bU handa, ii. Pel» pidos goes iuto Maceaon, as arbitrator betwern Alexander and Ptolemy, 37^- Briogs Philip and thirty oltier hoetagn to Tbcbet, |6. Ptfdemy haviftg iiiHcii thckit^af Macodon, and assumed the Kovcreignty, PeJofidas permits him to k«epitoTi certain conditions, for the perforniaace of nhich be give* his mm Philoxenuf, as an hostage, 37^- Besiege* Pharsalus, i&. Akx- ander, the tyrant of Phene, approaches it with his armr, aod Pelopiilas is imprudent enough to go to him without irtiards, t^ The tyrant seizes hiiu and Ismcnias, and makes himself masttr of Pharsatus, ib. Thebe, the tj-rant's wife, visits Pelopidas in the prison, S^5• Epaminondas recovers him and Isxncnias out ofthc tyrant'B liand>, 37S. Pelopidas goes embassador to (he PersiiQ court, and is highly honoured by Artaxerxes, id. Obtains all be desires, 379. Accepts none of the king's presents, iL Tbt tyrant of Pherie extends his conqaesis and oppresatons, 380. An eclipse of the sun happens, wlicn Pelopidas is tnarcbing out ■gainst him, Uk He has the advantage in the battle, patwkb- standing his inferior numbers: but falls a sucritice lu hii HOOlil meot against the tyrant, 382. The sorrow of the alliea as well as Theb.ins, for bis death, ih. 363. His funeral aolenMcd by the Tbessalians, SSi. The Thebans send an nrmy u> menH hii death upon Alexander, 385. The tyrnut is slain by hi* wifa and her ihree brotherH, 3bG, S87.
Peloponnesiait war, ii. 43. Lasts twenty-scvco years, iU. 402, m,
fFdoponium, i. 31, 40. v. 170.
Pelops, after he was settled in Peloponnesus, formed alliancM ia hb family with the ncighbourtng princes, and became the omt powerful king in those parts, i. 4, n. Father of Pittheoi lai Ly&idice, ib.
, of Bvzantium, Cicero expostulotes with htm by letter Ar
not procuiingfor him certain honours thence, v. 522,
fFetusiam, v. i27, 497. w. 87.
f/'enew, river, iii. 34.
Pentaaaiomedimm, an order of men in Athens accordine to the constitution of Solon, L 242. ii. 445.
Pmilathlum, what, *i. 154, n.
■\PenielB, a borough of Attica, famed for it's marble, i, 293.
'\Penleleum.v. 173.
Pentheiu, iii. 496, 497. vi. 23a.
Pep<'rathut, one of the Cyclades, i. 52, n.
Pep/um, or sacred veil of Minerva, i. 29, h. v. 37S, »,
f Percale, a city given to Themistodcs by the kJng of Persia, l» supply hit wardrobe, ■ ""^ 7
to the
i. 354^
INDEX. 46S
FerdioemSf on the de«tli of Hephcestioa supplies bis place, !▼. S8. He establidies Eumenes in Cappadoeid, 42. Marches aj^nst Ptolemy, 43. Is killed in a mutiny in iCgypt, 48. Had assisted Roxana in taking off Statira and her sister, iv. 355.
\PergamuSy iii. 246. The library there, t. 481 .
Per^amenians^ Brutus' tetter to them, vi. 58, 59-
Ptriander^ entertains the seven Wise Men, i. 222, 228. , the son of Cypselus, vi. 155.
PeribcBOj the mother of Ajax, married to Theseus, i. 37.
Pericles, of the tribe of Acamantis, and the ward of Cholargia, ii. 5. Son of Xanthippus and Agariste, both illustrious person- ages, t&. His person described, 6. Rallied by the comic poets, on Uie largeness of his head, ih, Damon, under preteitee of teaching him music, instructs him in politics, 7. He attends the lectwes of Zeno the Elean, ib. Most indebted for his sublime oratory and great knowledge of nature, to Anaxagoras, 8. Cured by him of superstition, 9. Patient under injuries, yet tsxed with pride, ib. The ram with one horn found in his grounds, 10. Resembles Pisistratus in his person and manner, 11. En- gages in the administration, and takes the popular party, be- cause Cimon was at the head of the nobiKty, ib. Lives extreme- ly retired, for the sake of preserving his dignity, 12. Over- throws the power of the Areopagus, by means of EphiaRes, 12« 13. Improves his eloquence by his philosophy, and from the force of it eains the surname of Olympias, ]3. Compared to thunder and lightning as he spoke, 13, 14. Thucydides^ obser- vation on his eloquence, 14, 15. Seven^ sayings of Pericles, ib. He first endeavours to bring himself to some sort of equality with Cimon, and for that purpose corrupts the people with the public money, f^. 16. Causes Cimon to be bammed by the Ostracism, 16. Cimon is recalled, and Pericles and he take difierent de- partments in the state, 17. Pericles is unjustly charged with the assassination of Ephialtes, 18. Upon the death of Cimon, the nobility set up Thucydides against Pericles, ib. 19. Pericles in- dulges the people more and more, 19. He employs sixty gaReya for eight months every year, ib. His policy in sending out colonies, ib. He removes the public treasures of Greece fixmi Delos, and takes them into his own custody, 20. Constructs noble edifices at Athens, 21, 22. Rebuilds the Parthenon, 23. Builds the Odeum, or music-theatre, t^. Begins the long walls, ib. A good workman falls from the vestibule of the citadel,- tod his life being despaired of, a remedy for him is communicated to Pericles in a dream, 24. Pericles is accused of a varie^ of* in- trigues, 25. He offers the people to be at the whole charge of the public buildings himself, if they would sufier them to be in- scribed with his name, instead of tlieirs, 26. Procuiw the banishment of Thucydides, and becomes sole master of Athens, ib. 27. Treats the people with less ceremony, but is strictly just, and does not add one drachma to his paternal estate, 27, 28. Holds the reins for fifteen years after the banbhment of Thucy- dides, and for forty years in all, 28. Attenthre to' his own
IT
46+ INDEX.
finances tb. A servatil, Damed Evangelus, is very naefd to him in his private cEconotny, 29. Is inrormed that Anaxigonj intends to sLerre himBelf, and hastens to diasuadc hrm, ii- 30. Sends deputies to all the states of Greece, to euminoD thnn la Athens, to consult about rebuilding the Grecian temple*, and the best measures for preserving the peace of (ireece, 30. The .safely of his measures in war, 31. A t>aying of hie thereuixm, ib. Endeavours to dissuade Tolmides from his expedition iiuo Baotia, ib. Pericles' expedition to the Chersonese, 32, That by sea around Vdoponaesus, ib. He sails n-ith a strong fleet, and secures the Grecian cities in the neighbourhood of the Euxine sea, S3. Sends a colony of six hundred Athenians to Sinope, ib. Restrains the wild desires of the Atbeniaii*, <rl>o were possessed with a passion for conquering Sicily and other countries, ib. Opposes the Lacediemonians in the bwrtd War, and puts the temple of Delphi in the hands of the Phodaaa again, 34. Inscribes the Athenian privilege of consulting the oracle first, on the side of the brazen wolf, ib. The Luedc- monians under their king I'listonax invading Attica, Petida bribes Cleandrides, the guardian of Plistonax, to retire, A. So. Puts down ten talents for necessary use, and the Athenians lllow it without examining the purpose, 35. Chastises the Eu- bcaans, ib. Agrees upon a truce for thirty years with the Laci'- dsBRionians, 36. MaLes war upon the Samians, at the insligi- tion of Aspasia, ib. Though Pericles had two sons by his »rft. named Xantliippus and Poralus, they part by conaent, and he marries Aspasia, 37. Has a son by her, 38. His operaiioiu against the Samians, who are at last entirely reduced, ib. — li Me celebrates the obsequies of his countrymen who had falltn in the Samiau war, and pronounces their funeral oration U
Athens, 42. Upon a rupture between the CoriDtliians and Coc cvreans, lie sends Lacedtemonius, the son of Cimon, with lea flftips only, to the assistance of the latter, 43, 44. Afterrari
:
w
be sends a larger fleet, 41'. Is the sole author of the l^aaaa- oesian war, 4o- Phidias is condemned (or putting fait gm figure, and that of Pericles, on the agis of Minerva, 47, 4& Aspasia is prosecuted for impiety, and n charge of peculatioa it brought against Pericles, ib. 49. He begs Aspasia off, and ooa- ducts Ana^ngoras nut of Athens, 49. He hastens on the wv, ih. The Lacedtenionians desire the Athenians to baniah aU execrable persons, hoping that Pericles would be included io the number, 50. This attaches the Athenians to Peridea atfl more, ib. He warns the Athenians of the enemy's deawn tt ■pare his lands, when they ravaged the rest, ib. ArciludaiMi invades Attica, and proceeds as far as Acharns: but Periclct keeps the Athenians close in the city, ib. 31. He cUvidea die lands in j^Ggina among the poor citiEens of Athens, 5S. R^ vages the Peloponnesian coasts with his fleets, and lays wwU the territories of Megara, ib. The plague breaking out it Athene, he mans a hundred and GUy ships, 53. An ecltpae of the sun happens, when he is about to set sail, ib. 51. I^ex-
index; 465
plains that phenomenob, to as to remove the saperstitious fears of his men, 54. Lays siege to Epidaurus; but the sickness among his troops breaks his measures, i^. The Athenians de- prive him of the command, and lay a fine upon him, ib. His elder son Xanthippus behaves in a very undutiful manner, 55» He loses that son, and several other persons of his family in the plague, 56. Retains his dignity of sentiment till the death of his last legitimate son Paralus, to. The Athenians, disappomted in their other statesmen, call him again to the administration, ib. He repeals the law which he had made against bastards, having now himself only natural children left, ib. Is permitted to enrol a natural son by his own name, 57. That son is put to death by the Athenians, after the sea-fight at Arginusse, ib. Pericles takes the plague, but has it in a lingering manner, 58* His friends, when they think him insensible, and at the point of death, discourse about his bed, ib. The remarkable observation which he made upon that occasion, ib. His character, i^. 59. Much wanted in the administration, and regretted by the Athe- nians, 59, GO.
Perididas^ sent by the Spartans to Athens to request succours against the Helots, iii. 317*
Perigune^ daughter of Sinnis, her history, i. l(U
\ PerinthianSf iv. 344. v. 17,271.
\PeriphemuSf a hero to whom the oracle directs Solon to sacrifice in Salamis, i. 228.
PeripheUSy surnamed Corynetes^ or the Club^earer^ slain by Theseui in the territories of Epidaurus, i. 9.
Periphoretus, Artemon, why so called, il« 41 .
PenpoliaSf the diviner, conducts king Opheltas into Bceotia, ilL 293.
Periskidakismoif ceremonies, L 87.
Peritas, Alexander's dog. That prince builds a city of the same name in memory of him, iv. 332.
Perithoisy one of the wards of Athens, ii. 126. iii. 415.
Perpenna^ joins Sertorius, iv. 21. Jealous of the glory of that general, and conspires against him, 34. Kills Sertorius, in spite of the sanction of nospittdity, 35. Is taken prisoner, and put to death by Pompey, t^. 147, 148.
fPerrkabianSy n, 300. iii. 43.
JPersceuSf the philosopher, commands in Acrocorinth for Antigonus, vi. 169. Aratus takes that citadel from him, 174. A saying of his, 175.
fPersepoUs. Alexander enters that city, iv. 299. Bums the palace of Xerxes there, 300, 301.
Perseverance^ the effects of it, iv. 22.
PerseiUf of the heroic times, iii. 296.
-^ , kin^ of MacedoD, the son of Philip, goes to war with the
Romans, ii. 291. Said to be a supposititious child, and really thq. •on of a sempstress, H. Defeats some of the Roman generals, ib. 292. Makes great preparations finr future hostilities, 292. VOL. VI. 2H
♦86 INDEX.
His sordid ararico. 295, 296. And timidity, 306- couraged by his officers to venture Upon a decisive Said byBome to have withdrawn to Pydos as soon as began, 306. Defeated by the Romans, 309. His m behaviour, 311. Octaviiu apareti the saiictimry of the which be had taken refuge, 315. Surrenders himself 1 taviiu, 316. Behaves meanly on being introduced lo iEmilius. 317. Led in triumph, 328. Put toa cruel deatli,3SI, S32. Is the last of the kings of Macedon. v. 421 .
t-PuMwni, their wars with the Greeks under Darium, ii. 45J. l'"- der Xerxea, i. 321, et seq. With the Lacediemoaians id th time of Agesilaus, vi. 137. With Alexaader tbe Great, i*. 266. et passim. The entrance into their couotrv difficult, » Their jealousy of tlieir women, i. 349.
iPeaaniu, iii. 141. v.&2.
Peitilmce at Rome, i. 90, *I8. Throughout Italy, 189. At Aliwt. ii. 53. In the army of Demetrius, the consequence ofunnbiJr- ■ome diet, «. 414.
^Petdia, ii. +34.
fPeteiian hiUs, iii. 462.
Peteus, i. 40.
Peticius, a Roman, receives Pompey into his ship, in lamujiri
of a dream he had upon his voyage, iv. 220.
Pelilius, the pnetor, advises the senate lo bum the books of Nmk which were found about four hundred years after bisdMtli, i.207.
Pctinut, one of the evil mioUters of Nero, put to i^AbjG^bt, vi. 227.
iPetra, tn Arabia, iv. 177.
t , near Mount Olympus, ii. 300.
fPetroau, iii. 356.
Petrotmu, one of Craasui' officers in the Partbiim expedttioa. ^ great fidelity to his general, iii. 49t'.
Turpilianus, a person of consular dignity, pot to JtWhfr'
Galbtt, vi. 224.
Pfucestat, joins Eumene«, iv. 56. Endeavours to gain the fe» cipal authority in the army, 58, 59. Is surprised at tbe aaai ^^ Aniigonus* approach, 60. The cavalry defeated, and the tat eage taken through his cowardice, 62. AlexaQ(Ier*a letttr u him, on his being bitten by a bear, iv. 305.
pexodoTUt, govetouT of Caria, treats of marriagv betweea ^ daughter and Arrhidieus, the son of Philip, iv. 253.
Phiea, the wild sow of Crommyon, killed by Theseus, L 10. S0 to be, not a saw, but a female robber, 1 1 .
Phiriu, the name of one of the mariners who aailed with TtaW to Crete, i. 16.
I , and Nit'tas, the only persons able to
Alcibiades in the administration, ii. 126.
Phadimus, informs Eumenes of a conspiracy Eumenes had botrowcd money of him, iv.
INDEX. WT
Phtedoriy archon of Athens, when the oracle directed the Athenians to carry the bones of Theseus from Scyros to Athens, i. 45.
Phitdraj Theseus marries her, i. 36. The calamities said to ensue upon her unlawful passion for Hippolytus, supposed not to be fictitious, ib,
Phctranetey the wife of Samos, discovers Neoptolemus' cotispiracj against Pyrrhus, iii. 71.
Phaetoriy some writers reckon him the first king of the Molossians* afler the deluge, iii. 65.
PhalanXy the Macedonian, described, ii. S06. iii. 40. iT. 41,42.
Phalerum^ the monuments of Natisitheus and Pbseax erected there, by Theseus, i. 19. Temple of Sciron, ib,
Pharax^ a Lacedsmonian olBcer, under pretence of introducing liberty into Sicily, wanted to set himself up tyrant^ vi. 46.
■fPharuFf vi. 205.
-fPharmaciisaf iv. 359.
Pharmuthif u 67.
Pkamabazus, endeavours to cov<er the Lacedemonian ships with his land forces, ii. 155. Is defeated by Alcibiades three several times, 15G, 157, 158. Complains to the Spartans of Lysander^ having plundered his province, iii. 212. Lysander desires him to send a letter by him, retracting what he had asserted, which hi promises to do, but palms a different letter upon him, 213. Much respected by the Lacedaemonians for the services he had done them, ib. Is defeated by Spithridates and Herippidaa, iv. 83. His conference with Agesilaus, 84, 85. Sent by Ar- taxerxes, as his general, against the Csyptians, vi. 141.
-, son of Artabazus, commands a corps of horse under
Eumenes, iv. 46. Phamaces^ son of Mithridates, revolts from him to the Romans,
upon which Mithridates kills himself, iv. 177. Sends presents to
Pompey, ib. Defeats Domitius Calvinus, Csesar's lieutenant, 415*
Defeated by Csesar, ib. fPhamaciaf iii. 351. PhamapateSf the most experienced general that Orodes had, killed
in battle by Ventidius, v. 457. -fPharoSf the isle so called, it's situation, iv. 279. iPharsalia^ battle of, described, iv. 216—219. iPharuges, v. 40. fPhaseUs, iii. 310. iv. 265. fPhasiSy river, iii. 376. iv. 169. PkauUut^ the Crotonian, fits out a vessel at his own charge, and
joins the Greeks at Salamis, iv. 295. In memory of his zeal for
the cause of Greece, Alexander sends part of the spoils of Asia
to the Crotonians, ib,
' ", the Zacynthian, vi. 128. \Pheneumt v. 172. •fPAerrtr, in Achaia, v. 168.
t , w Thessaly, ii. 872, 875. ^
Pherebcta^ one of Theseus' wives, i. 37. ,,,
Phertdes, sent to corrupt the oracle of Dodona, in. 2W).
2 u 2
Phtrecydes, the li
if AmarByas, L 18,
1. 20, 3'i.
■, ihe pliilosopher, hU skin
rved by j
oracle, ii. 366.
. llie diviner, dies of the Lousy Disease, iii. 282.
Pheremiates, cummandB thu PersJao land-tbrces, tmd is defe«ud bj Cicnon, iii. 282,
PAeremait, ii, 346, 3t8.
/*Aerw(w, ii, 271.
Phidiait the statuary, hia Jupiter, ii, 46, n. His Minern, ih. Surveyor of the public buildings for Pericles, 23. L'njtucl; accused by IVIcnoa of embezzling the gold, V7, 48. Impt'iMwd for putting his own tigure and that of Pericles upon Minerri^ shield, 48. Dies io prison, ib.
Phidiiia, the public repasts at Sparta, i. 127.
Pkidiui, defeated by Sertoriua, iv, 16.
PAiTa, daughter of Antipatcr, and widow of Craterue, mMTtrf " Demetrius, v. 376. Poisons herself upon the Io«b of the kiogd* uf Macedon, 412,
Philadelphut, king of Paplilagonia, takes part with Aatony, v-W
■ See Ptuhniy.
PhUteus, one of the sons of Ajax, i. 230.
PhilagTus, preceptor to Mctellus Nepos, poiiipously buried b> hm. V. 325.
Philaide, an Athenian tribe, i. 230.
Philargyrui, Cato's freeiiman, v. 87.
Philemon, the poet, ii. 4.
Philidas, a friend of Pelopidas, api>ointed secretary U Aidiit and Philip in Thebes, ii. 348. Invites the tyrants to hit tnuK> and promises to provide them some fine women, 350.
PkUides, the allair o etwee n him and Tbemistocles, L 517.
Philinna, a courtesan ; Philip has his son Arrhidsus by ber. iv. ^
Philip, king of Macedon, pretends to wonder hour tiie elder D"»- nysius could find lime tor his poeticiil performances, ii. 249, Iff A maxim of hit,, '296. Brought up at Thebes, and mma Epamiuoudas in his military couduct. 373. Servdd penowt* ArgoB to assassinate Philoposmen, iii. 16. Initiated iu the Mj* teriesof the Cabiri, iv. 239. Dreams that his wife's Komb*" scaled up with a seal, the impression of which was a Iion,9tO. Comnianded by the oracle of Delphi to sacri6ce to ii»sa Amraon, 241. Receives tliree important pieces of Dew*ii>«M day, 243. Affects to show his eloquence like a eophiii, Stt, 245. His sajjing to his son, upon his managing l)uix.)>balu^ 248. Sends for Aristotle to instruct bis son in phiJtuoph;, », Causes great disonler in hia family, by oiarryiog CleopOr^ while Olympias was living, 252, Orden the Corinthiaos lo •a' him ThessaluB, one of Alexander's confidants, banishes four others, 254. Assassinated by Pausanias, for l^ fusing him justice, under a great injury he had received, A. A* state wf Macedon at his deiith, 2^5. An account of ibe MC afh.s arms, ib. ili« extravagant joy upon tbe victory of C
INDEX. 469
* ronea, ▼. 274*9 275. He reflects, with great emotion, after that battle, on the danger which he had incurred, through the oppo- sition of Demosthenes, ib.
Philipy the son of Demetrius IL, goes to war with the Romans, iii. S3. Sulpitius, and another Roman general, only trifle with' him, iL He comes to an interview with Flaminius, who is ap- pointed to act against him, 37. Addresses his army from an eminence that happens to be a burying p:round, 39. Beaten by Flaminius, at Cynoscephalse, 40. Submits to the discretion of the Romans, 42. Prepares again in the interior parts of his kingdom for war, ii. 290. Puts his son Demetrius to death, y/'u 209. Came to the crown of Macedon on the demise of his kins- man Antigonus Dosoo, ii. 290. vi. 201. Aratus, and the other Achsans, call him in to their assistance, 202. He gains the Cretans by his moderation, and prospers by following the coun- sels of Aratus, 208. Puts some of his courtiers to death for insulting Aratus, ib. His vices, which were only masked, make their appearance, 204. He corrupts the wife of Aratus' son, f^ Takes Aratus up into Ithome, and asks his opinion as to seizing that strong hold, 205. Is defeated at sea by the Romans, 206. Causes Aratus and the son of Aratus to be poisoned, 207^ 209. Is obliged to receive hard conditions of peace from the Romans, 209. Suffers in his own peace, in the manner that his crimes deserved, i^.
, Archias, and Leontidas, incite Phoebidas, the Lacedae- monian, to seize the Cadmes, and become tyrants in Thebes, ii.346.
> ArrhicUeus. See Arrhtdaus,
•, Pompey's freedman, buries his master with the assistance
of an old Roman, who had long lived in E^ypt, iv. 228. , Alexander gives him a government m India, iv. 332. -, Alexander's physician, accused of an intention to poison
him, clears himself of the imputation with great honour, iv. 268, 269.
-, the father of IVf arcia, v. 73.
PhilippiUf Marcius, his moderation in the office of censor, ii. 333. , Lucius, father-in-law to Augustus, a saying of his con- cerning his affection for Pompey, iv. 127. v. 347. Proposes to send Pompey into Spain, against Sertorius, iv. 144.
fPhiliffh battle of, vi. a?-^.
PhiUmnCj a gold coin, iii. 49.
PhiitppideSy the comio poet, an enemy to Stratocles, v. 375. A favourite of Lysimachus, ib. Desires to be excused from hear- ing the secrets of princes, ib.
Pkiiutus, the Syracusan, commended as an historian, iii. 397. Marries one of the daughters of Leptines, vi. 11, J 2. Comet with a fleet from Apulia, to assist Dionysius the Youneer in Sicily, 34. Is beaten by the Syracusans, •ift. His saymgto Dionysius, 35. His accosations against Dion, vi. 12. The barbarous treatment he suffered, 34. His death, ib. Cha- raccer, S5»
PAilo, the Academician, scholar to Clilomachus, v. 295. TlM M
Cic , ■ — ^, built the arsenal in t}ie Firffius, which wa& burnt b* Srik,
iii. 251,252. . I , walks in the steps of Caraeades, and defends the Kr«
Academy, iii. 3!j8.
iPhihbtxolus, a hill so called, iii. 253. %il(xhoru3, an Alhenian historian, i. 15, 18, 20, 32^ 37. Philoctes, one of the Athenian comtnandtrre, defeated by l^ijuwfc'
at yEgoB-Potamos, iii. 197. Advised the Athenians to cot of (he
light thumbs of all their prisoners of war, ib. LvmimIm'* qvat-
tion to him thereupon, and his answer, 202. Hisinuepiditj and
death, 203. P/iiluiTales, the senrant of Caius Gracchus, v. 240,
, the orator, v. 270.
PhUoet/pn", one of the princes of Cypnie, Solon adTbea Iiih »
remove his city from a barren hill to a fruitful plain below il, i.
£59. In grAlitude he calls his city ' Soli,' ib. Pkilodcmas, or rather Philomflus, of Phocis, robs the temple "f
Apollo at Delphi, ii. 2ti7. Punished by the Goda for bia MOi-
broiher Quiutui, hemp what tnapaer, aadb;
1.236.
Icec, iB. 2(59.
Philologus, the fccedinon of Cicero's Cicero to Aiitooy'a ruffians, whom put to dcnth, 353.
P/tHombniliu, Solon chosen archon next afler
PkVomedes, of Lampra, v. 89.
Phihnictu, the Thessalian, offers the celebrated horse Bucnluiiit in sole to Philip, iv. 246.
PiiiLOPCEMFH, the son of Crausia, of Megalopolis, iii. 9. E^ cated by Cawander in hia younger years, ib, Aftcnrank wio the tuition of Ecdetnus and Demophaucs, who deliiei d»i country from lyraimy, ib. Excellently formed to rirtut, li- Called the last of the Greulcs, 3. His visage not very htmi'. ib. Simple in his manner and dress, ib. The noty of his bont" at Megara, ib. What Titus tlaminius said oi bini, 4v £f» minondas taken by him as his pattern, tb. Despises the exen*' of wrestling, 5. Makes incursions inlo Laconia, i&. Spc^ hiH leisure either in the chase or agriculture, i^. Beads £^ baoks relative to war, 6. Considers military excellence at Ik highest of human ininroveroenls, ib. Thirty yesra (^ wko Cleomenes surprised Megalopolis, ib. Stands upon hu defcan till the inhabitants had made their escape, 7. Penuadea iJkb not to return till Cleomoncs had left the place, ib, DietingitaMi himself, under .'Vnligonus, in a buttle with Cleonienca fi. A saying of Aniigonus concerning him, 9. AniigODU* is ituna of retaining him in hit service ; but conscious thai h« osaaO bear a superior, he goes into Crete, whetti he gains a thri»^ knowledge of the stratagems of war, ib. At ^« («tuni, l« makes a great reform ia the Achaou cavalry, i$, XVfratt tkt ^toliaog and Eluans near the river Larissua, and kiUi DmW- phantus, commander of the Elean horse, 10. The AcImiM
'Ml
INDEX. 47X
called in fymga {Nriaoet in the time of Arattis, but stand upon their own bottom io that of Phiiopcemen, 11. Ue corrects ^e errors of the AchcaBs, in drawing up their forces^ and in the make of their arms, ib. Turns their passion for show, from dresSy and household furniture, to arms, 12. Takes the fidd against Machanidas, the tyrant of Lacedsgmon, 13. And kills him in the battle of Mantinea, 14. The Achssans, on that ac* county erect a statue to him at Delphi, ib. Passes his phalanx in review at the Nemean games, and is received with gveat appiaase in the theatre, 15. Philip of Macedon sends some persona to Argos, to assassinate him, 16. He goes to rescue the Mesae* nians from Nabis, the tytaat of LacecUemon, and succeeds, t^. Is blamed for passing a second time into Crete, when his fellow- citizens were distrttsed by Nabis, ib. His saying concerning Ptolemy, 17. The Megalopolitans inclined to pass an outlawry against him, ib. While in Crete he outdoes the Cretans them- selves in art and stratagem, 18. At his return, he finds Philip beaten by Flaminius, and Nabis engaged in war both with tha Romans and Achseans, ib* He is chosen eeneral of the Achsans, ib. Ventures to act at sea, and is shamefullv beaten, ib. Puts to sea again to relieve Gythium, and succeeds, 19. Nabis comet upon him, as he was marching throygh a difficult pass, ib. He puts Nabis and the Lacedemonians to the rout, and kills many aa they endeavour to regain their city in the night, ib. 20* Senea Sparta, and joins it to the Achsean laaffue, 20. The Laceds^* monians sell the house and goods of Nabis, and by a public order give the money to Philop<smen, ib. Philopcemen refuses the money, 21. What he saia upon that occasion, iL Philoposman enters Sparta, and shuts its sates upon Diophanes and Flami^ nius, 22. On a fresh complamt against the Spartans, he pott eighty of their citiaena to death, demolishes their walls, and adda great part of their territory to that of Meealopolis, ib. Compels them to give their children an Achaean education, ib. Lamenta that be had not the command of the Achsans, when Antiochus and the Syrians behaved with so little regard to discipline in Greece, 23* Contends with the Romans, afUr they had eaU- blished tbemaelves in Greece, ib* A saying of hia on that ocea« sioD, ib. Elected general of the Achseans the eighth time, when seventy years of age, 24. Says, * there was no great account to be made of a man, who suffered himsdf to be taken alive^' ib* Though sick, marches against Dinocratea with a small corps of Megalopolitan volunteers, ib. 25. RepulseaDinocrates; but some fresh troopa coming up, he ia pushed upon the rocks, and his horse throws him, ib* Is taken alive, carried off in an igno- minious manner, and put in prison, ib* 26. The Measenians tbemaelves lament hia mil, 26. The AchaBsna demand him, ii* Dinocratea opens the dungeon in the night, and sends in his servant with a dose of poison, ib* 27. PhikipcBmen inqnirea, whether the Megalopolitan cavalry had escaped, 27. Being an- swered in the affirmative, he drinka off the ,poison with great aatis&ction, ib* His death ills ail Achaia wiA grief and hun«i-
«7S
tntioc, ib.
INDEX.
The AcbEcans march against the MesBenUiu, venge it, is. The procesAion of the AchieanB to Meigi with his recnninB, 28. A Roman endeavours long aftervirdM get hie statues pulled down, but. Mummius forbids it. ib. 39.
Philosophers, the honour done thtm by Pottipey, i». 179. TTi^dir. ference between a speculative and a practical philosopher, ii. 29.
PhiloiUphanKi, \. liS.
Philattraltis, the philasopher. Cato psys him p^reat respect, t. 106. Octavius dislikes him, and why, v. 502. In wliat maBBcr tie obtain* his pardon, ib.
Pbilotns, the son of Parmenio, provokes Alexander b; hii pridf and arrogance, \i. 3H. Has hunting-nets, tlial reach 4n hunzted furlongs in lengtli, S03. Suppresses an iofortnation of Oewo against the king, S15. Is seized and puttodeatli, 316.
, ofAmphissa, t lie physician, v, 451. Silencei Bn imptr-
tinent felloH' by a sophism, i&. Itewarded for ii, bj tbcsvaf Antony, with a whole service of plate, \S2.
Pkilotit, or Tvloia, a servant-maid in Itome, her Btraiuw »
E reserve the honour of tlie Konian virgins, and to imwiiii it" ,Btins in their camp, i. 100, 403.
PUiloxenus, Alexander's lieutenant on the eea-cosst, severdr R- proved hy him for an infamous proposal, iv. 272.
■ — , son of Ptolemy, sent by Pelopidas Trom Macedoa ii i
hostage, ii. 37*.
, the poet, hia dithyrambicE, iv, 250.
, marries Thestc the sister of Dionysius the EWo',»i-flJ
^Phlianu, river, iii. 226.
iPhliasians, iv. 101. vj. 189.
^Pilius, V. 17*.
{Phocaa, iii. 192.
Phogion, came to the administration when the camtnonwealtti >f Athens was no more than a wreck, v. 2. Probably not the )» of a turner, 6. Educated by Plato and Xenocrates in theici- demic philosophy, 7. Particularities in his character, ii. Ha saying, upon Chares' reflecting on his couDtenance. ii. H* speeches concise, but weighty and persuasive, ii. He wen» under Chabrias in his youth, and helps to correct the iaipr- tuosity of that general, S. His gallant behaviour in the !a- fight off the isle of N'axos, 9. Goes to the islands with a nop ship, and prevails with them to send their quotas of ehme r^ moiiey, iS. Endeavours to excel, both in the civil nnd tnilitin department, which was not the custom in his tiaie, 10. Elecf^ general iive-and-forty times, ib. Popular, though he oppomi the inclinations of the citizens, 11. Several aayion <i his, ib. 12 — H. He had a deal of goodness and hiuMnity notwithstanding the severity of his expressionii, 14. fJe msic^ against Philip of Macedon's forces, which were endeavouring t> f^tablisii themselves in Eubcco, and defeats them, 15-:1T> Drives Plutarch out of Eretria, 17. Makes himaetr naHrif the fort of Zuretra, ib. ^uves Byzantium from Philip, m, i^^ several of his sliips, and recovers cities wliich he bctd )
INDEX. 473
ff^. s wounded, and returns to Athens, ib. Upon an applica- tion from the people of Megara^ he fortifies their town, ib. De- mosthenes carries it against him for war with Philip, but advised it*s being conducted at the greatest distance from Attica^ 19. His saying upon it, ih* The people are with much difficulty prevailed on by the court of Areopagus, to put their concerns in bis hands, ib. He gives his opinion for a peace; but for a peace, the conditions of which should be previously known, 20. The error of the Athenians in not abiding by his counsel, ib* He will not permit any rejoicings at Athens on the death of Philip, ib. Jkeproves Demosthenes for his invectives against Alexander, ib. 21. Advises the giving up of the orators, which Alexander demanded, 21 . Is in great esteem with that prince, who will not receive the submission of tlie Athenians from any other hands, ib. Refuses Alexander's present, 22. But applies for the liberty of his friends, ib. 23. Alexander offers him his choice of four cities in Asia, but he rejects the offer, ib. His house shown in the time of Plutarch, id. The excellent charac* ter of his wives, ib, 24'. His son Phocus wins the prize in a foot- race in the PanathenflM^ 24. Phocus being of a disorderly turn, and addicted to drinking, his father carries him to Laceda^mon, to try what effect the discipline of Lycurgus would have upon him, ib. 25. Alexander applies to the Athenians for ships, and the orators advise them to refuse him, 25. Phocion's saying upon it, ib. Harpalus attempts to corrupt him, but without effect, ib. Charicles, being called to account by the people for the money which he had taken of Harpalus, desires in vain the pro* tecdon of Phocion, 26. Phocion's advice to the people upon the death of Alexander, 27. He opposes the Lamian war, Uf. Still disapproves it, notwithstanding the success of Leosthenes, 28. At the age of fourscore, takes the command, beats the Macedo- nians, and kills their general Micion, 29, 30. Is sent to treat with Antipater of peace, 31. An account of the conditiof^s, ib. The Athenians arc forced to receive a Macedonian garrison into Munychia, 33. McnvUus, a friend of Phocion, who commands the garrison, offers rhocion money, 35. What Pbociou said upon it, ib. 36. The confidence which Nicanor placed in Pho- cion, 38. Nicanor makes an attempt upon the Piraeus, and Phocion, who relied too much upon his honour, does not guard against him in due time, 39. Aenonides accuses Phocion of trea« son, f^. Phocion retires to Polyperchon, 40. Deputies are sent to the camp of that general to accuse Phocion, ib. Phocion attempts to make his defence before Philip Arrhidseus; but beine often interrupted by Polyperchon, holds his peace, f^. He and others are declared guilty of treason, and sent back to Athena to have sentence passed upon them by the people, 41. An assem- bly of slaves, ibreigners, infamous persons, and citizens, decree the death of Phocion, ib. He labours to save his friends, but is not able, 42. The dignity of his behaviour in the last scene of bis life, 43. What he said to Thudippui, on bis bewailing li|(n- self, id* Other excellent sayings of his on that occasion, i6«^ A
decree |>a»e«l, that his body should not remain nithia thetwniidi ol' Attica; aud that no Athenian shuuld furnisli fire for lUefuMb ral pile, 44. The last officee are perlumied in tbe teniuc; of Megsra, ii. The Athenians soon repeetinp of what ibej hid done erect the btatue cf Phocion in bras&, bury bis reoiusi M the public expense, and put to death hie principal accuicf. «L HiB son Phocus destroys two more of his accuBeii, ih, Ol proceedings against him put the Greeks in miatl of those aglMM Socrates, 4^.
PA(«:««ttar, ii. St. iiL222, 223, 318.
iPkocU, taken by Philip of Macedon, *. 272.
Phocus, a friend of Solon's, i. 237.
— , (on of Phocion, is victorious in the foot-race, t. 24. Ollm
particularii concerning him, 441.
Phiebidas, the Lacedauuonian, incited by Arcliias, Leontidoc, od Philip, to seize the citadel of Tbcbcs, ii. 340. iv. 99. In raw^ he assists them against the deraocraiic party in Thebes, anck ikcy become tyrants, ii. 347. Deprived of his comniaiul by theLH(> dtEmonians, for seizing the Cadraea, yet they keep tbe fiirt, 316| 3*7. Killed ai Thespiie, S.59.
^Phoenicia, given by Antony to Cleopatra, v. 460.
iPhcenicians, their Beet beaten b^ Cimon, iii. 312.
Phtrnix, preceptor to Achilles, iii. 3.
, of Teuc<los, one of Eumenes' lieutenants, iv, 46. , the Theban, Alexander insists on liis being eiven m-U him, with Prothytcs, iv. 256.
Pkorbas, favourite of Apollo, i. 171.
Phoriits, father of Dexitliea, i. 50.
Piormio, Demosthenes composes an oration for him ag^tA Aflk lodorus, and anotlier for Apollodorus against FLoraiio, v. 3G&>.
Photiniis, the eunuch, minister to Ptolemy king of K^vpU i^nM bim to put Pompey to death, iv. 225. roims a scli'euw uhmI Csesar and Cleopatra, 414. Is capitally punished by CKsar,SSSl
\Phruattt besieged by Antony, v. 462.
Pkraales, gives his fatlier Oroties poison, and, that proving iii«i^ tual, despatches him another way, iii. 498. His meHag«, w ha( of ParlUia, to Pompey, and Pompey' s answer, iv. 168. BMW by Afraniua, Pompey's lieutenant, 171- Forms a strilMH against Antony, v. 464.
PkrasUltn, uephew to Themistoctes, marries his (laughter Kin^ cha, i. 35S.
Phrearians, the people of Phrear, one of the waids at \tbciM^ l 811.
PhrixHs, 8 Spartan, iv. 113.
iPhyr^ia, iv. 49, 84, 266.
Phr^giui, one of Alexander's companions, expelled from Ma» doD bv Philip, iv. 254'.
Phrfftu'chus, an Athenian general opposes the couiuek of AlcitHad* St SanioB, and discovers them to tne enemy, ii. 151. Is MabM b^ one of Herraos's men, Uid lubsequentiy declared « tnuMr M hk country, ri.
INDEX. ft*
PtryiMm, the Mmio pMt, i. S18. ii. 141 . Phrynisy a musiciaDy v, HS. Phruxus, See Phrixus.
Phihia^ wife of Admetus, king of the Molossians, i. S47. ■ ..' -"ii-, tha mother of P3nnrlMi8, iii. 66. fPhthiota, ii. 385. iii. 43.
PkmgadoikeraSf or ^ Exiie-hiiiiter/ who so called, v. 286. P&jftndaaSf Ihe people of one of the wards of Athens, i. 232. Pk^gea^ oae of the ward* of Athens, ii. 144. Fh^^adam^ the concubine of StraU>cles, t. S7S. PAy&iircAiM, the historian^ iiu 107. inuhf castle of, iii. ^14. ▼. 885. PikifiHui, ighta gallaBtfy in deflmoe of Sparta, iii. 108. PhytaUd€B. ThMeus meets with the first instance of hoqpitalii^
from them in Attica, i. 12. Were the descendents of PhytakiSy
ib, n, Phytalus, entrusted by Ceres with the secret of ^thrat^
ing the fig-tree, ib. \Picenumy or the Picene^ ii. 392. iy. 131. •fPfcin^, or rather PtcUe^ iii. 244. Piau and JVnimcc, two demi*god% the story of their being tdieis
by Numa, and obliged to instruct him in certain charms and
expiations, i. 194. Pierio^ a poet, iv. 318. jPtf^, iv. 45.
Puldr^ set up in the Isthmus of Corinth by Theseus, i. 31. PiMst feast of. See Cybemesia,
Pinarii, said to. be descended firom Pinus, the son of Noma, L 20ii» ' PinaritUf i. 214. Pindarf verses of his, L 146. The fiivourite of Pan, 172. Alex^
ander spares his iamihr in Thebes, iv. 256, 257. Pindar and
Epamiaondas redeem the credit of Bosotio, I. xxviii. PindaruSf despatches Cassius at his request, vi. 96. Piraica^ one of the gates of Athens, i. 34. piritus, the Athenian harbour, Sphodrias makes an attempt qpea
it, iv. 101. Erginns, a friend m Aratus, and Aratus himMif, dd
the same, vi. 186. Sylla takes it, iii. 251. PiraieSy those of Cilicia masters of the seas, iv. 15% 153* TImIp
extreme insolence, 153. Conquered by Pompey, 157. Piritkous. His friendship with Theseus, >. 38. He marries IM«k
damia, f&. Assists Theseus in the rape ef Helen, 40. Attempta
to carry off Core, the daughter of Aldoneus, and is torn to piaacs
by his dogs, t^. PisandcTy sent from Samos to Athens, to change the government
from a democracy to an anstocratical form, ii. 151. ■ ■ , brother-in-law to Agesilaus, appointed by him admiral»
iv. 82. Is defeated and slain, 91. fPisaunmy v. 483. PUmnacHoHy or PlesianacHaUj iii. 298. fPutdianiy iv. 266. JPu», the Thespian, his authority in Thebes, v. 404. Denletvfais
§78 INDEX,
lakes him prisoner, but afterward makea him gorenmr i Thespin, ii. Pisutraiidit, i.2M,n. PmitralidaA,i.l51. Pisistralides, sent ambassador from Sparta to the Peraua jiirif^
a saj'ing of his to them, i. 151. Pmslratu.', strikes a line out of Hesiod to (fratify the II i.SS. The kineman of Solon, 218. His character, «ka.m
I I Causet himself to be wounded in severs! places, and prrceodil
" have received those wounds from the nobility, 265. ObO"
piaril from the puople, and by means of that ^uard ceubi up tyrant, i6. 266. Is accused of murder, and though p flf supreme power, submiu to a trial before the court of ArsM gas, 967. Makes a law in favour of such as were maimed in a wait, ill- Pwn, Calpurnius, V.83. Cssar niEUTies his daughter, and tijin the consul the next year, tb.
, Caius, the historian, iii. 179.
, Cicero's8on-in-law,T.33I.
■ ' , the consul, Cbdius assigns bim the province of MaodMl V.S29.
, adopted by Oalba, vi. 233, 234. His excellent qiialiti(>,2)i
He is killed by Otho's party, near the temple of Voto. SW k Pifsuthnes, the son ofHystaspes, a iTieod to the people iif liam
^Pitana, Mithridates shut himself up in that cttv, iii. 330l
Pklaeus, one of the seven wise men, the Mityleneona^ for their sovereign, i. 236.
PiHheus, grandfather of Theseus by the mother's side, ftwirff M city of Troezene, i.4. Teaches rhetoric there, ih. m. M<rf sentence ascribed to him, ib. Theseus brought up br hia
iPityusa, isle of, n. 10.
\Ptnctntia, vi. 250.
Plague. See PtstUenci.
Planeus, accused and cast, though Pompey appeared in hia iv. 197. Goes over from Antony to Augustus, v. 481.
Planting, Solon's law concerning it, i, £59.
*Plalaat, battle of, ii. 474 — *76.
Ptatamui, Alexander's compliment to them upon it lone after, lA ^5. They build a temble to Minerva, ii. 47H. The Gndr yield them the prime honour of the day, in the battle ngMBtf ^ Pereians, 478. Games of liberty celebrated aiuongst thain. 4A 480,481.
Plato, i.40,n. a passage in his writing* concerning the happy ____- royal authority, and a philosophical mind united, 804^ v, 364^ fW- «idesl"nr the expenses of his voyage into Egypt,"iy the merdMnte aroil,i.22l. Fmds fault with Kiidovus aitd .'\ruliytaa, fornnMtf the mathematics to mechanic purposes, ti.408. T1ir»e UcSm^ for whieh he thanked his good genius, iii. 180. AdmilM^ poetry of Antimacliui, and comfnrta him wlno the """
^
INDEX. 4ns
was given byL^saqder to NiceraluB, 211. What Cicenriaid of him» ▼• S21 . The Cyrenians apply to him for a body of laws, and he tells them, it is hard to give laws to wealthy people, iii. 328. His doctrines derive their authority from his exemplary life, and from his asserting a divine principle superior to neoes- sity and fate, 435. A maxim of his, v. 397. Another, vu 3. Directed by the gods into Sicily, 5. Sent away by Dionysius the Elder, and sold at ^gina for a slave, 6. Dion, his disciple, 5. Returns to Sicily, 10. The great effect which his instnic- tions had at first upon Dionysius the Younger, 12, 13. Enters tains the Athenians with games, at Dion's expense, 16. Ke« turns a third time to Sicily, 17. Archytas defnands him of Diony« sius the Younger, in the name of Uie philosophers, 19. De- mosthenes, his disciple, v. 256,
PlatOf the comic poet, ii. 7, 127.
Plebeian consul. When first created, Plebeians gain the privfltge of having tribunes to protect their rights, i. 286, n.
•fPlemm^unif iii. 430.
Pliny ^ i. 18, m
Plisiarchus, the brother of Cassander, v. 396.
PUstintu^ brother to Faustulus, killed in the dispute between Ro* mulus and Remus, i. 64.
PUstonaXf king of the Lacedsemonians retires from Attica, by the advice of Cleandrides, and is fined for it so high, that he is obliged to quit his country, ii. 35. His answer to an Athenian, who said that the Lacedaemonians were not learned, i. 143.
Plutarch, author of these Lives, confirms the reputation which Bceotia had recovered, I. xxviii. Chteronea, the place of his birth, ib. He acknowledges the stupidity of the Bceotians m general, but imputes it rather to their diet, than their air, ib. The year, in which he was born, not easy to be ascertained, ib. He studied philosophy under Ammonius,- at Delphi, when Nero made his progress into Greece, xxix. Plutarch, when he learn- ed the Roman language, which was not till he was some* what advanced in life, got the knowledge of words from bis knowledge of things, xxxL An instance of his early skill in criticism, in his dissertation on the word f«, engraved on the temple of Apollo, ib. The works of their poets were almoet universally committed to memorv by the Greeks, xxxiiL The advantage Plutarch made of tnat mode of education, xxxiv. Yet sometimes he made mistakes by trusting too much to his memory, ib. He was probably of the Latter Academy, but borrowed notwithstanding what he found excellent in every sect. ib. XXXV. His benevolent regards to the animal creatioiip xxxYi. He pays great attention to dreams, xxxix. His read- ing prodigiously extensive, xl. His family not without weakh, ib. He had the happiness to know his great grandfather Niciiw chus, ib. His grandfather Lamprias, a man of great eloquence, and an excellent companion, ib. His father, a learned and viiv tuous man, but his name not delivered down to us, ib. Aii in- stance of his father's discretion, xli. Plutarch's affection to his
6
«T8 IH^X.
takes him prisoner, but afterwarcl taafces him goremor a ThespiiE, ib.
Pisiftrotida, i. 244, n.
Pisistralida/, i. 151.
Pisislrnlidei, sent ambassador from Sparta to the PersiaB Sarn^. a saying of liis to thcin, i. 151.
Pisistratu!, ctrikcs a line out of Heiiod to gratify the Alhenuu, ). 33> The kinEfnan of SoIod, 218. His character, i^. a.-m, Causes himself to be wounded in several places, and precendi K haTe received those nounds from the nobility, 265. Oixaiw a {Tuard from the people, and hv meana of that guard sett binaelf
up tyrant, ib. 266. Is accused of murder, and though | laij
of supreme power, submits to a trial before the court of Areopt- gus, 987. Makes a law in favour of such aa were maimed ia tto wart, i&.
Piso, CalpurniuB, v. 83. Cwsar marries his dQugbter, and ^t* hira the consul the next year, ib.
, Caius. the historian, lii. 179.
Cicero's son-in-law v. 331.
-•—, the consul, Ck>d)UB assigns him the proviocc of Mm
, adopted by Galba, vi. 233, 234. His excellent qualiti-,-
He is killed by Otho'a party, near the temple of Vesta, Wi.
Pissttthnes, the son of Hystaspes, a friend to the people of ShM), ii. 39.
^Pilana, MithridateB shut himself Up in that cttv, iii. 330.
PUtaeiis, one of tlic seven wise men, the Mityleneans cbeow bin for their sovereign, i. 236.
Piltheus, grandfother of Theseus by the motlier's aide, foondi (1» city of Trcezene, i.4. Teaches rhetoric there, i^ ■. Moni sentence ascribed to him, ii, Theseus brought up bv him,6.
iPityu$a, isle of, W. 10. '
iPlacentia, vi. 250.
Plague. See Ptstilence.
Plancus, accused and cast, though Pompey appeared in I iv. 197- Goes over from Antony lo Augustus, v. 48i.
Planting, Solon's Uw concerning it, i. 253.
^Plalaa, battle of, ii.47+ — 476.
JYofiraBj, Alexander's compliment to them upon it long after, it. 295. They build a temble to Minerva, ii. 4'78. The Gtnb yield them the prime honour of the d>^, in the bottle againat liw Persians, 478. Games of liberty celebrated amoogat tltent, 478 480,481.
P^fo, i.40,n. a passage in his u-ritings concerning the happy efleettif ^ul authority, and a philosophical mind united, S04. v. 364. P(«- les for the expenses of his voyage into Egypt, Sy the nierchandMC cfoil.i.Sai. Fmds fault with P:udo\usand .\rchyta», foeapplrinf the mathematics to mechanic purposes, ii.408. lliree blenuue*. for which he thanked his good genius, iii, 180. AdmirM ilw poetry of Antimachus, and comforts him when the prefer^iKP
;£
INDEX. 477
waa given byLysaqder to Niceratui^ 911. What Cicero said of hiiDy V. S21. The Cyrenians apply lo hiui for a body of laws, and he tells theniy it is hard to give laws to wealthy people, iii. 328. His doctrines derive their authority from his exemplary life, and from his asserting a divine principle superior to neces- sity and fate, 435. A maxim of his, v. 397. Another, vL S. Directed by the gods into Sicily, 5. Sent away by Diooysius the Elder, and sold at ^gina for a slave, 6. Dion, nis disciple, 5. Returns to Sicily, 10. The great effect which his instruc- tions had at first upon Diooysius the Younger, 12, IS. Enter- tains the Athenians with games, at Dion's expense, 16. Re- turns a third time to Sicily, 17. Archytas demands him of Diony- sius the Younger, in the name of the philosophers, 19. De- mosthenes, his disciple, v. 256.
Plato, the comic poet, ii. 7, 127.
Plebeian consul. When first created. Plebeians gain the privilege of having tribunes to protect their rights, i. 286, ».
f P/mmynum, iii. 430.
Pliny ^ i. 18, n.
Plistarchutf the brother of Cassander, v. 396.
PUstinuSf brother to Faustulus, killed in the dispute between Ro* mulus and Remus, i. 64.
PlistonaXf king of the Lacedsemonians retires from Attica, br the advice of Cleandrides, and is fined for it so high, that he is obliged to quit his country, ii. 35. His answer to an Athenian, who said that the Lacedaemonians were not learned, i. 143.
Plutarch, author of tliese Lives, confirms the reputation which Boeotia had recovered, I. xxviii. Chaeronea, the place of his birth, i6. He acknowledges the stupidity of the bceotians in general, but imputes it rather to their diet, than their air, ib. The year, in which he was born, not easy to be ascertained, ih. He studied philosophy under Ammonius,- at Delphi, when Nero made his progress into Greece, xxix. Plutarch, when he learn- ed the Roman language, which was not till he was some- what advanced in life, got the knowledge of words from hit knowledge of things, xxxL An instance of his early skill in criticism, in his dissertation on the word k, engraved on the temple of Apollo, ib. The works of their poets were almost universally committed to memory by the Greeks, xxxiiL The advantage Plutarch made of that mode of education, xxxiv. Yet sometimes he made mistakes by trusting too much to his memory, id. He was probably of the Latter Academy, but borrowed notwithstanding what he found excellent in every sect. ib. XXXV. His benevolent regards to the animal creatioiip XXX vi. He pays great attention to dreams, xxxix. His read- ing prodigiously extensive, xl. His family not without wealth, ib. He had the happiness to know his great grandfiither Nioar» chus, ib. His grandfather Lamprias, a man ^ great eloquence^ and an excellent companion, ib. His father, a learned and viiw tuous man, but his name not delivered down to us, ii* An in- stance of his father's discretion, xli. PluUrch*s afl^on to his
6
L
two brothers, Timon and Lamprias, ift. H« in t»\i to tmn passed into Egypt, it. Undoubtedly visited lulj-, iDd pro- bably on tame business of the Chteroneaas, xlii. PrtiMbb wrote his Morols at Rome, and his Lives at Chsenmo^ iliil CorstantJy kept a common-place book, xHv. \Vm» at RMoeiod otlipr pnrts of Italy, almost forty years. H. Colleited atnj mnierials from conversation, it. He made no great pr«^T^kft the Latin tongue, xlv. Tells us himsetf that he wrote the Lntt of Demosthenes and Cicero at Chsronea, slvi. Did aot retire lo Chironed till after the death of Trajan, ib. The heok oi Apophthegms, Mipposed 10 be wrillen by another hand, li- fV* ccptor lo Trajan, by nhom he was raised to the consular htpii\\ , and appointed governor of lllyria. ih. His letter to Traiao. sic the genuineness of it defended, 16. nlvii. n. The allemlon p^J by tlic Roman nobility to hij lectures, xlvii. An iiiMancti tin in Arulenus Husticus, iS, Hia iriendBbip witli Soaaiut Sencci^ jjviii. His being preceptor to Trajan defertded, xli\. Emw as to the time of the establishment of bi» rcputAticm in Root, refuted, and the real time asserted, 1 . The Roman writen^ >^ were his contemporaries, probably jealous of his fame, ii. T» timonies of other writers to hia merit, li. lii. He retim in ib decline of life to Chieronefl, and there writes his Li»e», li". Criti<]ue upon those Lives, ib, liv. Plutarch's sentimrat* vf i^i duty of a biographer, Iv. He was conaiitntionally rcti^oit->. and therefore too indulgent to superstition, Ivi. \et, upon t^r uhole, had honourable notions of the Supreme Bein^ d Hii opinion of Genii or Dsmons, ib. Ivii, I le is conaecniad prwM of Apotio, Ivii. Elected archon of Chacrnnea, hfii, Jurtly amcrts, thut the most dangerous public I'acliong are oAtnU 6nt kindled by private misunderstandings, lix. He BSaero aba the necessity of obedience and detcrence to maciatrataa, iWry* they happen lo be our iDferiors, Ix. A republican at bcvt, »i a friend to liber^r, ii. His domestic connexions, Ui. lb name of his wife Timoiena, Kii. Her character, £k He W at least five children by her, four sons, and a daughter, ii. T«» of his sons and his daughter (lie young, 16. Ixiii. He left (» sons, Plutarch and Lamprias : The latter lina given ua a Oti- Icgue of his father's writings, ti. I\iv. A list of those wliicltvi lost, Ixiv. Ixv. His nephew Sestua teaches the Gre^^k ISDMft and learning to Marcus Antoninus, Ikv. The characi»r pt* by that emperor, of Sextu?, applicable to Plutarch, rt. Owv thor enjoyed that reward of philosophy, long life; but of lk time of his death we have no satisfactory account, ib.
Plutarch of Ereiria, asks assistance of the Athenians, v. 15, B* is defeated by the Macedonians, 16. Driven out a( Eratfit tf Phocion, 17.
Pliitu), the god of riches, not only blind, but without aenae mi motion at Sparia, i. ISS.
Pli/nteria, the time during which the ornamenls of the
or image of Mtocrva, are purified, and the image hatlf !■ up, ii. 163.
INDEX. 4?f
Pnux^ u S4* The Rostnun from which the Athenian orators 9fakk
there^ turned toward the sea by Themlstocles. i. 341. -^Po^ river, iii. 150. vi. 254, 255. P€ecile, iii. 298. Poisoners^ Their heads crushed flat between two broad stones in
Persia, vi. 1S6. Polemarchs^ among the Spartans, i. 128. The annual govemorg iof
Boeotia, so called, ii. 348. Who so called amongst the Athe*
nians, i. 244, n. Pokmon^ Alcestas and Docimus dispute the command with En-
menes, iv. 49. Polemo the geographer, vi. 165.
, king of Pontus, Antony's ally taken prisoner by the Pto«
thians v. 462. Politics, 'ii. 192. v. 4, 133, 246, 277, 300, 305, 357. PoUichiuf the Syracusan, uncle to Heraclides, goes with ten gallies
against Nicias, to assist his nephew who was in danger of being
tiucen, iii. 436. Pollio, the troops of Otlio find fault with him, vi. 263. PoUis the Spartan, takes Plato on board his ship by desire of
Dionysius the Elder, and sells him for a slave, vi. 6. Pollux. See Casior and Pollux. PoluSf of ^Bgina, a celebrated actor, v. 286. Polycenusy a friend of Philopoemen, iiL 14. Po^arces, the Lacedaemonian embassador, ii. 46. His sajring ta
Pericles, ib. Polybius, son of Lycortas, carries Philopoemen*s urn, which is
attended with a mixture of triumphal and funeral pomp, iii. 28.
Solicits Cato in favour of the Achaean exiles, ii. 4(H. Polycldiis, one of Nero's ministers, put to death by Galba, tL
227. — — the statuary, ii. 4. Polycrates the Sicyonian, a descendent of Aratus, vi. 153. Fhi-
tarch addresses the life of Aratus to him, 152. tyrant of Samos, ii. 40. Lysander follows his example.
iii. 196. Pdycrite, daughter of Lysimachus the son of Aristides, ii. 489.
The Athenians assign her a public allowance^ out of regard to
her grandfather, ib. Polycritus the Mendssan, physician to Artaxerxes, vi. 138. PofydecteSf son of Eunomus, and half-brother to LycurguSt i.
111. Pol^dorut and Theopompus> kings of Sparta, insert a clause in di«
Rhetra, i. 120. PolueucieSf one of the sons of Themistocles, i. 357. Polyeuctus the Sphettian, exhorts the Athenians to war, and it
proves a laborious piece of work to him to speak about it, t.
12, 13. Fhocion's observation thereupon, 13. He calls De- mosthenes the greatest oratori but Phocion thie best . r- 7, 8, 263.
1 have had an iatrigoe vM
I
Poi'/gnotus the painter, supposci) I £lpinice, iii. 298.
I , [ower of, vi, liR.
Poli/machus, a Maciidonmu, pul to tleatli by AIeumdi;r fit pre- sumiog to rifle the tomb of Cyrui, iv. M2.
Polifmedrs, father of Glaucus, v. 16.
PoiyperchMi, or Po/ysperchon, declarec! general of tlie biiit h Antipater a little before his death, v. 37.
■ and Lep[inL':> kill Callippua, vi, 53, 54.
Poit/phron killed by his nephew Alexander, tyrant of Phcn; ■*» consecrntes the aitear vith which he despatched hun, ii.ST7.
Polution, joioB Alcibiadea id prophaoing the sacred myMenct, u. 188.
fPoli/selium, iii, 4-K).
Polyalu-u the Rhodian, i. 2S9.
Pomascelhres tlic Parthian kUlfi Crassus, iii. 494^ Obtauicthe<» tomary reward, 407-
Pomerium, what, and why bo called, i. 65,
Poinpeia, the third wife of Caaari suspected of an intrin* mA Clodius, V. 326, 327. Cassar divorces her, 32!).
•\Pomptii, V. 302.
Povipeitu, a senator, accuses Tiberius Gracchus of aspinDs 10 it aovereigmy. v. 211. *
, AuIuB. See Aulta Pomptiut.
■ . ^l/"«. consul with Sylln, iii. 164, «. 239. HifMia
killed by the tribune Sulpitius, iii, It)4.
FoMPEY, soil of Slrabo, as much beloved by the Bm^umUi father nas hated, iv. 126. His excellent quaiidv, A. Tie beauty and dignity of his person, 127. Like Atei«^ ^ Great, ib. Flora's passion for him, ib. Simple in hii diMi V^- His saying upon his physician's ordering him a thrush, A. S«nfi under his father against Ciona, ib. Save* hiaiself sad bisb^ff from being asaawinated, and prevents the troops frtxn ;j|rrihy,
129. Defends himself, and his deceased father, u the bar ntt applause, ib. The prietor Anlistius Hives him his daaehter,^
130. He repair* to Cinna's camp, but soon after dieappeanf* (0 me time, 130. Kaises forces in the Picene, 131. Marehff" join Sylla, ]:J2. On the way defeats three genentle of tb* of-
Eosite party, ib. Scipio the consul advances aeaioit htm, tal is men desert to Pompey, ib. Pompey defeuta Carho's ca*alrf. 183< Sylla marclie« to Pompey, and salutes him Imperaiar ^ Pompty goes, at the request of Metellus, to his aaMstaocs • Gaul, ib. lili. He is persuaded lo divorce Anttstia, and k marry ^^niilia, daughter-in-law to Sylla, 131-. He expcbhr' penna from Sicily, and recovers that island, 135. Putt CaAa> death, ib. Spares the Himeream fur a bold sayinir of dtM countryman Sthenis, 136. Saile Ui Africa with a powrrfol fc« and army, 13". Seven thousand of the enemy revolt to him, A His eoldiers, with a spirit of infatuation, dig for treaaorv Ar' the ruins of Carthage, ii. He defcau and kllla OooUiaa, 1S$-
JNDEX.
481
Takes larbot prisoner, and gi^ea his crown tn Hiempscil, ib Ue^uces Africa in forty Jaya, ib. 139. Sj'ila seniis litm an humi- liating order, with regard to the disposition of his troops, at which the army express their indignatinn, 139. At his return to Rome, Sylla gives him the surname of Magnus, /*. He de- mands a triumph, and gains it after some opposition from Svlla,
■ 140, HI. Refiises to flatter the army, 141, Oeta Lepidus" re- turned consnl, against the will of Syfla, I'tS. Sylla'a prediction thereupon soon verified, i6. Sylla takes no notice of him in his will, yet he procures Syllir interment in the Campus Martius, though opposed by Lcpidus, ib. Lepidus collecis the remains of the Mnrtan faction, and sets up tor dictator, ib, Potnpcy is sent against him by Catullus the other consul, and soon defeats Lepidus and aft his partisans, l+S. Behaves dishonourably to BrutLi« who bad surrendered Mutina, ib. Has interest enoQf;li to be sent in aid to Metellus Pius against Scrtoriua in Spain, lit, Sertortus expresses bis contempt of him, 14^. He is afflicted at the loss of Lauron, which Sertorius burns in his presence, ib. Defeats Heretinius and Pcrpenna, ib. Fights the battle of Sucro, from which be escapes by qoittiag his liorSe with eold trappings, 146. Behaves with great respect to Metellus, ib. Applies lo
' the senate fiir money lo pay his troops, and Lucullus, who waa ' jealous of liim as a competitor for the command against Mifhri- ' dates, takes care to see the roonejr sent, 1*7. By a stratagem draws Perpenna into the field, defeats him, and puts him to death, )j. 148. Very prudently destroys the papers of Sertorius, 14S. ' Returns ia Italy, when Crassus had almost flnished the wat with the gladiators, and happening to kill five thousand of those slaves, acquaints the senate that he had cut up the war^^^ t1ie roots, ib. It is apprehended, that he will retain his troops tbat they may raise him to the dictatorship, but he dismisses tli^in immediately alter his triumph, 149. He restores the tributes of the people their authority, t6. A second triumph Is decreed him, together with the consulship, tb. 150. Crassus is appointed hu collegue, 150, They disagree in every thing, ib. Pompcy permits judges to be appointed out of the equestrian order, it. When consal, he appears before the censors to give an account of hb having served the campaigns required by law, ib. 15I. Crassus and he are reconciled by a command announced as from Jupiter, 151. Pompey leaves the bar, seldom anpears in public, and never but amidst a large company of friends and retainers, ' 152. Gabinios proposes an edict for sending him against the Gilician pirates, and investing him with a most exicnsiwe com- mand both at sea and land, 155. The people, and Ciesar, for hil
■ own views, approve the edict; but it displeases the senate, And
'■ one of the consuls ventures to say, ' If Pompey imitates Itomulua, ' he will not escape his fate,' ib. 1.56. After this bill i» paiied, Pompey procures an enlargement of hiB power*, ih. I57._ He divides the Mediterranean into thirteen parts, and appotiili ■ lieutenant for each, 157. He clears ll>e »" of all lli« prtOcd
. adventirrers, in forty days' lime, ih. TUe cotuiil Fit* wwd^
against him at Rome, U. He returns to Rome, i&. G^inn
Erepares a decree for deposing Piso, but Pompey will not tuftr im to propose it, 158. Poropey re-eoibarks and toucfm tf Athens, i£. The honour paid hun by the AtbenianF, ti. H* defeats the pirates on the Cilician coaet, and compels tbem H surrender all their castles, ib. 13d- Places the pirates ro iaM towns, 159. Guilty of an invidious action in attempting tatff Metellu^ of his command in Crete, 160. The tribune M3Rili'>D procures a decree, ivhich gives him the direction of the «u against Mithridales and Ti^ranes, and makes him, in IxU eovereigo of the Roman empire, Ifil. The Brti6cia] beUrioufaf Pompey, when he receives the news, 162. He taked all op^- tunities to annul the acts of Lucullus, 161, 162. The t»o generals have an interview, which only makes the breach tiK wider, 163, 164. He seduces all Lucullus* sotdim, einp sixteen hundred, 161'. Marches in quest of MithricktOi ^ His operations against him, 165. He routs him eoiinlj xv the Euphrates, 166. Enters Armenia, on the invitabm i' youn^ Tigranes, who had revolted from his father, 167. TlgnX' the LIder receives a Roman garrison into his capital, and a*kp his personal submission to Pompey, i&, Potnpey conlinuH u Tigranes the dominions which he has in his bands, and a^aV mmte his son king of Sophene, i£. 168. The father is very'oMi}' in these conditions; but the son murmurs, and is re«err«l in chains for Pompcy's triumph, 163. Pompey marches in KWth of Mithridates, li. The Albanians attack him, and are ilefiuteif. ib. 169. He grants them peace, 169. Defeats the Iberim "tio vtre never conquered till this time, id. Elnten Cokhii, in ord^r to pursue Mithridates, who concealed hinudf •buA the Bosporus and the Palus Mceotis, i6. Is called back by the revolt of the Albanians, ib. Defeats them again, and kkOtCoH, the king's brother, with his own hand, l7o. Designs to nil Hyrcania, but is prevented by the great number of seciientskc finds on the way, ili. Takes his route to Armenia the La% I'l- Gives audience there to the embassadors of the Elynucans «^ the Medes, ii. Sends Afranius against the Partluan3,who«vi laying waste Gordyene, ifi. Pompey's polite behaviour td Str»- lonice, favourite concubine to Mithridatcs, ii. The ktog * Iberia sends him rich presents, and he delivers them ta ^ (|uicator8, to he applied to the public revenue, 172, Find* in lb castle of Cfenon Mithridates" private papers, by which h« *► covers him, in his real character, to be cruel and libidtnouit i^ Goes to Amisus, where he di^lributcs govcriimenu befora *• war is finished, though he had blamed that nieasure in LoaillK 173. Twelve kings appear before him there, il'. He it dcMM to recover Syria, and push his conquests as for as the Bed St«. and in tlie mean time lie lakes measures for reducing .Mithriiliif by famine, i6. 174. Inters tite bodies of those Roiuans who it ^ Under Triorius three days before, 174. Subdues ibe Araburji ttbout mouat Amanus, i£. Converts Syria into a lioinaa pr vince, if, Reduces Judics, and takes ita king, Ari^tcibs'-'
INDEX. 488
prisoner/ ti. AdminlsterB justice, and decides disputes between cities and princes, particularly between the Armenians and Parthians, tb. 175. Too indulgent to his own ministers, 175. The insolent use that his freedman Demetrius made of his favour, id. Pompey's theatre beautiful and grand, but his house not ostentatiously great, 176.. He marches against Petra, in Arabia, ib. Near that place he receives the news of the death of Mithri- dates, 177. Marches to Amisus, where he finds presents from Phamaces, together with the body €^ Mithridates, ib. Moves with great pomp towards Italy, 178. His bounty to philosophers' and other learned men at Rhodes and at Athens, tb. 179. At his return to Italy,- has the mortification to find that his wife Mucia had dishonoured his bed, 179. Divorces her, ib. Appre- hensions in Rome that he will keep his army on foot, and make himself absolute master, ib. Removed, by his disbanding it im- mediately, ib. The cities pour out their inhabitants to welcome and conduct him to Rome, 180. Finding: Cato the only person who ventured to oppose him in the administration, he endeavours to gain him by proposing a family alliance, but his offer is rejected, ib. bribes pubhdy for one of his friends, ib. His triumph remarkable in being over the third quarter of the world, after nis former triumphs had been over the other two, 181. He advances the Roman revenues from fifty to eighty-five millions of drachoue, and brings to the value of twenty thousand talents into the treasury, ib. Ruined by the weight of his own power, 182. Lucullus gets his acts confirmed, which Pompey had annulled, ti. Pompey having lost his majority in the senate, has recourse to the tribunes of the people, ib. Clodius insists on his sacrificing Cicero, and he complies, 183. Ceesar, on his return from Spain, reconciles Pompey and Crassus, ib. Csesar, in con- sequence of that union, is appointed consul, and proposes several laws agreeable to the people, but not to the senate, 184. Pompey declares he will defend those laws with the sword, id. Marries Julia, Caesar's daughter, who had been promised to Caepio, t^. Gives his own daughter to Caspio, who had been promised to Faustus, ib. The consul Bibulus and others are driven out of the Forum, by violence, and the law for the division of lands is car- ried, 185. The acts of Pompey are confirmed, and the two Gauls with Illyrta are given to Csesar for five years, ib. Cato foretells the calamities which would fall upon die commonwealth, and on Pompey himself, id. Pompey becomes extremely uxorious, 186. Clodius behaves to him with extreme insolence, ib. Culleo advises him to repudiate Julia, others to recall Cicero, 187. He embraces the counsel of the latter, ib. Cicero on his return reconciles the senate to Pompey, and procures for him the important charge of supplying Rome with corn, ib. He executes it with great ability, 188, 189. During the wars in Gaul, Csesar is privately making preparations nt Rome for bii future sovereignty, 189. Pdmpey and Crassus give him #e meeting at Laoca, where it is agreed that they two shall hw the coMubhip the ettsuiog year, and Cssar hie oommand con*
SxS
continued for five yean
INBEX.
Dore, ib. 190. MacccHinufl atuiqlk* bring tb!s motter to an cclaircissemem, 190. The ^Ss wliich Pompey and Cras^us gave him, ib. Pompc; preveoiiQBo froni being elected prcetor, by pretence of having aeen ui iis» picious flight or birds, 191. Tbe greatest part oT tbe Romb empire being divided among the triviniTirate, Ponapey is to taR Africu, and both the Spains, for his sbare, iO. He exUlB games on the dedication of his theatre, ri. Julia's greet s&dkn for him, 192. He aSecU to despise Ciesar, 194^ Sidhi aoarchy to prevail, in order that be himself may be
dictator, ib. Is prevented by Cato for a time, iA. Si
fusion to lake place again, 195, Bibulus m^ea a niatiiw that PoDipey shoula be declared sole consul, and Cato appnta it, ib. Pompey marries Cornelia, the daughter of MeteTlui Sap^- ib. 19S. ile makes latrs against bribery, and againai ciu» miums upon pereons accused, but is extremclr partial b it- execution of them, 196, 197. Takea his father'ln-law Ibr tu coUeguc. the last five months of bis time, 197. Hb pif^ ments are continued to him four years more, and he ItM a dw Mnd talents a-year allowed for the subsUtence aad pn af k troops, ib. Cesar's friends demand that he should dtbo ^i another consulship, or the term of hia govemtneDts __. and Pompey favour:, that requisition; but Cato's ili-ij-tyil rity prevents any accommodat^n, ib. 19S. Potnpej i^HSiti tbe two legions which be had lent Ciesar, and Cssar sMMb llMtt home liberally rewarded, 19S. Great rejoicing aie oildt *l Italy for Ponipey's recovery from sickness, 1 98. B* ■■ hJkd asleep iritb the pride of power, and makes no unuimioni fat war, 199. MarcelluB, at the head of the senate, iiHictKC OM of the city to him, 201. Pompey has no success in the an Wvidv ib. Cicero endeavourii lo bring about a recoQciliaUoo, W wiib- out effect, between Pompey and Cssar, 203. Glow \m^ seized Ariminuin, marches witli a small body of men, aod ^m* the Rubicon, ib. Tu!lus asks Pompey what forces be tMt >(■!' for the war, and receives on unsatisfactory aoswer, 16, 90S. FUa- pey is invested willi discretionary powers, 203. He dedam l* will consider those who remain in Rome as the partMH c Ctesar, '.^01, Ciesur hastens to drive hint out of Italy, bcfaitUi forces could arrive from Spain, ill. Pompey sails fnm Bn- dusium to Dyrracliium, having first filled the principal stnM^ Brundusium with sharp staLei,'and covered ihcm with rari^it. 205. CteSRT having made himself laaUer of all Italy ia MQ days, marcbes into Spain with an intent to gain Poaoney'si^W there, 206. Pompey exercises bis new -rniscd troops w'ahgtf diligence and activity, ii. Many kings and prii»ces mwirMfeii camp, and he has a complete senate about him, 2U7. £vml> bienuj and Drutus repair to bit standard, ib. Cicero, thMalik luid advised otherwise, and Tidiu^ Senilis, ttio^^} e.\ironK)y A dp the same, ii. The humane decree made at iliv mMM ^ Cato, 20P. Cit^ar, having made himself maaler of Pa«BPCv'' furccs ill Spain, marcbt's back through Italy, sails ia Uriew>'
INDEX. 485
md sends VibiilKiis Itufns to Pompey with proposab of peace, tt, Pompey, iDstead of acceptiog the proposals, secures the ports and strong holds, ib, Csssar often attacks Pompey's en-' trenchments, and in one of those assaults incurs the aan^er of losing his whole army, 209. Pompey does not pursue his ad- vantage, ih. Caesar, fbr want of provisions, is forced to de- camp, and takes his way to Thessaly, 210. Upon this, Pompey's troops are too much elated, and impatient for a decisive action^ t^. Afranhis advises Pompey to regain Italy, t6. His reasons* for refusing that advice, to. He pursues Caesar, and comes up with hira on the plains of Pharsalia, 211, 212. Is teased into a battle, against his better judgment, 212. His dream, ib. 218. Another presage of his defeat, 213. Pompey orders his army to wait for die enemy's charge, 215. Pompey quits his ranks, and retires to his camp ; but finding that not secure, he changes his habit and flies, 218. The enemy finds Pompey's camp full of preparations for festivity, 219. Pompey, not being pursued, quits his horse, passes by Larissa, and comes to Tempe, t^. Goes down to the sea-coast, and passes the re- mainder of the night in a fisherman's cabin, 220. Coasts along in a small river-boat, ib. Is taken up by Peticius, a Roman citizen, into a ship of burthen, ib, Tne oersons with him, ib. Steers for Mitylene to receive Cornelia and his son, 221. Tlieir distressful meetine, ib. The advice he gave to the people of Mitylene, 223. He complains to Cratippus of Proviaence, ib. Sets sail with his wife and friends, ib. Touches at Attalia, where he is joined by some Cilician eallies, ib. Finds In a little time sixty senators about him, ib. Is informed that is fleet is entire, and that Cato is gone with it to Africa, ib. Laments his great error in giving Csesar battle at a distance from his fleet, ib, Kaises men and money, 224. Deliberates about the country he shall retire to, and fixes at last upon Egypt, ib. 225. Notifies his arrival to Ptolemy, 225. The young king demands of his council in what manner he ought to treat him, and concludes to put him to death, 225, 226. A boat is sent to receive him, 226. Cornelia divines his fs^, 227. His last words to her, ib, Pto- lemy's people sit sullen in the boat, and assassinate Pompey as he is getting out, ib. Slain the day after his birth-day, at the age of fif^-nme, ib. His bo^ is thrown out naked, 228. Buried by his freedman Philip, and an old Roman soldier, who was t sojourner in Egypt, ih. Cesar arrhres in Egypt, and executes Tengeance on tne murtherers of Pompey, 229. Pompey^ the Younger, or Sextus, seizes Sicily, and infests the Italian coast, v. isS. His answer to Mark Antony, ib. Menaa
froposes to make him master of the whole Roman empire, ib» lis answer to Menas, ib. 456. Pompilia, daughter of Numa, i. 205. Pompon^ son of Numa, i. 20i. PomponiOf the wifb of Quintus Cicero, v. 853. Pompomuti the fiitlier of Numa, persuades his son to accept the Roman crown, i. ]69^
486
Pomponius, the prstor, gives a concii e but pUin xccount of ibe to
of the battle at the Tiirasymeoian lake, ii. 68. , wounded and taken prisoner by Mithriilates, iti.3l6>
He answers with a dignity becoming a Rouum to MithriilM^
proposals, 3*7.
— — , killed in defence of Caius Gracchus, v. 240.
Pontifiea, instituted by Numa, i. 181.
Pontipa Maximum, his office, i. 182.
Pontius Ciminius, ascends the Capitot to lafDnn the senate of Ca- millus' victory over the Gauls, i. 393.
, a servant of a Roman of that Dome, meets S^ ia a
S'oplietic rapture, and tells hini he brings him sucettt (ram ellona, Jii. 270.
Ginucus, the title of one of Cicero's poems, v. 294.
fPonlaa, HI 2ifi.
Popediiu Siio, attempts to intimidate Cain when a child, w. 49, X. Popilius, the prffiTor, banishes the friends ot' Tiberius Grac^a>i
V. i27. Obliged to quit Italy himself, i&.
; the tiibune, murihers Cicero, though he had be«i i^
fended by hint under an accusation of parricide, v. S5'2.
Caius, jv 361.
■ Lirna, hi.s address to Brutus aad Cassius, ii. 70.
discourse with Cenar, ill. 71. Popticola. See PMiola.
• , one of Antony's lieutenants, v. 487.
Popptra, the wife of Crispinus, her connexions with Oltej
Nero, vi. 230. Populace, whether most insolent to good men i
prospers, or in the contrary circumstances, v. 3 Popularil^, Iv. 133, 13*. Porda, BiGler to Calo the Younger, v. 46. , the daughter of Csln, married first to Bibuliu, ftad •
his death to Brutus, v. 73. vi.58. Her excellent cl»rwttl_
6a. Gives hereeir a private wound by way of trial itf trJWL^,,
could bear, ib. Her aiicourse to Brutus, ii. lier ffr«at ututf"
on his account, 70. How aR'ected at the sight of a pictori tt
Elea, 77. Said by siime to have swallowed hot tubes, by o*''""
to have died in another manner, ]0S.
- Basilica, ot Porccan hall, built by Cato the Censor ii. SIA
V. S3. Porcii, whence that fmnily name, i. 287, Porcius, sun lo Cato of Utjca, gives into debauchery, v. 1 22. AloM
for it by the valour he exerted in the battle in which he IVII, 0.
:, adopts ins, who
its the cause of Tarquin, and declares
The bold attempt of Mucius Scievola, ib, Porsena's behaviour lo him, and to the Koiuans in general, 29£ TbcjT erect his statue in brass, 299.
PoTiii, one of the principal kings in India, liis prodicious t
iv, 331. Taken prisoner by Alexander, 332. When asked b* he desired to be treated, answers, ' Like a king,* ii.
INDEXi 48lr
Pomiecn, one of the Athenian months, !▼. 40L Posidonius, the phOosopher, iiL 179. Cicero his disciple, v. 297« Posidonti, two, iv. 178, n. Postkuma, Sylla*8 daughter by Valeria, iii. 283. PosthumtuSf the soothsi^er, requires to be bound and imprisoned till Sylla had conquered Manus, iii. 243.
^ AlbinuSf rallied by Cato for writing a history in Greek, and asking pardon for improprieties of language, ii. 509.
TubertuSf created consul, i. 299. Appointed dictator.
to act against the /Equi and Volsci, 362.
-, Spurius, rivals Tiberius Gracchus, v. 207.
Pcftama^ the Lesbian, iv. 333.
•\PotamoSy a place in Attica, where the Athenians assign the daughter of Aristides a farm for her dowry, ii. 490.
Pothinus^ V.483.
iPotidaa, ii. 120. iv. 243.
Poverty^ ii. 536, 537.
Power, what it's efiect, iii. 276. Arbitrary power a burthen to the possessor, as well as to the people, ii. 249. vi. 1H3.
Pracia, a courtesan, her influence in Rome, iii. 333, 334.
fPngne^neSt iii. 278.
Pratexta^ a Roman garment edged with purple, i. 83, n.
PrcBtorittn cohorts, vi. 245.
Pranichus^ the poet, iv. 317.
Prayer, i. 193. Of CamUlus, 369.
Prajciergida, the persons who performed certain ceremonies about the image of Minerva, ii. 163.
^Priene, i. 223. ii. 38. v. 480.
Prima^ said to be the daughter of Romulus by Ersilia, i. 71.
Principiot the genend's quarters in the Roman camp, esteemed sacred, on account oi the images of the gods being placed there, vi. 221, n.
Priscus. See Hehndiui Priseus.
PriapuSy i. 51.
fProdalinthuSf a city of Tetrapolis, i. 14, n.
Procrustes, See Damastes,
Proculeius, employed by Augustus to get Cleopatra alive into bis hands, v. 500.
Proculusy Julius, makes oath that Romulus had appeared to him in a form more than mortal, i. 96. Sent to otter Numa the crown, 173.
■ , captain of the guards to Otho, vi. 252.
Prodkit the guardians of kings who were minors, so called by the Lacedaemonians, i. 112.
Prodigies, The sweating of the image of the god Adranus, and' the brandishing of his spear, ii. 246. The preternatural over- flowing of the Albnn lake, i. 365, 366. The vanishing of the body of Alcmena, 98. What happened in marking out the foundations of Alexandria, iv. 279. Stone said to fall from heaven, iii.. 200. What happened to a person, who leaped upon the altar of the twelve go^ 419* One of Antony's statues al
Alba siveatE for atanty ikys, v. 4S3. An altar eouu ■ llli|^ flame ivlien the Gre ectmed Id be estlnguUbed, 315. At Aij^ the priestess of the Lyceao Apollo runs inui the etreeU. MdcMI out that ' she sees the city covered with blood and gpK,' oi-lHl Tbe Tanishing of Aristeas the ProcoimesiaD, L 97 ■ ImUmV relating to bees interpreted as prodigies, vi. 23. 93, lOS. Ihe raining of blood, i. 90. Ceres and Proserpine attiring themah* for a journey, ii. 239. The vanishing of CleontencB th« .U< palensian, i. 97, 9S. The entwining of a snake about the da of CleomcDcs on the cross, v. 195. A child born with w tie- phant's head, ii. 433. Crows conduct Alexander ttirouglk tin Lybiao deserts to the temple of Animon, iv. 282. Eagla, ud alandards «o called, prodigies relaiing to them, iii. 167. i'i- ' 234. vi. 2S, 93, 102. Entrails slip out of tlie band* of Craw*, iii. 475. A fisi) seizes the hinder parts of a hog iauaitd to sacrifice, V. 34. A flame issues from the standard, iu. HO. A clobcorare falls between two armies, 337. A double |ri be- fonging to one victim, and enclosed in one caul, vi. liT. 1^ HerniiE defaced in Athens in one night, ij. 1S8. iii. 48&> U*b without a head, iii. Ill, 321. iv. S48. LightDing, pnHliH. relating to it, ii. 313, 433. iii. 474. v. 4«3. yi. 36. Mow- Three seen ftt one time, ii. S&2. Orpheus* stative of tjpm wood sweats profusely, iv. 259. Oxen, prodigies reltfW <* them, il. 433. iii. 114. v. 36, 37. Palm-tree grom i^ tff ih base of CtetaT's Rtatue, iv. 412. Ram witli one lion, >.IA River in the Picene appear* to flow with blood, ii. 3&j^ Xmw devour their young in the city of Rome, iii. 240. ImiiwIllWH' into a helmet, and lay their eggs there, v. 217. S^iit^ spears, and persons fighting, teen m the sky, iii. 141. Sopt*' a trumpet in a mournful tone heard in the air, 240, 3(f . " ~ of victory falls upon the head of Timoleou in the Delphi, u. 240. Tumbles down at Pergatnus, iii. jHfi. from heaven announces the coming of the Gauls, j. 8T8. fr Omem.
Proltfta, daughter of Agesilaus, iv. 94.
Promachiu, victorious in a drink! Dg-match, dies in three d«\ * 343, 344.
Promatbion, the historian, i. 52.
Prometheus, iv. 126.
ProvtorUories, of Diana, v, 33.
Properiiut, \. 38, »i.
Prophanlm, brother to Cliniai, his wife saves Antus, vU IJ
■iPropontU, iii. 334.
Pronerpine, the wife of Aidoneus, king of the Molottiaaa,
, the ceremonies of her feast, iii. 339^ 34(K j
worn by the person ifho took the Great Oath, vL 52.
Proiperily, iii. 32H. iv. 50.
Proiagorm, the philosoplmr, ii. .7.7. Banished Athens Tor ■ extraotdinary phenomena to natural CHUsei, ill. 435.
ProUns, desires of Alexander a proof of liis being recoaciM V him, and he gives him five talents, iv. 302.
i ien^« IK. T«»
i^^
Mi
froAeuSf the Spftrt^Of endeavours to prarest the ww wtth the Thebans, iv. 106.
Prothytesy demanded by Alexander of the Thebans, iv. ^^.
PrctageneSf the CauniaD, a celebrated painter, v. 384*.
ProtuSf a merchant, founder of Massilia or Marsetlies, i. 221.
Praoerbs. * Nothing without Theseue,' i. S7. ' Business to-mor- row/ ii. 353. * A platter would not hold a dolphin/ iii. 358. * He plays the Cretan with a Cretan,' 213. * He carries hay,' ot ' wears wisps * on his horns, ^56* ' Dead men do not bite,' iv* 226. vi. 87. ' Such a one has need of nothing but parsley,' iL 202. ' The die is cast,' iv. 202. vi. 182. < In wine there is truth,' vi. 130. * Woe to the conquered,' L 397.
ProvidencCf particular, ii. 252.
Praxenusy the Macedonian, discovers a spring of an oily nature on the banks of the river Oxus, iv. 326.
Pruiia^, king of Bithyoia. Annibal flies to his court, and is demanded of him by the Romans, iii. 57.
Prytanesy members of the Athenian senate, i. 19, it.
Pnfian^my i. 19.
Prytanis^ Uie grandfather of Lycurgus, i. 100, 101.
Psarnmot the philosopher, asserts the divine power and providenoe^ iv.283. r- r ^
Psenophis^ priest of Heliopolis, i. 258.
Ptychct the wife of Marphadates the Cappadocian, corrupted bj the son of Cato of Uti<», v. 122.
P$yUif Africans who cured persons bitten by serpents by suddng the parts affected, v. 105, 106.
PkeodofuSf of Megarm vindicated by Dion, vi. 16.
Ptotemaut the daughter of Ptolemy, given in marriage to Deme- trius, V. 396, 413.
Ptolemtft restored to his kingdom by Oabinius and Mark Antony, V.427.
, natural son of Amyotas II., makes war upon his brother Alejcander king of Macedon, ii. 373. Is the father of PhiloK- enus, 374.
, son of Pyrrhus and Antigone, iii. 72. Killed in the
battle with the Lacedgmoniaos on the way to Argos, 111.
Ceraunus, king of Macedon, killed in the battle by the
Gauls, iii. 97.
Latkwnu^ kin^ of Egypt, appoints LuouUus a table in the
pahuse, and offers him presents to the value of ^htv talents; out he refuses tbem, and takes nothing but ships, mien he waa sent by Sylla to procure, iii. 328, 389.
-, nephew to Antigonus, sent as an hostage for Eumenes to
come and treat, iv. 52.
- DionysiuSf king of Egypt, delS>erates on the measoiies
he should take with respect to Pompey, iv. 225. An acconnt of his vile ministers, who persuade him to destroy that great nnn, ib. Defeated in battle by Caesar, and never heard oi afkenraid, 229, 415.
♦90 IKDEX.
Ptolemy Lagvt, subseqacntl; king of Egypt, one of AkunJlA principal officers, marries Apttma, iv. 39.
, kiug of Egypi, Calo'e advice to Iiim, v. 8*, 85.
, king of Cyprus, the proposals Csto tnaide him, t. 9t. He poisons hiiusellj 85>
PAUomelor, makes proposals of marriage to Condmi
mother of the Gracchi, v. 200.
, the son of ChrvBetmus, visits Cleomenea in nrisoii, *. 19^ i
He is killed, 194.
' Eurgetes, his friendship to Aralus, and fAroois U Ai \
Sicyonians on hU account, vi. 163, 164', 166. Declared fasid «' the Achoun league, 176. Demands of Cteomenes his swiIm and children m hostages, v. 178. Behaves witb tonie itm* i of gejierosity to tliot prince, and promises to send him badb U Greece, 188, 1S9. His death, ]^g.
— P/ulopafor, son of Euergetes, his efTeminBte Fife, ■>«' 31 I
treatment of Cleomenes, v. 189. Orders tlie body of Cltonw
lo be fastened to a cross, 195. A serpent entwines iboot the I
headof Cleomenes, 197. The superstitious feara of It^ofaU* I
n that o
I, i&.
, governor of Alexandria, killed by Cleomenea, v. 19t.
■ , the diviner, lib prediction to Otho, vi. 235.
P/oiitii, ii. 360.
Fdbi. COLA, VatBrins, descended from the ancient Valenot, "t* was the chief auihiir of the union bttween the lioman&ndlk Sabinet, i. 271. Distinguished under the kings by hu eloqann and riches, ib. Employs both with great propriety, ii. Ai»« EriKuB in expelling Tarqoin and his family, 272. Stands fiwiit consulship with Brutus, and loses bis election, ii. Is ibe tffi who lakes the oath proposed by Brutus, to support the Hbmi liberty i though before he had retired from public btuinesc tn i* cODlcnt, 273. Tarquin, by his embassadors, proposes lo M«*. but Valerius will not suffer them to be heard, 27-1. The embV- dors during their stay corrupt the nephews of CollatiDuii, anJ i^ Eons of Brutus, aud a plot is formed to kill the conaula, wbic)i< Elave,ngmedVindiclus, discovers, and informs Valerius of it, 37^ 277. He and his brother secure the conspirators, and tciKlk letters which were to be sent to Tarauin, 275, The consotCti- latinus, being accused of favouring his relations tvbo had CM* ainred against the commoawealth, is degraded, and Valerius n^ Btitutcd m his place, 27^ 280. The armies of Tarquin and At Romam, after great slaughter, being separated by a sionn, Vik- rius avails himself of a stratagem to encourage the RomBiu,8K 283. Valerius triumphs, and is the firat consul who cnten Koc in a chariot nnd fnur, 283. Pronounces the culof^iuni of QrutSi i6. Is envied for his governing without a collegut^, and for te lof>y house, 284. Gains the name of Publicola, 286, Filb t? the senate, ib. Passes an act for liberty of appeal from ck consuls to the people, ii. Exempts artiticers, and othm from taxes, ib. Makes it lawful, without form of trial, tt
INDEX. 49t
kill any man who should attempt to set himself up for king, 287. Places the public treasure in the temple of Saturn, and permits the people to choose quaestors for the management of It, ib. Takes Lucretius, and afterward Marcus Horatius, for
^ again
consul, 293. Builds the town of Sigliuria, ib. Engages For-
sena, and is defeated, and carried off wounded, ib. Is chosen
consul the third time, ib, 994f. Stands chiefly upon the defensive,
but defeats a flying party that was ravaging the country, 295.
Refers the dispute between the Romans and Tarquin to Porsena^
297. Tarquin refuses to abide by his arbitration, but Porsena
makes peace with the Romans, to. The ten virgins given at
hostages by the Romans, swim across a stream to rublicola : hit
behaviour on that occasion, ib. Is chosen consul the fourth
time, 299. Consults the Sibyl's books upon certain natural ap«
pearances of an alarming kind, 800. His reception of Appiut
Claudius, founder of the Claudian fiunily, who migrates witli a
very considerable number of Sabines, to Rome, SOI. The Sa-
bines, renewing the war, form an ambuscade for the Romans ;
but Publicola, by a counter-stratagem, defeats them with great
slaughter, 802. He is honoured with a triumph, 308. Dies soon
afterward, and it buried at the public charge, ib. The women
continue the mourning for him a whole year, ib.
PublicuSf steals the seaward of Mithridiates' sword, and sells it to Ariarathesy iv. 178. See all the PubUi nnder their &miJy« names.
Punishment^ corporal, the practice of it in our public schools one of the worst remains of barbarism, I. xxx^
PurpUf that o£ Hermione much esteemed, iv. 298. Preserves it's colour, a hundred and ninety years, ib. In what manner pre* pared, ib.
YPuieoU, iu. 288.
Pyanepsionf the month so called, L 25, 46.
iPudna, il 802. iv. 814.
Pi/fadeSf the musician, iii. 15.
PuliuSf king of Thespiae in Bceotia, adopts Hercules, previous to mitiation, i. 42.
tRrfe#, Hi. 407.
\Pipramiaf iii. 114.
•fPyrwww, i. 878. iv. 10.
Pyrilampes^ a person connected with Pericles, ii. 25.
P^oniaeSf ii. 88.
Pyrrha^ iii. 65.
Fyrrhida^ the successors of Neoptolerout so called, iii. 6S,
Fyrrhus, the son of .fiacides and Phthia, iii. 66. Hit styfaig concerning the Romans, 87. Some account of the peof^ing and polishing of hit country, 65, 66. Has two sisters named IMda« roia and Troias, 66. His father is deposed, and the sons of Neop- tolemus brought ini ib. Fyrrhus is carried o^ when an inCsnt,
492 INDEX.
by two faithful aerrante, named Andoclidee anil Anglos M (bt i court orGlauciui bin;^ uf [llyria, and laid as a nipplisnt Ktlu I feet, 66, 67. 68. Glauciaa, slier Bome hcsiution, take* |be J
. infant into his proiection, 68. CasGander, ktn^ of Macedftn, J , demands him of Glaucias, who refuees (o deliver bim up, ii I
- Glaticias coiiductH bim, at an early period. Into Epirnt, mtl I places him on the throne, ib. Mis person describe^ i6. Be ' Jievcd to cure the swelling of the spleen, by touchins the wi i ' afieuted with his toe, i6. About five years aflenrarf, be gw '
. out of his own territories, to attend the nuptials ef mc • ' Glaudas' eons, 69. The Molouians take that oppwtuilj n i revolt to Neoptolenius again, ib. Pyrrhus applies for prMMtia ' to Demetriui, who had married his sister Daldamia, ii, Ac com panics Demetrius at I ps us, and distinguishea himaclfinib battle, ii. Keeps for Demetrius the cities of tireece, •*. Coo a hostage into Egypt, where he gains the favour tf IWenr and Berenice, ih. 70. Marries Antigone, the daughut of Bt- renice, by Philip her former husband, 70. Antigone pKCwn him men and money, which enable liim to recover tlie unf^ -'■ "^-irus, i&. He associates Neoptolemua in the WingdoB, A ings of Epirus took an oath in the manner of tbe kisp*
B
of Epi
The „ ^
England, ib. Seoptolemus attempts, or it is pretended tltf i attempts, to poison Pytxhus, 71. IVrhus despatches N«f» lemus, 72. Has a son by Antigone, whom he namec P^«( ib. Builds the city of Berenicis, ib. Alexander, ibe Mi' Cassander, applies to him for assistance against hta bratheri^ tipater who had driven him out of Macedon, ii. He dt^^ the maritime pitrt of Macedon for his reward, i&. LvMM^t who was inclined to assist Antipater, forges letten II f*' Ptolemy king of Egypt, to retard the progress of FVnte'^ 73, Fyrrhus detects the fraud, 73. Demetriua, who had *■ wise been anplied to, arrives, kills Alexander, and jreta bM* proclaimed king of Macedon, tb. Demetrius h jeuouf fft growing power of Pyrrhus, and goes lo seek him in the fiaU.4 7*. Tney inadvertently pass each other, 7*. PyrrbiH Wt Pantauchus, Demetrius' lieutenant, and gives him a great W throw, 7*. The Macedonians conceive a high opinion rf' valour, and discover in him a strong resemblance of Aku^ the Great, ib. Antigonus' saying concerning him, 75, ^ easily provoked, quick to repay a kindness, ii, Sayine olH ib. 76. Afler the death of AnLisone, he marries seven! ••■« for tlie purpose of interest and power, 76. Beoide ha<4 Ptolemy, already mentioned, be has Alexander by T nniin^ daughter of Agathocles, and Helenus by Bircenna, the dm terof Bardyllis, ib. Says he will leave his kingdom h' son who has the sharpest sword, tb. The Epuois gite *' the name of Eagle, »A. Has intelligence that t>er>ein«* sick, enters Macedon, and ponetrati'S as &r lu LdeM,', Demetrius marches against him, and he retires, ib. D* triuB meditaies an expedition for the recovery of his h kingdom, ib. The other kings desire Pyrrhus to exert li
INDEX. ♦«
, on thii occasion, 77. Pvrrhus loses hU mfe LanaBUi and the , isleof Corcyra, both uhich are gained by Demetrius, 78. He , Biarche§ against Beroea, i6. His dream concernrng Alexander . the Great, i6. Takes Berica, 79. Demetrius, apprehending , that his army might revolt to Lysimachug, if he continued his ) march against him, turns against Pynrhus, ib. The Macedonians I rcToU to Pyrrhus, and he ia proclaimed king of Macedon, ib. 80. , , Lyiiimachus makef^ his appearance soon afterward, and pretending . tHat he had contributed equally to the flight of Demetrius, ile-
mands his share of the kingdom, which Pyrrhus aereea to, 80. ',, Pyrrhus enters the citadel of Alliens, ib. jldrises tlie AtheniatiB . never to admit another king within their walls, 81. Takes the , Grecian cities from Demetrius, notwithstanding the ^>eace he had ^.iuade with bim,ii. Demetrius' affairs being entirely ruined, . Lysimachus marches against Pyrrhus, debauches his army, and ..dispoiisesBes him of hia share of Macedon, ib. Pyrrhus' tmpa- . tieuce of inactioa is relieved by an application from the Taren- i. tines, endeavours to dissuade his countrymen from calling in Pyr- l, thus, and to excite their attention, feigns himself intoxicated,
ii. Cineas 6rst minister to Pyrrhus draws him into a conversa- .. tioo, in which he shows him the ranity of ambition, but does not ^ cure him of that disease, 83, 84> 85. He meeU with a dreadful I, storm in his passag<i to Italy, 35. Makes the land with great |(. difficulty, and marclies with the scattered remains of his forces to •^. Tareotum, ib. 86. Corrects the luxury of the Tarenlines, and uiintroduces strict discipline, ib. 87. Has intelligence that Lrcvi- L&us the Roman consul, b coming against him, 87. Goes to the I liver Siris to reconnoitre the enemy's army, ib. What he said t on the occasion, ib. His proposal of acting as a mediator ii -rejected, ii. The action on the banka of the Siris, in which
t Pyrrhus proves victorious, chiefly by means of his elepbanls, 88, 89- Notwithstanding his victory, he despatches Cineas to Rome, '- with propositions of peace, which are rejected, 90, 91 . Fabricius I sent as embassador to Pyrrhus, to treat about the ransom and I exchange of prisoners, 93. Pyrrhus ofiers him money, which - he refuses, though his circumstances were very mean. ii. l\r- I rhus' physician makes Fabricius an ofier of poisoning him, which I Fabricius di.'icovers to Pyrrhus, 94, 95. Pyrrhus defeats the . Komans again at Asculum. 95, 96. Says to those who compli- kinented him upon it, * Such another victory, and we are undone,' 06. Receives invitations from the Macedonians on one hand, and from the Sicilians on the other, 97. Leaves a garrison in Tarcn- tum, contrary to the inclinations of the people, and passes into JSiciiy, 98. Finds the moat agreeable reception there, ii. Ra- Ntlgea the Carthagmian province, takes Eryx by storm, and cel^ .faratet the games which he had vowed to Hercules, ib. Defeats the Mamertines, a numerous and warlike people, about Messsne, [S9' The Carthaginians court his friendship ; but he insists upon Stiefr evacuating Sicily, which they refuse, ib. His next object i» Africa; and wanting mariners, he compels the Sicilians to •uppty him, ii. Degenerates from a popular prince into a tyrant.
494
INDEX.
i
100. Ungrateful to ThiCDon and Sostntos, I
first iDtroduced him into Syracuse, t&. Loses Ui'teftieftCe m
tticrly, lb. What he said on leaving it, 16. Tlic Mamertioei attacb him, ailer hii return to Ita!;, 101. He cLeata down one of their soldiers, wlio challenged him lo single coabu, it. Marciie* against Manius Cariu«, who lay at B^ercntum, and it detected, 102. Uctums to Epima, eotere Macedoo, defiND Auligonui, and i« once more raised to the ihrooe of MaccildK 103, 1U4. Marches to Spatta, at the request of Cleonymcn, Kfi. His opeTatioDs before Spartu, 106, 107. He is repabed, lOfi- Od tlie invitation of Aristesci marches to Ar|ros, 111, Hit va Ptolemy is killed by the way, ih. He i'eniU a challenge U Asc- gouuB, 112. Enlen Argos, 113. Hib actions there, \\i. Via orders are mistakeo, 1 15. He takes the plume frotn his bdnO, , lb. Struck down by a poor old woman with a tile, US. Dt- spatched by Zopyrus, who cuts off his head, 117. A owtificeDi . funeral pile provided far hioi by Aotigonus, who aimM idta to his son H,Jenus. 118. I
Pythagoras, a Spartan, remarkable in the gyniD^uic ntfriw, [ visits Italy, i. 165. I
> tlie philosopher, went into Italy about five ^ei ito J Numa,!. 165. Afliects tu be thought something superior ute I rest of the human race, 17S. Uses a tame eagle to mto Ab |
Eurpose, and shows his golden thigh, ib. Believes tbe SuptM* I eing lo be incorruptible, impasaive, invisible, and aii olqed ^ of the mind, 179. Sacrifices nothing to him that has lifcll^ His precepts, 192. K statue erected to hint at Rome, v ^
wisest of the Greeks, 181. Eult^ium of him, xxx-vi ssul
, the diviner, iv. 344.
Pylhtns, the oralor, severely reproved by Phocion, for his nait dencc in speaking to the people, v. 25. Tells Demnsthewt >b * his oratioijs smell of the lamp,' 260. Joins Aminater. 3*- Speaks to the Arcadians against the Athenians, '.iSS. Is ■»*«■ ' ed by Demosthenes, ib. Pj/thiiiii Apolio. See Apollo Pi/lkius. Games. See Gamei. ' Pi)thio'iice, the mistress of Harpalus, v. 26. He erects a on
ficent monument to her memory, ib. ^Pylhium, ii. 300.
Pi/thocUs, son of Polycrates, a dcFcendent of Arvtus, m. I Plutarch writes the Life of AruUs fur ^he benefit of hiniM " brother, ib. 3
, one of those who suffered death with Phocion, \,m Fj/lhodidei, said to teach Pericie* music, ii. 7. Puthodonu, lies in wait for Themislocles, i. 34S. Pj/thoiaiis, brother to Thebe, the wife of Alcxaodec of I
amisU her in despatuhinf; bim. ii. 386. Pyt/ion, one of Alexander's officers, iv. S53. ■ — , the musician, iii. 75. — , the Byzantine orator, refuted by Demostbeftes, », fl
, the serpent killed by Apollo, ii. .160.
i Pi/tJiopelit, a city built by TbeMtia, LiS. 7
INDEX. 496
Q.
RANSf a small piece of brass coin, ▼. 328. Which each m citizen contributed toward Publicola's funeral, 1. SOS. ntaria^ or Quadrantula, a name given to an infamous sister odius, ▼. S^.
r, the office what, i. 287. Bj whom first instituted, ib. ii. 123.
'f • See DUsennnns. fl, iv. 55. V. S96.
s^ the month now called July, i. 95. , one of Cato the Censor's freedmen, ii. 523. f, Titus, and Lucius, brothers. See Flaminhts. -, Lucius, the tribune, attempts to rescind the acts of SjIIa, I opposed by Lucullus, iiL SSS. Obtains a decree for re- g Lucullus, S76. -, See Capitolinus.
Cassius, goes with Antony to Csesar, t. 430. -, one of Crassus' lieutenants, flies from Spartacus, iiL 462. ill the other Quiniif under their family names, i, mount, in Rome, i. 100, 191. liSf Flamen, i. 176.
ts, Romulus so called, 1. 97, 99, 100, 167. the meaning of the term, i. 82, n. 100. r, the Romans why so called, L 82, 99. • See Juno Quiriiius.
R.
, an attempt to account for its Ming in great quantities after tie, iii. 146, 147.
ith one horn, found in the ffrounds of Pericles, ii. 10. ained in the way of omen, to. Accounted for philosophi- t ib.
)f the Sabine virgins, i. 70. Occasions a war, 74. Pro- ve of better consequences, 81. Rape of Heleo^ by The-
See Helen, low punished, by Solon's laws, i. 252. ard to cry, when Minucius named his general of horse, iL
*na, one of the gates of Rome, near the Capitol, L 289. •
na, iii. 121.
a royal palace, i. 80, 191.
rj, the Syracusan, taken by the Athenians, iii. 421.
1, its exercises to be performed with great reverence and
tion, i. 191. How defined, ii. 283. The regard the Romans
to it for a long time, 393, 394.
'urn, a strong situation on mount Av^ntine, where Remus
Med to build the city, i, 62.
496
INDEX.
BemiUf Iwiii-biutlier of Hamulus, i. 50. SekxeA and esnied befm Numitor, 57. His speech, fiS. Faustuliu carries to cooft tk trough or cradle, in which KoiduIub and he were taken m, ati he i» acknowledged by Numttor, 59. What occaiioned hiii*"''^ 63. He » buried in Remonium, 64.
Rtsignation, v. 277.
Relreal, of ' ihe Ten Thousand ' Greeks under Xenopbon.
Rhadamanlhus, a judge under Mioos, i. 17. Said to hare ried Alcmena, ai^r the death of Amphitryon, iii. 224. 1'<= HaiiartianH show his tomb at Alea, ib.
'\Rhamnus, \. 29.
, one of Antony's freedmen, v. 472.
Rhamnenscs, the name of one of the tribes of Rome, i. 8S.
JUtea, Ilia, or Salvia, daughter of Numitor, and mother «fi!0aa]a and Remus, j. 52.
, the mother of Sertorius, iv. 4.
\Repani, ii. 243.
■\RegiHm, ii. 97. vi. 26,53.
fWtenia, a little island near Delos, iii. 401.
/tketoric, the art of ruling the minds of men, ii. 37.
Rhetra, the fundamental slatutes of Lycurgua, i, 1
Rhine, Cssar lays a bridge over it, iv. 3ii5.
■fRhodet, taken by Cassius, vi. 84.
fRhudians, their brave defence agaiosl Demetrius, v. 3_„ desire him to leave one of bis engioes, as a monnmeiit <t siege they had undergone, 3S2.
Rhodon, a traitor, v. 502.
RAodogune, daughter of Artaxerxes, married to Orontes fi !l^
Rkasace), rerolts from his master, the king of Persia, and ««* . to Athens, iii. 308. Is much harassed there by the pi* informers, ib. Applies to Cimon for protection, and oAa *• ' money, ib. Cimon's generous answer to him, iA. ^
, attacks Alexander on his passing llie Gntniou, l*.*i
Alexander killf him, 268. '
iRhatium, v. 179.
Rhone, river, iii. 137. iv. 4.
Rhopoperperethras, a name given ti
"' i. 36.
nmeiit i^^^
Demnstlicnea, 1
Rhymilalces, the Thracian, i ilihi/rutaci
77.
, river, 1 Rhyniaees, a Persian bird so called, Richei, and eloquence, the means by which the I
place in the administration, iii. 125. - ■ , not to desire them, more glorious than to u ii. 186. A competency preterable to theoi, i. 2^ e of them, if. 343.
Rigna, iRiphc
i. 62.
Riphaan mountains, i. 378. Roada, the attention «f C. Gracchu: 230.
to the repairing of ihA'
JbmMt one of Ihe Trokn nuitroiis» who camo with ifiaeot into Italy, i. 48. AdTiMO hpt female ooMpoiiioDs to burn the tbips, iL Rome said to b^ called after bar, or after Roma, the daughter of Italus and Leucwria, 50.
JUmamSt rise to the height of empire by means of temperanoe and fortitude, u 97* Admit no use of imi^es in the worship of die gods, for a hundred and seventy years after the building of Rome, 179. Retire into the Capitol on the coming of the Uauls, 386. Distressed by famine, SSis. Delivered by Camillus, 397. De- feated by Annibal in the greet battle of Cannss, ii. 88. Behi|ve with dignity on that occasion, 91. Their attention to religious ceremonies, 205. Offer human sacrifices on the invasion of the Gauli:, after the first Punic war, 391. Fer some aees unpolished, and skilled only in agriculture and war, 48S. Aiarcellus &nt gives them a taste for paintings, and other curiosities of art, for which he is blamed by the graver citizens, ib. Lose both their consuls by one of Annibal's stratagems, 436. Degenerated in the time of Cato the Censor, 497, 498. He compares them to sheep, 503. They reject the presents of Pj^rrhus, and all pro> positions of peace, whUe he remains in Italy, iii. 91, 93. ProcUm liberty to the Greeks, iiu 43.
RmnamuSf son of Ulysses and Circe, i. 50.
Bmngf uncertainty of the histonr of its foundation, i. 49* Built by Romulus, i. 61. The time of its foundation, 65. Its tribes and wards originally, what, 83. Its ferocious and undvilixed state
■ at the accession of Numa, corrected by the influence of religion, 177, 178. Burnt bv the Gads, 39a Rebuilt by CamiUus, 399. Aiid adorned by Marcellus, iL 4^.
BoMULUS, various accounts of his origin, as well as that of Rome> i. 49, 51. The son of Ilia, Rhea, or Sylvia, the daughter of Numitor, 52, 53. Amulius, the brother of Numitor, orders Romulus, and his brother Remus, to be destroyed, but the servant only exposes them by the river, 53. There they were suckled some time by a she-wolf, iL Taken up by Faustulus, and nursed by his wife Acca Larentia, 54. Sent to Gabii lor education, 56. Their powers of body and mind, generous incli- nations and actions, ib. Thev distinguish themselves in an affiray between the herdsmen of Numitor and Amulius, 57. While Romulus is employed in divination, Remus is taken prisoner and brought to answer for the late violence, ik The reigning prince leaves the correction of him to Numitor, who feels an instmctive kindness for him, ib. His speech to Numitor, 58. Who con- ceives hopes of his being his grandson, 59. Faustulus desires Romulus to assist his brother, and informs him of the particulars of his birth, ib. Faustulus hastens with the cradle to Numi- tor, but is Questioned by Amulius* guards, who inform that prrince of their suspicions, ib. Romulus arrives, brings a con- siderable force with him, and many of the citixens join with him, 60. The two brothers rasohro to build a city in tiie place where they had their Arst nourishment, 6L Opes a place of refuge for fudtivea, ib. A dispute
VOL. VI. 3 K
t9« INDEX.
between them about ihe situation of their intended dtj, wind is relerred to the decision of augury, and carried in finrsB
> 'Ol~ ftomulug, 62. Remus ridicules, and leaps trrer the ditei which RomuIu» opened, 6S. Remus slaia, probably by the
' liand of Romulus, (6. Ceremonies obeerved in tbundiitg KooM', iinder the direction of proper persons from Hetnim, G4, €^.
. The lirenly-firBt of April celebrated as the 6r»t day of Rome, 65. Bomiilus forms the most warlike of the people into legiont, C. Constitutes a senate, i6. Appoints the connexion between t><
' patricians and plebeians, as patrons and clients, 68. Exhilu games, at which the intended rape of the Sabine women it pni i: execution, 69. Marries Ersilia, and has by her Aolliui ni
' Prima, 71. Kills Acron, king of the Cenineasians, with hit on hanil, and dedicates the SpoUa Opima to Jupiter FerelriiB, Ti A battle takes place between the Sabines and the Romn^ a _..._L I.- ui — _^ ((,g iipgjj with a stone. Wiftr
1 which he i
t blow (
79. Romulus
> Jupiter, ad ibt is concMtd,ai
^
1 pray . Romans return to the coiiibnt, 80. A peace is concloM, - the Sabines are incorporated with the Roman soldiers, 61. Sni! of the corncl-trce propagated from the sbaft of Romulus' ^e ' 81, The Sabines receive the Roman months, and Rob* adopts the use of their shields, ib. The feasts agreed onu'i iostituled, 85. Romulus introduces the sacred lire at lUmr.c^ appoints the Vestal virgins, 87. Is skilled in divinatioo. '■ benr» the Lituus, 88. His law concemipg divor^ea, il. Ap^ no punbhment for actual parricide, but calls all murtheip' cide, id. sg. Tatius is killed at Lav in i urn, and Romulus r.mV body an honourable interment, but does not punish hit ^ . sins, 89, 90. Thought accessary to his death, 90. The Lv > aend embassadors to him, ib. Takes Kidenae:, and maka ^ Roman Colony, ib. The Caraerians attacking the flft^ Romulus defeats them, and takes and colonises their dti, * The Veientes declare war against the Romans »i. ExtiTCff account of the valour of Romulus, who defeats them 9i. ^ muluB triumphs for his victory, 93. At^er he has nAacti' neighhouring countries, assumes the monarch to an odiouidtf*' 93. Gives offence by his dress, guards, and lictors, ii. 9*. (''■ the death of his grandfather Numitor, he leaves the luliiiy*' tion of Alba in the hands of the inhabitants, 9^. He ftlb«* Sabines in Rome also magistrates of their awn, lA. Hedi^ to the senate, and the patricians go into the houae only tot' the news of the day, ib. Other arbitrary acts of hia, ik. ^ disappears unaccountably, 9,5. Various storiea — - '"'■
death, tO, All agree in this, that ihesenatora
i/i. 96. The senators tell the people that be was
heaven, 96. Julius Proculus confirms it on the itniMifc ^' nreCended apparition, ii. His nge, 102. "- • -■
Theseus, ib,
Jtotitut, son of viimathioii, i.fiO.
- ", king of the Latins, i. SO.
itotdui, the actor, lii. ^2. v. 298.
INDEXi 499
^aidiu, defended by Cicero against Sjlla't prosecution, ▼. 295.^ Roxana^ sister to Mithridates, iii. 351. Dies untimely, execrating
her brother, S52.
, pregnant by Alexander, iv. S5S. Is jealous of Statira, and
procures the deatn both of that princess and her sister, ib. RoxaneSf a Persian o£Bcer, addresses Themistocles in reproachful
terms, as he passes him in the court, i. $52,
iRulncony Cfcsar passes it, but first deUberates, iv. 202^ 896. \ubritu, prsBtor in Macedon^ V. 56. Eufinus^ one of the ancestors of Sylla, expelled the senate for being
possessed of more than ten pounds weight of plate, iii. 290. Ru/us, Lucius, boasts of being concerned in Killing Caius Grao*
chus, V. 220. ■ ■ , Cluvius, vi* 245* n.
RumiUot the tutelar goddess of children at the breast, i. 5d« RuminaliSf what so called, and why, i. 53. Rumours f extraordinary ones, ii. 313, 314. RustiuSf or Roscius, ih. 495, n. RutiUuSf lieutenant to Metellus, iii. ISO.
, Rufu8> the historian, iii. 156. iv. 173.
S.
SABACOf Cassius. See Casnus Sabaco.
SMaSf one of the kings of India, his revolt from Alexander> iv.
336. Sabine women, carried off by the Romans, i. 69. Run in between the Romans and the Sabinet , 80. Their eloquent remonstrance on that occasion, which conciliates a peace, ib. 81. The honours paid them by the Romans, 81. \Sabines^ a colony of Lacedsemonians, i. 73, 165, 166. Attack the Romans, on account of the rape, 73, 74. Invade the Roman territories, and are defeated by Marcus Valerius, brother to Publicola, losioe thirteen thousand of their men, i. 299. Again . defeated by Publicola, 302. \ Sabinus, v. 322.
i Sacred band of Thebans. See Batid. Fire, i. 87. Mount, ii. 180. ^ War, ii. 34, 267, n. i; SaculiOf a bufibon, vi. 100. i Sadales. See AdaUus. 9 'fSagra^ river, ii. 314.
1^ f SoMrmM, L 18. Said to be first 'given up to the Athenians by n^ Philseus and Eurysaces, the sons dTAjax, i. 230. The Athenians ^ lose it, and, after many vain trials, make a law that there shall be ^ no more attempts for recovering it, 227. Recovered by Solon, ^ 228. The Grecian and Persian fleets engage in the straits of ^ Salamis, 333—335. Surrendered to Demetrius, v. 378. Saliminian galley, ii. 12, 143.
Salii, priests instituted by Numa, to take charge of the brazen
2 K 2
^
k
500 INDEX.
sliicM itiat fell from heaven, i. 188, 189. An account of thai
iiroeeisioii, 190. Salinalor, JuIlub. See Julias Salinator. Selius, commander of the Peligoiana, throira his suadard tmoog
the enemy, ii. 307. ■ , a person of Samothrace or Eilaotinea, said to have tan^t
the dance in armour, i. 190. Salonium, iii. 165. Salonius, steward to Cato. Cato the Censor, in hit oM ^, warm
hia daughter, ii. 527, 528.
, Cato. See Cato Saloniut.
Sub-springs, or Salt-works, i. 92.
Salluit, the historian, mistaken in Rayinz that caroe'a were fintm '
by the Romans in the baltle fought by Lucullos near ibt itm
Rhynitacua, iii. 341. |
Sa/vfifi, a Roman who had served under Panpey, takafMtai'^ ',
assassination, iv. 226. Samana, a kind of ship so called, ii. 40. Hambuca, a machine invented by MarcelluB in the siege of ^/J^^""-
ii. 410. It is destroyed by Archimedes, 412. ^Samians, beat the Athenian fleet after Pericles wu coMi ■<
brand the prisoners in the forehead with the figure ofm <>■(/
ii. 40. The Athenians had branded them with a Sbbikdi,*''
thence they were called by Aristophanes a lettered pewk.*
They are entirely reduced by Pericles, 41. Their HaW?'
Lysander, iii. 210. ^Samnites, iii. 83. v. 205.
Samon, chief herdsman to Neoptotemus, iii. 71. ^Santos, Pericles beats down the walls of it's capiUl iL 41. \Samosata, v, 457.
^Samothrace, or Samothracia, iii. 24S. iv. 153. Samothradaii gods. See Cabiri. Samothradans at Sparta, v. 162. Saadace, sister to Xerxes, her three sons sacrificed bv the G*
to BacchuB Omestes, 1. 332. "fSap/ia, iii. 358. {SappAo. v. 403. Sardiant to be sold, why proclaimed by the cryer at Roxot \^
every sacrifice for victory, i. 93, Sardinia conijuered, i. 93, n. ■
iSardis, iii. 196. iv. 46, 264. v. 413. I
Sardonic laugh, v. 236. I
Sarmmtuf, v. 4S3. I
Sarpedon, preceptor to Calo the Younger, ». si. I
SalibariJines, an eunuch belonging lo Artaxerxes, ri. IJ7. [ iSatricum taken by the Tuscans, i. 410. Retaken br 6^
411. f
Satureiiis, Publlus, the tribune, givei Tiberius Grsccbui Ai^.
nound, v. 220. !
Saturnalia, featt of, i. 309. iii. SSS. v. SIS.
1
INDEX. 501
Satummus, Luciot, a furioui tribune, iii. 1S7. Supj^rU Marius in all his measures, ib. and 156. Proposes an Agrarian law, 1^. Banishes Metellus, 159. Retires into the Capitol, 160. Is promised indemnity on surrendering himself, ib. Killed notwidi- standing, as soon as he enters the Forum, id.
Setter, brought to Sylla, iii. 268.
Sati^ruSy the diviner (or, as he is called by others, Orthagoras), assists in killing Timophanes, the brother of Timoleon, ii. 236.
, the actor, forms the pronunciation and delivery of Demos- thenes, V. 258, 259.
Sayings and apophthegms of Acuphis, iv. 828. ^milius, ii. SSO* vi. 211. iBsop, i. 262. Afranius, iv. 406. Agesilaus, iv. 81, 88, 89, 90, 97, 99, 100. Agis, v. 139, 140, 143, 152, 153. Alci- biades, ii. 120, 123, 130, 144. Alexander the Great, iv. 88, 245, 249, 255, 256, 259, 272, 273, 282, 283, 284, 290, 301, 802, 303, 304, 306, 307, 328, 329. Anacharsis, i. 224. Anaxilaiis, ii. 160. Annibal, ii. 82, 87, 88. iii. 59. Antalcidas, i. 131. iv. 103, 104,111. Antigonus, i. 77. ii. 340. iii. 9, 75. iv. 56. v. 869. Antipater, iv. 48. V. 2. Antisthenes, i. 161. Anytus, ii. 118. Archelaus, i. 118. Archestratus, ii. 135. Archidamidas, i, 144. Archidamus, v. 183. Argileonls, i. 151. Aristides, ii. 448, 449, 459, 460. Augustus, v. 353. Artaxerxes, vi. 118, 119. Barca, ii. 90. Brutus, vi. 69, 89, 90. Caesar, Julius, i. 77. ii. 2. iv. 213, 360, 368, 370, 403, 405, 411, 416, 419, 421, 422. v. 122. Camillus, i. 397, 398. Callicratidas, ii. 342. Cassius, vi. 94. Cato the Censor, ii. 340, 502—505, et passim. Cato the Younger, v. 68, 76, 79. Charilaus, i. 143. Cicero, iv. 361. v. 298, 300, 301, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 340. Cimon, iii. 308. Cleomenes, v. 159. Cleopatra, v. 453. Crassus, iii. 449. Cratesiclea, v. 178. Curius Dentatus, iL 494. 495. Crobylus, v. 271. Deiotarus, iii. 470. Demades, i. 242. V. 183, 266. Demaratus, i. 143. iv. 88, 253. Demetrius Po- liorcetes, v. 384. Demetrius the Pharian, vi. 205, 206. De- roocrates, v. 158. Demosthenes, v. 8, 258, 260, 263, 264, 270, 283, 284, 285, 287. Diogenes, ii. 79. iv. 259. Dionysius, ii. 249, 250 Draco, i. 242. £paminondas, i. 130. Epimenides, i. 233, 234. Eumenes, iv. 49, 52. Fabius Maximus, ii. 73, 80, 98, 100. Favonius, iv. 406. Flaminius, iii. 52, 53. Caius Gracchus, v. 225. Galba, vi. 228. Gorgo, 1. 132, 133. Iphi- I crates, ii. 341. Laconic sayings, instances of them, i. 142 — 144. V. 408. Leo of Byzantium, iii. 437. Leonidas, i. 143. Lucul- lus, iii. 336, 353. Lycurgus, i. 123, 142, 147. ui. 188, 189. Lycurgus the Orator, iii. 499. Lysander, iii. 193, 194, 196, 215. Marius, iii. 150, 151, 155, 163, 172, 449. MeteUus, iii. 158, 159. Nicias, iii. 433. Psedaretus, i. 150. Parmenio, iv. 504. Pelopidas, ii. 344, 361, 365, 375. Pericles, ii. 14, 15, 31, 32,58. Perseus, vi. 175. Philip, ii. 3. iv. 248. Philistus, vi. 35. Philopoemen, iii. 17, 21, 22, 23. Phocion, v. 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 19, ^20, et passim. Pittheus, i. 4. Plato, ii. 27, 117, 192. iii^ I 328. V. 364. vi. 19. PUftonax, i. 148. PimstratidM, i. 151.
Pompey, iv. 128, Hi, 1(<3, 189, 233, 234^ PoapeiDi SeUin, V. 455, *56. Poinponius, iii, 3+6, 3*7. Txakaiy, t, 357, Pyrrhus, Jii. 76, 100. Pjtheas, v. 260, 2S6. T.QujntiiM FU- tninitu, iii. 53. Romulus, i. W. Scopas, ii. 518. Seleueto, r. ♦16, 417. SertoriuB, iv. 7, 8, 9, 15, 97, 32. Solon, i. 22*. SST, 238,243,260,261,265. Sophocles, iii. 422. Slhenu, i»- 136. Slttpo, V. S71, S72. Stratndes, v. 39S. Strstooicut, u IM. Sylla. iii. 2*5. 247, 248, 250. iv. 357. Theano, ii. U5. Tht- 'mistocles, i. 338, 339, 352, 353. Teledides, ii. 239. Theodora. Jj, 163. Theopompus, i. 121, 143. 160. Thespis, i Sft TTieste, vi. 20. Tigranes, iii. S66. Timoclea, iv, 257. Tpw, ' ii. 135. Timotheus, ii. 342. I
Scavola. See Mmias,
SeamhonU, a ward in Alliens, ii. 144.
iknple HuU, what, iii. 297, n.
"^aui-ui, [lis daughter X.ra\\v& is Pompey'^ secQnd wife, iv.
Seedatus, the story of liis daugliters, ii. 365.
Scenes, a elave of Pompey's, iv. 227.
Scenical Entertainments, See Theatrical.
Scetdhas, servant to Aratus, vi. 156.
Schinocephalus, 8 name given to Pericles, ii. 6.
^ScUlmuiis, isle of, iv.S39.
4 Scionteant, re-established by Lysandcr, iii. 204.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, sumamed Africauus, api (lent of the senate by Flaminius, iii. Iji. Undertaises rti n^ the Carthaginian war from Italy into Africa, jl, J02. Hon* actions there, 104. He deftals Annibal, 105. Has an inur'" with Annibal at EphesuE, iii. 5d. Tliey debate who «s ^ greatest general in the ivorltl, i6.
• , Nasica, son-in-law to Afrjcanus, offers to conduct ■ |C^
round for ^milius, in order to tatc Perseus on the morew^ sible side, ii. 300. Executes the serviqe with great abiHn, ' 301. An enemy to Tiberius Gracchus, and whi- » 21" P^i Tiberius to death, 219, 220. ' '
, ^milianus, or the second Afrlcanus, happily fatvgi »irtue, valiant, and ambitious of glory, ii. 3lo, 31 1. Tin » , afraid that he was lost in the action with Perseus, 310. Fw^ the people in hig administration, 333. In that respect from his father, i6. Foretells the future greatness of H^ iii. 123. Disobliges the people by opposing the AgranMl* T. 222. Different accounts of his death, i, 95. v. 233.
-, MeteiluB, father-in-law to Pompey, iv. 195, 196, PmM assigns him the command in Macedon, 405. Tlie aUcRM' between him and other friends of Pompey about saoec^ Caisar in the pontificalc, 212. He communis the mua !>•*'
, the battle of Pharsalia, 214. He and Cato retire tntn AS* , ,416, 417- Is received by Juba. king of Mauritania. 417 » I* li defeated by Casar at ThapsUs, 108.
INDEX. ' ms
Sciph SaBuiumf a mean perton in CaeMr's arm^, C«ar gives him
tne titular command, in order to turn an ancient prophecy on his
side, iv. 41 7* fSeiradium^ promontory of, i. 229. Sdras, proviaes Theseus with a Salaminian pilot, L 18. Sciron, temple of, i. 19.
, slain by Theseus, i. 11, SI, 82. Scirophorionf iv. 107.
Scopiu^ the Thessalian, a saying of his, iL 518. Scorpions f a military instrument, ii. 412.
,seen fighting by Marius on the Afirican coast; it is
deemed ominous, iii. 173. fScotusa, iii. 39. iv. 213. fScotussaOy i.36.
Seropha^ quftstor Co Crassus, iii. 462. iScyros^ isle of, Theseus retires thither, i. 44. Taken by Cimon,
iii. 303. Scytale^ what, iii* 212. Scytalay serpents so called, iti. 496. S^hOf one of the Lacedsemonians sent to Larissa by Agesilaus,
IV. 90.
iSc^ihiam, iii. 481. v. 381.
Sea. See Cawian and Mediterranean.
Secestionf of the Roman people to the sacred mount, ii. 181.
SecunduSf secretary to Otho, vi. 253.
Sedition. See Neuters.
Seisadkiaf what, i. 241.
^Seleucia, upon the Tigris, iii. 358, 472, 473.
Seleucus 1. sumamed Nicanor, recovers Babylon from Antigonus,
V. 269. He marries Stratonice the daughter of Demetrius, 395. Quarrels with Demetrius, 397. Discovers by means of his physician, that his son Antiochus is desperately in love with Stratonice, 403. Gives her up to his son, and assigns him a considerable territory, 404. Enters into alliance with Ptolemy and Lysimachus affamst Demetrius, 410. Gains over the ahny of Demetrius, and keeps him a prisoner at large, 41 7» 418. A saying of his, 416, 417.
fSdUuM, battle of, iiL 7, 8.
^Seljfbriof taken by Alcibiades, ii. 158.
fSemproniuSf Tiberius, consul, ii. 393. Much beloved by the
people of Rome, ti. Permitted to nominate his own successors,
$b. w J Indistrus (or rather Denstu), a centurion, without any
particular obligation to Galba, stands up in his defence, and is
killed in the attempt, vi. 238, 239. Senate^ of Sparta, of what number it consisted, i. 1 19. The method
of choosing it's members, 151. Is the principal support of the
Spartan state, 119. Of Athens, i, 244. v, 373. Of Rome, oppose
Caius Gracchus with his own weapons, v. 231. Senators f Roman, called * Fathers,' and < Conscript Fathers,' i.
6S» A hundred members from the Sabines added to their num-
so*
INDEX.
ber.SS. Judges of aJl cauies, till tbe Gracchi mMm number of the equestrian order to the be»cb, v.9flS.
Seneca, in his friendship for Otho, persuades Nero to into LuEJtanis, tI. S30.
Senecio. See Sossiut.
tSenoBM, i. 378.
Sentiui, the Roman governor of Mncedon, iii.S46.
Seplempagiiim. i. 92.
Septimius, vhn had served under Pninpey, assists in the thai great miin, iv. 227.
tiqilimitleiuf, connected with the consul Opiraius, v, 2^J
Se^uani, iii. 150. iv. 381.
Serapion, a young man who played with Alexander at ti he sail! to that prince, iv. 381.
Serapin, iv. 3^8, 352. His temple and oracle M BsliTfam, ik '
Serbonis, an Egyptian marsh, v, 4-28. ^
Sergiut, the player, retainer to Antony, v. 4M.
^Seriphus, i. 338, 339.
Serpent, the fable of it's tail quarrelling with it*a fiead, iv. II
Serpentt, said U» he produced from the human marroar, r. i9tt
Sbrtorius, Quintus, of a respectable family in the town of M and country of the Sabines, iv. 4. Lost his father mhen %• ib. Haii a liberal education given him by his mother KiM Makes his Grst campaign under Co^pio, ngninst the Cinbi Teulones, ib. Swims the river Rhone in hia armour, H. against the same enemy under Marius, and goes amongN as a spy, ib. Goes in capacity of tribune under £
n, and talies up his wintur-quarters in CastuJo, 5. tU barians attack the Riimani there, and kill many of tM SerloHus gets out of the town, collects some scattered «l enters it again, and put the inhabitants to the sword, H. < guises his parly in the clothes and arms of the faarili marches against the Gyriscenians, and cuts them off, I'A. 6. is appointed qucestor in the Cisalpine Gaul, «'here h« ill active in the cause of Marius, 6. Stands for ihe office i bune of the people, and loses it through the opposition ofS (action, ib. Joins Cinna against Octaviu*. 7. Cinna b in the Forum, and forced to quit Rome, t^. He and Se collect fre«h forces in Italy, iO- Marius returns to Ital^ ofltrs to join Cinna, ib. Sertorius opposes it, till he h ' '^ that Marius came upon the invitation of Cinna. iS. Birates to Marius and Cinna against his savage proceedinca victory, 8. Destroys Marius' Bardiieans, lA. Ader tbei of the elder Marius, finds the war against Syl|« in Italv < carried on, and retires into Spain, ib, 9. P^ya toll to ih barians for his passage over the Pyrenees, 9. His saying
e to (he
?«•«
it, ib. Finding the Spaniards
he lowers the taxes, and excuses mem irom providinc for the soldiers, ib. Sends Julius Salinator to blo^ n passages of the Pyrenees, 10. Sails for Africa, but tbe I refuse to receive bim, and he retnnu to the SpaniA
INDEX, r §o§
Lindi in tbe iafe of jPiQnua, ik Pveparei with mm pinlkal vessels to 6ght Annius^ but is preheated by a storm, sii.lL Passes tbe streigbts of Gades, and lands in BsBtica, 11. Tbere tneets with some mariners, who give bim an acooitnt of the Atlantic or ForUiaate islands, 11 • He is desirous to go, and live tbere, 13. The Cilician pirates leave him, and go to re- store Ascalis to the throne of Mauritania, ib. He supports the Moors against Ascalis, ib. Defeats and kills Paccta* Bus» ib. TMieB tbe city of Tingis, sAl The Lusiunians invite bim to take the command among them, IS. Tbe character of Sertorius, ib* 14. A little changed, in the later period of his life, by his misfortunes, 14, As general of tbe Lusitaaiansy. reduces the native provinces, and numbers come over to him, ib. Tbe great use he made of a white bind^ which be preteada to be a gift from Diana, ib» 15. With a small force carries on Ihe war against four Rooian generals, 15, 16. Beats Cotta at sea, 16. Defeats Pbidius in Bsetica ; Domitius and Luoius Man- lius in the hither Spain ; and kills Thoranios, who was seat against him by Metellus, 16. Reduces Metellus to such extre- mities, that he is forced to call in Lollius to his assistance 4Wm» Gallia Narbonensis; and Pompey the Great is cent with another army froifi Rome, iL Metellus marches against the Langobritss, who having but one well in their city, Sertorius sends them two thousand skins filled with water, 18. Metellus despatches Aqui- litts to collect provisions ; but Sertorius lays an ambush for him^ and cuts off the convoy, 18. Sertorius arms and trains the Spaniards in the Roman manner, 19. Collects the children of the nobility from the several nations of Spain into the city of Osca, and gites them masters to instruct them in the Greeia» and Roman literature, 19. Multitudes lay themselfes under engagements, if Sertorius should fall in battle, to die with him^ 90. Perpenna arrives in Spain, and bis troops insist upon bia joining Sertorius, ib, Sertorius applies to the senses of the Spaniards, by a symbol, recommending to them usanioutyt perseverance, and obedience to their general, 21, 22. The means he took to subdue the Characitani, who dwelt in eaves upon a mountain in all appearance impregnable, 22, 24. Takes the city of Lauron, Ihoogli Pompey was come to its relief, and lay close by him, 24, 25. Beats Pompey in the battle of Sucre, 26. Loses his hind, but is happy enough to find her again, 27* Gives Metellus and Pompey battle on the plains of Sj^untuos^ and is defi^ated. 2H. Retires into a fortress, while bis ofBcefa assemble fresh forces, ib. He cute off the Roman convoys both by sea and land, 29. Metellus offisrs a great reward to any Roman who should take him, ib. His vanity upon an advantage gained of that general, ib. Forms a senate out of tbe patricians^ who had taken refbge wiUi him, 80. His passion to be restored to bis country, ib. His extreme grief upon the news of tba death of bis mother, ib. SI. Tbe greatness of bis bebavioor, and resard to tbe dignity of his country, in his trea^ with Mithridates, 81. SanSi him a general, neaiad Mefcos Marius,
5
Perpcnna and oihen cabal agaJDst SertoriM, ud am* e of the cities or Spain to revult, ib. 93. SemriB, eu*- perated at t\i\», puts some o( the children of tJie Sputiih nobility to death, and gcIIs otliers for slaves, S4. Ptrpeoi draws Sertoriua, by false pretences, to an eniertunmni in h tent, ib. The cODspiraton take that opportuoity ID doftfch him, S5.
Serwfcwar, iii. +57, 4.60. •. 55.
Servilia, eistcr to Calo of Utica, t. 48. Man-ted to LucdkaiaJ divorced for infidelity to his bed, 7S. Attends Cato ia liiteip^ ditioDs, 102. Is left with her child at Rhodes, ICS.
—^, another sister of Cato of Utica, niarried to Silanil^ f.lS.
«.7a
— , the mother cf Brutus, debauched by CKsar, ti. fil. & Cesar a billet, which is delivered to him in the scnate-hwK CbIo insisu that the billet is from the conspirators tgPBt > conimamvealth, upon which Cfesar slioirs it him i^.
StrBilius, the augur, prosecuted by Lucullus for undue aneeei'*^
in bii office, iii. 326. Acquitted, ib, ^
Ceepio. See Ciepio.
' Imitricus. See Isaurkus,
, the prietor, sent by the senate to forbid Sylla's appo^
ing Rome in arms, it treated by the soldiers with ercst mC'
iii. 2+3. —, upon Pompey's refuEing lo flatter hia aoldiere, if*"
him truly great, and worthy of a triumph, iv. 1 '!■] . , employed by Porapey to guard the Pontic sea, o*^
at Colchis iv. 1R9. -■ -, Marcus, his speech in behalf of Paulus ydnDiiBv •'•
reply to Servius Galba, ii. 324, 32.").
■ Galba, Cato, at the age of ninety, accuses Iiiro, it. 31N^
Serpiut Galba, opposes llic granting Paulus ^railius a inuBf-
ii. 322. . , a friend of Sylla, is candidate for the contulshin, »»i*
people reject him in order to show their disapnrobatisii '
Sylla, iii. 245. ^*
Seatitu, Publiup, what Cicero said to htm, v. 324, SS5. ■fSetto', taken from the Athenians by Lyumder, iii. 304. iSelia, iv.425. Senen wise men, i. 223. Sextiiis, month of, iii. 153. Seiliiiax, pnetor in Africa, sends a message to Mariua, to foib^^
entrance, iri. 172. < , the pmtor, carried olf by pirates, with all the epi
his dignity, iv. 154>
, Lucullui' lieutenant, his exploits, iii, 368; 563.
Seclius, Lucius, the first consul chosen out of the piebeiBat, L 41^ SeTiHs :Jitiiu. See Mliui,
— Lucinus, thrown, by order of MariuB, from l)ie Tut* rock, iii. J 78, 179.
— Pompeim. See Pompeif the Younger.
^A
INDEX. SOT
Bestuif nephew to Pompeyy ▼. 51.
Bhcevj the price of one at Athens m the tinie of Solon, i. S52.
Shield that fell from heaven* See Anyka,
Shif in which Theseus returned from Crete preserved by the Adie* mans, i. 26. Aflfords an example to the pnilosophers ppncemii^ the identity of things, ih. Annually sent to Delos, S2, n.
Sib^j their books consulted on great emergencies, ii. 70. The persons employed to consult them were under the obligation of iecrecy, ib. The prediction concerning the batUe of Chnroneat ▼.273.
fSieambri^ vr. 385.
fSicUy, i. 21.
Sidnius VeUutus^ one of the first tribunes of the people, ii, 182; Opposes the sending a colony to Velitrse, but is over-ruled br C. Marcius Coriolanus, 189. Pronounces sentence of deam a^nst Marcius, 196. Agrees that Marcius shall have a farther thai before the people, upon whidi Marcius is adjudged to banishment, 197.
Bicmitu^ what he said of Marcus Crassus, iii. 456.
SidnuSf tutor to Themistocles* children, i. 330. Sent privately by Themistodes to Xerxes, id,
fSiejftmy i. 171. Rescued by Aratus from ^rnimiy, iii. 2. vi. 160. Joins the Achasan league, ib, 161 . Famed for its painters, 164.
fSidofif V. 475.
fSigliuria, i. 293.
^laniorif a celebrated statuary, i. 6. Honoured by the Athenians for his statue of Theseus, tb,
Silanusy Junius, elected consul, v. 70, 309. Declares for the highest punishment upon the accomplices of Cataline, 71. Qua- lifies that declaration, ib. Marries Servilia, the sister of Cato 70. In what respect blamed by Cato, 72. , Marcus, quits Antony, v. 483.
BilenttSy said to be the son of Apollo, sent to Delphi to- demand certain oracles, b^ which Lysander designed to change the Spar^ tan constitution, iii. 221 .
SiUcius, Publius, why proscribed, vi. 82.
SUlaceSf one of the rarthian generals, iii. 476.
SilOf Popedius. See Popedius Silo.
fSUvium^ iii. 270.
Shnilies. See Comparisons.
SmmiaSf a friend of Philopoemen, iii. 14. ■, the Athenian, ii. 55*
SimonideSf the poet, i* 18, 110.
IBimuluSf the poet, i. 77.
^SinnacOf mountains of, iii. 491.
6VnnM, « the pine-bender,' slain by Theseus, L 10, 32. His daugh- ter Perigune has a child by Theseus, 10. And marries Ddo- neus, ib,
-fSinopCf delivered from the tyranny of TimesilaUs by Pericles, whi> sends thither six hundred Athenian ciolonists, iL S3. Taken by LucuUus, iii. 359.
SOS INDEX.
Sinope, the daughter of Aaopus, iii. 360.
\Sinueua, ii.431. vi. 845.
Sippius, a noted epicure, ». 53.
Sqn/lus, mine* of, eatich Pelopi, i. 4, m.
Sfriu, river, iii. a?-
aiienna, tile liifitorian, iii. 327-
Sitmelhres, beiieged fay Alexander upon a rock d«eii>ed
bie, iv.327. SUmaiia, the monument of those who were killed bj* an eaithqadi
at Sparta, iii. 3i(>. Sitting at table, apoeture ol' mouniing among ihv RoBUiiu,«.]06< Slavft, Spartan. See Helots. , Roman, Uieir liberty during the SatumaUtt. Sae £M^
Smt/rna, Homer said to base died there, i». 3.
Sochorru tlie Decelean, what be said to .^liltiades, iu. SCti
Sgcrata, opposes the Sicilian expedition, in consequence of nitions from his Good Genius, ii. 1.^6, iii. 419. Thcpaiiijof bis love for Alcibiadea, ii. 117. Yields to Alctbiadettlw priu i' T&lour, ISI. is saved fay Alcibtudes in the battle of Dti'ina, a The qualities of bis mind, different from what Iii* petMO ^ mised, 501. Admired by Cato the Censor for hi* briMTimtf>> his family, 530. Condemned to die for h'u pkiloMiphy. iii ^ His fale like that of Phocion, v. iS.
fSoli, a city of Cyprus, i. 259. iv. 28*.
--— , a city of Cilicia, iv. 15'J.
SoLoH, the son of Execestides, a deacendent orCodn^i^S^ Connected with Piiistratus, not only by friendship, butbiVti't i6. Hi* father hurts his fortune, which originally wm DStp"- 219. He endeavours to retrieve it by niercliandibe, 2S0i ^ has no attachment to riches, farther than tliey are lUc'H ' This expressed in sume agreeable verses of |ii«, |4. Tb«« he made of hii> poetical talents, 231, '222. Cullivacts 0* part of moral philosophy, which treats of civil obligaiioDt, £^ Has little knowledge of natural philosophy. iA. TkLm A» charsis into his friendship, 224. Their conversation coniWi*^ laws, ib. He is entertained by Thales at Miletus, ondosii^ why he does not marry, i&. 225. The contrivance of TU> thereupon, 225. The Hegarensians having taken ii
decree is passed at Athens, that no attempt should be
the recovery of it, 227- Solon feigns himself iotane, and pD^ decree repealed, 227. Diflerent accounts of the manner <d^ retaking the island, 328, 239. Solon procures a decree fiM * Ampbictyons for chastising the Cirrhsans, who had sacrilcciv^ laid siege 10 Delphi, 2S0, 231. Brings the long dispuuaiki' the afiair of Cylun to a conclusion. 231, 2S2. FrodigMS (ppA and Athens labours under superstitious fears, as*]. To nctf* the disorders, Solun is appointed archon and laweivn, 9^ Many exhort him to assume regal power, but he decline* ^ 236, 237. He cancels debts, and makes an order that &* ^ future no man should take the body of his debtor for
INDEX. 509
298* Enterget mesittret, and the value of money, iB, Unhap* pily disooYen his detiffn of cancelling debts, to some of his friends, who make a vilTainous advantage of it, S59. Sets the first example of the remission of debts, ib. The rich are dis» pleased at the cancelling of debts, and the poor at his not making an equal division of lands, 240. They are reconciled to him, and hivest him with full powers of legislation, 241. He repeals the laws of Draco, except those concerning murther, ib. Appoints four orders of citizens, according to their property, 24-2. Per* sons of superior property to bear offices, to. He establishes the court of Areopagus upon a better footing, 243. Appoints a se« nate of four hundred, 244*. One of his Taws declares the person infamous, who stands neuter in time of sedition, 246. His laws concerning heiresses, ib. Concerning marriaee, 247. Against speaking ill of the dead, 248. Against revning the Ihring on certain public occasions, ib. Concerning wills, 249. He 'Cgn- lates the journeys, mournings, and sacrifices of the' women, So» 250. Concerning fathers and children, 251. Concerning the idle, ib. Some absurdity in his laws concerning women, 252. Laws relative to wolves, ib. To wells, planting of trees, and raising stocks of bees, 253, 254. To the naturalising of fo- reigners, 254. To the going to public entertmnments, 255. These laws of his were to continue m force for a hundred years, A. He amends the calendar, 256. On his laws taking place, he withdraws from the captious imnortunity of the citizens, and tra- vels for ten years, 258. He visits Egypt, and gets an account from the priests of the Atlantic island, which he attempts to de- scribe in verse, ib. 259. Sails to Cyprus, and is very serviceable to one of the kings in building a new city, which b called Soli» 259. His interview and conversation with Croesus upon happi- ness, 260, 261. What ^sop, the fabulist, said to him, 262. When Croesus is on the point of suffering death before Cyrus the Great, he calls on the name of Solon, and relates the conversa- tion ; which saves his life, ib. 263. The three parties in Attica quarrel with each other during Solon's absence, 263. The cha- racter of Pisistratus, who was at the head of one of these par- ties, ib. 264. He wounds himself, in order to procure a guard, 265. Solon, who was now returned, opposes it, but in vain, tft. Thespis exhibits in tragedy, ii. Solon's opinion of such exhibi- tions, ib. Pisistratus seizes the citadel, and with it absolute Eower, 266. Solon exhorU the Athenians to recover their liberty, ut without effect, ib. His answers to those who asked him, how he durst speak so fireely, 297. Pisistratus observes the greatest part of Solon's laws; upon which, Solon gives him some couote- nance, ib. Solon lives cheerful to the last, 268. His ashes said to have been scattered about the isle of Salamis, 269.
Solon^ of Platses, v. 4a
Soloon, one of the companions of Theseus, in his expedition against the Amazons, i. 33. Drowns himself in consequence of his hope- less passion fbr Antiope, ib. The river called oy his same, if.
£10 INBEX.
Sonckit, the Saite, the roost learned of ibe Egjpltn ptiaU, pii
Solon on accouDt of the Adantic islands, i. 25B. iSophaie, country of. iii. 361, 370. Sophax, eoD of Hercules byTinga ibe widow of AUxui, h
city which he calls Tiogis, aner the name of his mother, i>. i^ > Sopliocles, intimate with jEsculapius, i. 172. Can-in te priicdr
tr^eiJy froio .^Uchylus, iii. 305. One of bis aemicMBU ceV
suied, V. 2. A saying of his, iii. 432. Soranm, folher to Alilia, Calo» firet wife, v. 55, Sorex, the mimic, one of thu people whom Syllu wniued hiaflC
with, iii. 282. Somattui, an officer under LucuIIue, defeats a party aeot b,
ridates, that attacked a convoy, iii. 31.9. Left in Pontw tf
Lucullus, 360. Sofp'mw, the month so called, i. SS. Soabiut, niinister to Ptolemy Philopator, forms a acboaw
CIcomenes, v. 190, 192. Axicles, thrust Ariamenes, Xerxes' brave admiral, «ilK 1>* p'"
into the sea, i. 334. Soiigenes, a friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes, v. 417, Sosu, the Syracusao, hie inlVimous character, i-i. 33. Plott^v'
I>Ion, ih. Condemned by the Syracusaus, aod capioUr f^
Dished, 34. SO10, though fiistcr to Abantidas, the rcigaing tyrant ofSi^
Raves Aratus when a child, vl. 154. Sossius, Senecio, a Roman of consular dignity, Plutarch W**
his I.ivei to him, i. 2, n. vi. 2.
, Mark Antony's lieutenant, t. 458. Soslratus, a peraon of great authority in Syracuse, lawyMf?^
into Sicily, iii. 100. Pyrrhus grows jealous of liita, aul*
forced to fly, ib. Sottria, a feast in honour of Aratus the deliverer of bil caM"^
vi. 208. Soul, it's immortality, i. 99. Possessed of a self-directing po«V, Soii», king of Sparta, one of the ancestors of Lycurpu^ ■■
Under his conduct the Spnctans subdue the Heloti, A-
over-reaches the Clilorians, ib. &tu, the wild one of Cronimyon, i. 10. f Spaniards, disciplined in the Uoman manner, and a aoi^
their children educated by order of Sertorius, iv. 1 B, 19i 1^
devoted their lives for iheir generals, 20. Spanvs, makes Sertorius a present of a white hind, ir. | i, 15. Sparimixa, the eunuch, employed by Pary&atia to ruin Mitki''
the Persian, vi. 130. ■tiiparia, the ouly city where riches bad no influence, PIuCimM
there lame as well as blind, i. 136. The wiiote city, m tf*
gularity which the iobahilBnis were obliged to iibeerve, m^
one great camp, 149- Or the discipline under wlitdi mipi
vere philosophers Isy themselves, 159- I^ortitude caU*
there more than justice, 1^4. Luxuijr enters it aloM ^
INDEX. All
money, v. 1S7* Oppressed by tyrants, iii. 13. United by Phi- lopcemen to the Achsean leaffue, iiL 20» SpartaciUf the gladiator, oriffinally a Thracian shepherd, bat a man of great spirit and understanding, iii 457. The prodigy of a snake twining about his fiice, explained by his wife, ib. He escapes by stratagem from a mountain where he was besiaeed,
fats the Romans to flight, and takes their camp, 458. De&ts urius, the lieutenant of Varinus, and Cossomus, Varinus* col- legue, ib. Makes his way in spite of Lentulus and Cassius, 459. Beats Mummius, lieutenant to Crassus, 46K). Rods a method of getting OTor the wall which Crassus built across the peninsula of Rhegium, 461. His subsequent success makes his troops re- fractory, and he is forced to try a general action, ib» 462. Pre- Tious to this he kiUs his horse, 46S. He makes great havock of the enemy, kills two centurions with his own hiEmds, and fidls overpoweo^ by numbers, id.
f Spartans f the privacy of their commerce with their brides, u IM. The education of their children, 137. The chief end of their discipline, what, 138. Their beds, tb. Their thefts, 139. Whipped for want of dexterity, if discovered in their thefts, ift. The resolution of a young Spartan in suffering a fox which he had stolen to gntw out his bowels, rather than he would be de- tected, 140. Their short sayings and sharp repartees, 141, 143. Their poetry and music, 144. Sacrifice to the Muses before a battle, 146. Nourish their hair and dress it elegaatly, 147. Their diet better, and discipline less severe in time of war, ^ The method of electing their senators, 151, 152. The burials, and time of moumiDg, 153. Their ambuscade, a cruel way of lessening the number of the Helots, 154, 155. Applied to by the people of other countries for generals, 160. Their youth seasoned with an early desire of glory and dread of disgrace, iii. 189. See Lacedamomans.
Sparloriy the Boeotian general, defeats the Athenians, iv. 93.
Spectator^ paper in, on the story of Isadas, iv. 116, n.
Spectres. See Apparitions.
Sptndon, a Lacedaemonian poet, i. 156.
fSpcrchius^ river, i. 43.
' SpcustpptUf the philosopher, intimately acouainted with Dion at Athens, vi. 16. Dion gave him a piece or pleasure-ground when he went to Sicily, 15, 16.
'fSphacteria, isle of, ii. 129. iii. 407.
Spnarus^ the historian, his account of the number of Lycurgus*
• associates, i. 119.
^— -, the Borysthenite, instructs Cleomenes in philosophy, V. 156. Assists him in forming the Spartan youth, 166.
,fSpkettuSp a borough of Attica, i. 14.
JSpkineSy the true name of Calanus, iv. 338.
i^iiijr, an ivory one, given by way of gratuity to Hortensius in a certain cause, v. 301. Cicero rallies him upon it, ib.
Sphodrias, the Spartan, of a violent teisiper, and very capable of being flattered, iv. 101. Attempts the Pireus, ib.
INIMCX.
mphs >a called, ii. <fr7A.
i
1 defending ihe bridge under their Ounily.
>. 24«. BAnkaUii*-
other philoMpticno
51?
Sphrtrntides, nymp)
Spiciitui, the gladifllor, »i. 216.
Spifther the coBBul, why he favoured Pompey'a apfMifltiimt to id
Bovereien commond for supplying Home wjlli corii,iv, 188. —- , UoQiitiuJs. and Sci|>io, contend for Ccsar'i poDtifiaus b
fore ihe balde of Pharsalia, iv. -212, 407. &nrai form of drawing up an army, iii, 11. fyithridaUi, a Persian oilicer, killed hy Clitiu, in ihe ioMBtlbtt
he was aiming a blow at Alexander, i — — — , the lather of Megabatea, iv. 78. Brought am n tb
Grecian intereBt by Lysander, ib. Retuma to Sanli*, ST Spt^ Opima, i. 15. ii. S98. Sfiringii. See Fountaint. Sputina, one of Othu's generali ^mrioi Lartius, tatliU
i. S94. See the othi ■fStagira, the birth-place of Aristotle,
que«t, ib. Staph^lai, Eon of Theseuii by Ariadi Stars, the opinioti of Anaxagoras si
ing them, iil. 200, 201. Slaticrales, an architect, makes a propoaal to Aim
mount Athos into a statue, iv. 347. Statetman, what course h^ should steer, v. ♦, 133. Statinnus, or Tatianui, one of Antony's ofBcers, killed br^A''
thians, v. 46S. '
iSfatiiiui. See UlaluUius. Statira, sister to Mithridates, the fortitude with wbicli ^ ^
iii. 352. — . wife of Darius, treated with great respect hv Alow'''
iv.271. Her death, 286. , daughter of Darius, and wife of Atexsnder, it, 9U. 8*
thered hy Uoxana, S53. — , wife of Artaxerxes Mnemon, *i. 1 19, FoiaooMl fcf If
satis the queen-mother, 135. Stattui Murcus, kills Piso, vi. 2'iO. Stator. See Jupiter Slator. £tat^//iiM, aRects to imitate Cato of Utica, *. ug, Wodd f
killed himself as Cato did, had he not been pr«vcBtid. 1^
A friend of Brutus, ib. vi. 67- His hardy enterprise aadii**
». 123. vi. 106. St. Croix, ' Myster& du Paganisme,' iii. 3*3, h. Stephen, an experiment of the power of naphtha, tnade in li*^
lence of Alexander, upon his body, i*. S96. Stephanui, v. 268. Stesimbrotus, the historian, censured for incoDBtsteacri ii- tt '
Hisaccount of Cimon, iii. 297. Sthenis, an orator of Himera, iv. 136. For a fraok and boldif^
of hia, he and his fellowKiitizens are spared by Poaper, ik — 7-;—, a statuary, iii. 359. ""T"/
StitMdei, the diviner, attends Nicia* into Sicily, ui. 436.
INDEX. 51*
Stilpot the phQoMplier, tells Demetrius^ *h» 6nmd none tinl
wanted to tteal any knowledge^' v« S71. SHrUf ward of^ ii. 153. ^ -fS^tmi in Pbocis, iii. 295. C otaic philosophy^ v. 156. Jr Stolo. See Lidniutm
^ Stonef story of a great one &lling from heaven, it 65, and n. iB. 200. Of one which fell in Yorkshire, ih, it. Straboy the philosopher, iii. d68» W , the fiuher of Pompey, hated by the people as much as his
■ son was beloved, iv. 126.
i i StrmU, of Thermopylae, v. 385. Of Corinth, ii. S69. Of Salaads, ^ i.SSa OfSymbolum,vL91. Of Cilicia, iv. 269. *
Siratagems, of Alcibiades, ii. 155, 159« Of Annibal, H. 74, 80, 94, 95, 434. Of Aratus, vi. 157, 181, 182, 189. Of C«sar, tv. 388. Of Cammus,i. 415. Of Cimon, iii. 321. Ot Dion, vL
3 27. Of£umenes,iv.47, 50,60>61. Of Lucunus,iB.334,S47. Of Mithridates, 348. Of Nidas, 423. Of the l^arthians, ▼. Ift 466, 470. Of Sertorius, iv. 22, 25. Of Solon, i. 227. Of Spartacus, iii. 458. Of Themistodes, i. 330. Of Tiribasus, vi. m 142, 143. Of Timoleon, iL 242, 243. f0SiratO9 the friend of Brutus, said to have assisted him in despatch-
ing himself, vi. 107. mi^ShraiocUSf the Athenian orator, his impudence and servility, ▼• 87S. The extravagant decrees he procured in finrour of Antigonos Bi and Demetrius, ib, ^IftSfro^onfCf, fiivourite concubine to Mithridates, iv. 171.
, daughter of Demetrius by Phila, v. 395. Married to Seleucus, 396. By whom she has a son, 402. Given up by b ^ Seleucus to his son Antiochus, who was . discovered to be de* sperately in love with her, 404.
-, daughter of Corrmis, and wife of Antigonus, v. 364.
Uratonicus^ i. 161. ^B^rotfaj, a reader to Callisthenes, iv. 322.
Urymon^ river, iii. 302. ^mifi9JUician, See Bridge, SucrOf river, iv. 146.
hteiamus PauUnus, one of Otho's generals, vi. 249. ^uevif iv. 385. M ^^meidef condemned, v. 188.
^mllif why a Roman name, i. 287. mi^mlpiiiiUf or Sulpidus, elected consul, v. 98.
, a bold and insolent tribune of the people, brings Marius Into the Forum, and dedares him proconsul and general of tbo MithridaUc war, iii. 163, 241, 242, 243. Takes a guard of six hundred horse, whom he calls * his anti-senators,' 161. KiOs the son of Pompeius Rufus, the consul, 164. Condemned by the senate, 245. Betrayed by one of his slaves, ib. Aundi executed, Uu
-, Caius, V. 314.
--, the Jnterrex, declares Pompey sole consul, iv. 19i*
VOL. vr. 2 L
tpitiut, who commended rn Mjuedon* iiL 9S. ■, Quinttts, degraded from the | '
The o^nioD of ■urtiiriMnmnfrrnk I
'350.
*7e-
in. ni
king ol' PMm, ik S-M -|(», 4«0. Drfc*0»
accident, ii. 394.
Sun, eclipses of it, iv. it's motion, v. S, i,
-tSunium, yi.lSB.
jfuperstition, the great evi! of it.
Sura. See Lentulus.
Burma, the Parthian ^eoeral, i. privilege of his family to crown in hides his main force behind the first
suswith great slaughter, 441, ^as. Senils pnpnAaftw fererte in order to be informed whether CraMiH mt it<M C Carrffi or nol, 490. By his artfid measures grti Cxmm * hrs hands, 493, 494. Sends the head of Cnnw » Of^ +94. Burlesques the Roman triumph, 495, fniiuil*^ Senate of Seleucia the books found in the Hjp|t t^ P*t^". , which puts the senators in mind of JEno^'a wiiJJ(!i,IBl &«■!,
■ 'compared tu the aerpentB called • ScytalK ' ib Bt»^»| 'dealhby Orodes, 498. ' ' i
Surnames. See Names.
iSusn, iv. 87. The wealth found there by Alexander, ?»
Susamilhres, uacle to Pliarnabazm, undertakes to it^^ ^ biatlee, ii. 171-
fBtttTiim, i. 409. Taken and retaken the same daj,4<r.
Swirdmeti. See Machariones.
S^baris, one of the daughters of Tliemistocle*, i. SSS.
f. & city in Lucaiiia, CDlonised by Pericles, and alti^
li. 20.
Sybarite says, ' It wu no minder that the Spartans fttfii'^ their lives, because they had nothing worth iWine f«r'i^ 341. *
Sybil, prophecy of, i. 29.
Si/copnanI, the original meaning uf the word, i. S54.
Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, the consul RuSnus was one of Im ^ tors, iii. 230. Born to n scanty fortune, H, Uig gMn^l Whence his name of Sylla, ib. Fond of players and *»»' joins in every drollery In company, diough grave nod K*. when he had business to transact, i5. ^-2 Aii&^'f debauchery through life, 232. Nicopolis, the courli<aa.^' him her estate, if. His iiiother>in-1aw does the Kame, •■ ' goes (]u!Cstoc witli Marius into Africa, ib. iiaiut gn»^ in the military department, tb. Makes a friend of Bo«*R* of Upper NumWra, ib. Bocchus delirers up JaeurthaMl^ 233, Mariils is jealous of his fame. ib. Tluit jUlotfj *', creased by the signet which Svlla makes use of, ii. Yrt)*^ continues to employ him in It is wars, ib. Sylla take* O^ chief of the Tectosagte, |>risoncr, ib. pLnuadea the M" 1 declare for the Romans, ib. Acts undtr Catuios, ikc o of Mariua, 234. Procures provisions for ibe catnpa i- Catului and Mariu», it. A^^Iies tor the pr^tonbio, m^ "
Index. si*
it^fS. Giuns it the next jear, 235. Cssair telb him» lie bou^bt it, ib. He-establishes Ariobarzanes in Cappadocia, and restraios Mithridates in his progress of power, ib. Is the first Romaii, who l^ceived an embassaddr from Parthia, ib. A person in the train of diat embassadoi^ foretells his future greatness, 2S6. Cen- sorinus prepares to accuse him of extortion, but does not proceed, 4b. The quarrel between Sylla and Marius breaks out afresh, .on occasion of Bocchus* erecting certain statues in the Capitol, ibm Sylla performs ^ea( things m the confederate war, ib. HiA enemies represent him, rather as a fortunate than a great general^ "SS?. He glories in being the favourite of fortune, i^ Advises Xucullus to attend to the visions of Uhe night, 2S8. Has man^ inconsistendles in his character, ib. Overlooks the crime of hii SoldletvJn killing Albinus, one of his lieutenants, 239. Elected I (jonsul with Quintius Pdmpeius, when he was fifty years of age, ib. Marries Csecilia, the daughter ofMetellus, the chief i>oti- I tiff, ib. The names of others of his wives, ih. 240. Ambitious of the conduct of the Mithridatic war, ib.' Fmds a rival for that I post in Marius, ib, Pompeius Rufus and 'Sylla order a cessa- tion of all public business, 242* Sylla is compelled by Sulpi- tlus to revoke it, ib» The son of Pompeius is killed, and SyUil saves his life by esaipiag into the house of Marius, ib^ Sylla I 'g6ts to the camp before Marius' officers, and tliey are stoned, I 7b. 243. Marius plunders, and puts to death the friends of Sylla in Rome> 243. Sylla marches to Rome, ib. Attacks it with fire I land swoi^, 244. Assembles the. senate, and gets Marius and Sulpitius condemned to death, 245. Sets a price upon the head f Df &f arius, ib. The people reject his nephew Nonius, in his I application for the consulship, ib. His saying upon it, ibi He proposes Cinna, who was of the opposite raction, for the I 'consulship ; but first makes him swear to do nothing aninst I him, ib. Cinna is no sooner elected, than he impeaches Sylla, 246. Sylla leaves the impeachment behind him, and sets for- wai'd against Mithridates, ib. On the arrival of Sylla in Greece, all the cities, except Athens, submit to him, 247. He besieges Athens j which was held by the tyrant Aristion for Mithridates, ib. Cuts down the groves of the Academy and the Lyceum, ib. Violates the treasures of Greece, and spares not even the tem- ple, ib. His saying upon Caphis' scrupling to touch those of T>elphi, 248. Aristion insults him and Metellus from the widk, 249. Sylla scales the walls near the Heptachalcos, 250. 'He pulls down part of the wall, and enters the town at midnight, ib, A dreadful slaughter ensues, which Sylla at last stops, ib. ( 251. What he said on that occasion, 251. Sylla likewise takes I the Pirseus, and lays most of it in ashes, ib. Taxiles, tha f enemy's veneral, moves down firom Thrace with a great army, 252. SvTia marches into Boeotia, for the sake of provisions, tb, ^ Hortensnis joins him with a reinforcement from Thessaly, ib. f His army but a handful in comparison of the enemy, 253. He • keeps close in his intrenchments, and the enemy straggle off, ib. L He tries whetherlabour would not make his troops more willing p 8l2
to face (tanger, and it has it's effect, 254. Orden tkea to tan B dilficull post BiFord in hand, ib. Archelaiu mo*MWtiiiitCt>» ronea, and Sylla sends it succours, i6. Out of fndi^oai am*- bers of the enemy, only ten thousand reach Chsldi, vfiile Srilt misses only fourteen men, 259. He intcribes hit Ut#><^' "* " irs, Victory, and Venus,' i6. Celebrates games tt Tliebes, Takes from the Thebans their territories, ib. MutlietU oppose Flaccus, but returns upon intelligence that Dorjlmbl entered B(£otia, with Mithridates' best troops, ii. ThatgenaJ accuses Archelaiis of treachery ; but after some slight ikirmitbct with Sytia, agrees with Archeluiis that the war ought to bcjviv tracteJ, >i. 261. Metella comes from Rome with u acuunt that Cinna and Carbo, beside other outrages, had bunit Sjlii'f housesj 362. Archelaiis proposes a peace, 263. TheccmtliM'"" which Sylla grants it, i5. 264. Mitbridates denum *od ^ to be excused as to certain articles, 264, The tubrr, ieo"* Fimbria, who had killed the consul Flaccus, was jx^^tp'"' him, 265. But Sylla, who has an interview withbiaiitlM*- nus, obliges him to ratify the whole, 266. He recottdlo -V* barzanes and Nicomedes to him, 16. Mithridate* delitenw B bim seventy of his ships and five hundred archers, ii- Sjli marches against Fimbria, who was encamped at Tlit«ta».i Fimbria's troops go over to Sylla, and Fimbria kills buBKi^ " Sylla lays a fine upon Asia of twenty thousand talents, loJt* pfis the people to quarter his soldiers at a vast exaeste.^ ^ sails to Athens, where he is initialed in the Mysteries rf(** 2U7. Carries thence the library of ApeUicoo, '* ^ were the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, it. Brt something of the gout, he goes to the warm batli at Stif*- 967- Encourages the Alsans to rebuild their city 36^ ^ to Apollonia, where a satyr is brought to him irom a placcO''' Nyinplia:um, ib. Is afraid that his troops will disperae as >«<:■■ Ihey reach Italy ; but they voluntarily come, and take so ost - stand by him 10 the last, 259. Has to cope with 6ftc«nE«K^ in Italy, who have under them twenty-five legions, i4. So** presages of his being victorious, ii. He defeau yoiuig Mic* and Norbanus the consul, 270. Other predictions aitd prt«* ib. Marcus Lucullus, one of Sylla's lieutenants, dcTttti ' enemy with a very inferior force, ib. Sylla corrupts Sw' •■"''''••" under pretence of treating of peace, 271. BeW ''* consul, and kills ten thousand men, with the lo**' of twenty-three, 272- His lieutenants are every where victotM* ib. Sylla's last conflict is with Telesinus the Samnite «be«*' overcomes with difficulty, ib. 273. 27+. Sylla wear*' in sU ^^ battles a golden image of Apollo, 27+- His addrcw to il" this occasion, ib. The remains of the broken faction send if ties (o him at Antemna, and he promises them impunity m ' ~ tain conditions; but, arier they had performed the coadiD- deatroys them in cold blood in the Circus at l(on>e, 275. 1^ senate, which he is haranguing, listens with terror to ii. \^'hut be said upon it, ii. He fills the city with
%
INDEX. , 517
S76. C. Metelltis Tentures to ask him, when there would be an end of them, i6. His proscriptions and confiscations, 277. His cruelnr to the people or Prseneste, 278. The noble beliaviour of one of Sylla*s friends in that city, t6. Catiline having killed hit own brother, Sylla, at his request, puts him amons the proscribed, id* Sylla declares himself dictator, ib. Makes Pompey divorce his wife Antistia, and marry his dau|rhter-in-law Emilia, 279* Lucretius Osella, who had acted as his heutenant against Prsenestet aspires to the consulship without his consent, and is killed by his order, ib. Sylla leads up his triumph, in which the restored exiles make the most agreeable appearance, ib. Takes the addi- tional name of Felix, 280. Gives the name of Faustus and Fausta to the twins he had by Metella, ib. Lays down the dictatorship, ib. Dedicates the tenth of his substance to Her- cules, 281. Metella dies, and he marries Valeria, ib. 282. Fi^ into the Lousy Disease, 282. Circumstances preceding bis death, 288. His burial aod epitaph, 284. S^Ua^ Sextius, the Carthaginian, i. 71. SyUanian Jupiter. See Jupiter. SylUs^ a poem so called, vi. 16.
Syhia^ Ilia, or Rhea, daughter of Numitor, and mother of Romu- lus and Remus, i. 52. ^Symio/tfifi, vi. 91 .
S^pialuSf governor of Minoa, vi. 25. A friend of Dion, ib. Sfneeda. See MeUecia. I Syphax. See Sophax. I -fSvracusans, their war with the Athenians, iii. 423. Decoyed to ^ Catana by Nicias, ib. Instead of fifteen generals, elect three, I whom they invest with a discretionary power, 424*. Draw a cross I wall firom the city to hinder the Athenians from finishing theirSt 426. Ready to capitulate when Gylippus arrives, 427. Give the Athenians a total defeat under the conduct of Gylippus, 487f 438. Keep a festival in memory of his taking Nicias prisoner, 442. Delivered by Dion from the tyranny of Dionysius, vL 36^ Their ingratitude to Dion, 37. Recall that deliverer, 42. Their miserable state after his death, ii. 232. Their afiairs retrieved by Timoleon, 260, et seq. -f Syracuse f a Corinthian colony, ii. 233. vi. 40, it. Besieged by
the Romans. See MarceUus. -fSurianSy said to be descended from Syrus the son of Apollo, and
the njrmph Sinope, iii. 360. Syrmus^ king of the Triballi, Alexander defeaU him soon after hb
accession, iv. 255. SyrtiSf vi. 25. iSyriM, son of Apollo, iii. 360.
j TABLE^ Cato the Censor thought it the properesi
forming of friendships, ii. 529. Cato's
518
INDEX.
I
fait orni table, ii. He would stiSer do evil to be ipobeo mh'vj
any man whatever, ii. TabU-falk, excellence of that of the ancients,
that of the moderns, L xliv. Tablet of lilTer, of which Coius Qracchus «
I, entertains Agesilaus in hi« Knice, it >nly the cominanti of tlie i
V. 3a, 490.
^achoe, the E^pti
Leaves AgesHaus ■ AgeBiIaus goes over from him lo Nectanabia, 119. Tida^
thuB deserted, takes to flight, 12(X Tacita, the muse to whom Numa pays hi« iiomace, i. ITS. Tactics, iii. 6. f Ttcnartu, i'Tagus, ri Tdasiut, a young Roman of note at the time of t&e i^ «f tlx
Sabine virgins, i, 71. Talasio, the nuptial acclamation suppq^etj^ f^ ^^ g^ ^^ gt bit
-(■ To/aura, iii. 352.
+ Tana^Ta,_ ii. 17, SS9. iii. 818.
f Tanau, riyer, iv. 31 1.
frapAoiim, V. 511.
TnreArtiw, kin^ of Alba, i. 51 .
Tarcondemux, king of Upper Cilida, is in Antony's umiV^M
fTarentihes, call in Pyrrhus to their assistance affamu llie Bli>t
iii. 82. One of their citizens warns them of Uie reslniM*'^
which they would be lajd, ii. Their archers, v. 160. iTairntiin, recovered from Anntbal by I'abius IVIaxinui*, ^ ■>"
of a woman, ii. 96, 97. Fabius said, 'he would ]eaniMci<
it's angry gods,' 9S. Tarpeia, betrays the Capitol to the Sabines, n-Iio promiatbn*^
they wore upon their left arms, i. 76, 77. fcilie dies oiwwkia^
by their shields, 77. — ; , a Vestal virgin, admitted at Numa's second
Tarpeian rock, whence so called, i. 76- Subsequently tlie Csf**i
Tarpeius entrusted by Romulus with the defeace of the Cif*' against Tatius, 1. 76. .According to Juba the hisionap, fij of betraying it, ii,
Tar^inia, the Vestal virgin, said by some to have civea a Mdo the public, whicb was afterward called the Campus Mnrlift * 281. How lionoured with the gift, ii.
Tarquiniut, son of Demaratus, according to some authoi^ ^ first who triumphed in a chariot, i. 76.
— Superbm, either son or grandson of Tat-quinius the
of Demsratus, i. 290. Attains the Komun crown fti on iniquit«« manner, and governs like o tyrant, 271. Expellvd on liis toA committing a rape upon I.ucrelia, 272. Sends lo Itnoie, ■ fiemand hjs goods, 0,1^. Finds shelUi wtzh the Tuscan* «M neiul him back with a numeroiu army, 283. U jffwmtj trf
INDEX. aSB
his ton AtuM alatOt 282. Retires to Lams Vofseim a^ ClusiiiOy 293. Refuses to refer his cause to Porseoa» «^«
fTarraciruh iii. 166, 169.
TamUiuSf marries Acca Larentia, i. 55.
i Tarsus^ v. 414. ^
Tarutius calculates the day and hour of Romulus' oatiyityy firora the circumstances and actions of his life» i. 66. C
Tatht daughter of Tatius and wife of Numa, i. 169l
Taiieiueif the name of one of the tribes at Rome, i. 83b
TatitUf general for the Sabines against the Romans^ L 7€b (xlves the Romans battle, upon which the matrons interpose, ^Oi Reigns in conjunction with Romulus, 82. Killed as. he wfs sacrificing with Romulos at Lavinius, 89^ Buried in an h(Qnottf^ able manner on mount Aveotine, ib. 90.
TaureaSf ii. 134.
Tatirtoi, or Faurion, vi. 207.
f Tauromemunif ii. 245.
TaunUf general and prime minister in Crete, i. 16. His connexion with Pasiphae, 20. Vanquished by Theseus, in the games whieh Minos exhibited, ib.
-f Taurus, mount, iii. 362. v. 414, 415.
. , commands Augustus' landrforces, v. 487»
Toe, paid by the Greeks for carrying on the Persian war, ii. 4Mk
TaxeSf in Greece trebled in sixty yeacs' time, iL 484.
TmsUes, Mithridates' general, comes down finom Thrace and Mao^ don, to joiq Archelaiis, iii. 252. Defeated by Muraeoa, SyUa'a lieutenant, 259. Sent by Mithridates to Tigianes, to adviii him to avoid a general action with the Romans, 364. SHa answer to Tigranes, who observed to him, that the Romans. weCla flying, 366. ' -
one of the kings of India* the extent of hia dominiowi.
iv. 328. His sensible address tq Alexander, and that prince's
answer, ib. 329. Gives and receives presents, 329. \Tdygetus, mount, i. 135. v« 140. Technon, a servant of Acatus, vi, 171, 179. Tectosaga, Sylla* when lieutenant to Marios, takea CopiiluSp
chief of the Tectosagss, prisoner^ iii. 238. \Tegea^ i. 40. v. 146, 177. Tegeata^ ii. 476. f Tegyra, battle of, described, ii. 361. This battle a. prekidBi to
that of Leuctra, 359. 7Vft», Marcus, or rather Ateius, iii. 250. Telamorif grandson of Sciron^ i. 11« t *, a port of Etruria, iiL 173. T^leclideSf his verses, in which he describes the power of Beri*
cles arakmg the Athenians, ii. 28. Uis saying of Kiciasp
403.
Teiemackut^ father of Latinus, L 51.
' ' — , the Corinthian, ii, 246,
ZWeosars, an Alhmuan t^rihe, L 253.
TeUphm, the son of Hercules, L 50. ' vi
TeUtidti, one ortlie auxiliai
ogo
to Dio:
lithe Syracumu «
Telesiniu, the Snmnite, Iiiti opt;rations again&t SvJli, aLi7t,f!^
He decamps in (lie night, and marches to Rone, ?T3. THesippa, a courtesan above the condition of ■ dtte, Aleunder
usitu & private soldier, in liis application to her, i».*06. Tettslus, the poet, iv. 250.
TeUutioi, half-brother to Agesilaus, appointed Ktlmirsl, i*.9S. Teiius, tbe AtheDJon, preferred by Solon in point of hapnna
Crwue, i.26l. - ', her temple, vi. 7S. ■fTdmesus, iv. 240. fTempe, the charmi of that vale described, iji. S4 . Poapey ptM
through it after the battle of Pharsalia, i», 220. iTencfileri, iv. 38*. Defeated by Csesar, «*, iTmedoi, iii. 331. tre«, i. 31*. Tmtiut, i. 51. Terentia, the wife of Cicero, meddlea with politics, t. S16. ftw^
and uneasy in her temper, 32S. Hates Clodius, 3J7. Kigleff
Cicero in his banishment, 3*3, Divorced, t6. TeretUius Varrn. See Karro. ■ Culeo, the tribune, persuades the people to gi« ■**
for the admission of many persons to the right oTcitiieK^^ , Lucius, conspires against PoQipeiua Stisbo and ton*'
iv. 128.
.. , said to be the person who killed Galba, »i. 259.
Termerian Mischief, a proverbial expreasioo, i. 12,
Termfrus, siain by Hercules, i. 12.
iTermia, the last day of life so called, i. IS. n.
Terminus, the god of boundaries, a temple built to him br NM
i. 195. His sacriSces, what, 196. ^Termione, i. 12, n. 7VT7«inrfer the poet, i. 145, 156. v. 1*3. Tertia, the little daughter of Paulus ^milius ; her sayiag, 'Ptitf
is dead,' considered as a lucky omen, ii. 293.
, sister to Clodius, v. S28.
Teuerarius, the person vho carried tbe Word in the Raton ■■!■
vi. 235. Testaments, or Wills, i. 249. Telhi/s, her oracle. See Oracle. ■^Telrapolis, a district of Attica, i. 14. Teucer, one of the accusers of Alcibiades, ii. 141. Teutamvs, one of the principal officers of the Ai^jn^udM^ kIL
Conspires against Eumenes, ih. ^Tailonei and Cimbri invade Italy, iii. 132. DeAsted by U«iK
145, 1*6. See Cimbri and Marius. Tkamon, one of the principal persona in Syracuae, ongrateflillf ^
to death by Pyrrhus, iii. 100. ThaU, the courtesan, I'tolemy'i mistress, penoadea Alexandcri
biva Persepolis, iv. SOO.
J
INDEX. SSI
TkaUeCf the first Roman wife who had any quarrel with her mother* in-law, i. 214.
^7%alamigf v, 141. '
Tkale$9 one of the Seven Wise men, i. 223. Goes upon mercantile busmess into Asia, 222. The first who extended his inqniiiea beyond matter necessanr for practice, ib, f the Ijrric poet, i. 114.
ThaUuSf the, son of Cineas, his valour, t. 16.
Thank^mngs and festivities by the Romans, iv. S8S.
iThapsacus^ iv. 341.
t7%£^, iiL 425. iv. 418. v. 106.
ThargeHOf ii. 96.
Thai^dionf month of, ii. 163. v. 370.
ThanyiaSf king of the Molossians, iii. 66.
Thoiian marble, v. 58.
fThatianSy beaten in a sea-fight, iiL 313.
-fThasos, ii. 26. vi. 91.
Theagenes, commander of the Thebans against PhOipin the battle of Chseronea, iv. 257. Falls in that Mttle, t6. The noble be* haviour of his sister, ib.
Theano wpf * She is a priestess fi>r prayer, but not for execration/ ii. 145.
Thearidat^ thb Megalopolitan, v. ISO.
Theatrical Entertainments, L 264, 265. iv. 284. v. 23, 95, 96, 166, 167.
^Thebanif suspected by the Lacedsmonians, after they had dis- tingoished themselves as auxiliaries to that people in the first battle of Mandnea, iL 345, 346. Their decree in favour of the Athenians, who were oppressed by the Thirty Tjrrants, iii. 222, 223. Their gallant benaviour in the battle of Chmronea, and retreat after it, iv. 92. Invade Laconia, 110. Pass the Euro* tas, 111. Lay siege to Sparta, ih. Revolt finom Alexander, 255. The terrible revenge taken by Alexander, 256. The best soldiers in Greece, v. 272.
Thebe^ daum^ter of Jaion, and wife of Alexander the tyrant- of Phera, ii. 375. Compassionates the sufierings of Pelopidas, and visits him in prison, ib. Conspires against her husoand, and assists in kiUing him, 386, 387.
Yrhebetf it*s citadel, tlie Cadmea, seized by Phosbidas the Lace* dflemonian, iv. 99. Twice taken by Demetrius Polioroetes with- in a short period, v. 405, 406.
ThemiSf oracle of^ i. 51, n* iv. 320.
fThemuoffnBf in. 345.
Thkmistoclis, the son of Neocles an inferior citizen of Athens, i. 311. His mother a fiMreigner, ib. Consequently deemed ille- gitimate by the laws of Athens, ib. Declares that * the trophies of Miltiades would not sufier him to sleep,' 9, 315. Persuades several of the nobility to take their exercise among the iUegitunate at Cynosarges, 312. Related to the Lyoomedians, ib,' His natural qvdkiea, ib. What his tutor aaid of him, ib.'^Vlot acme in Isamiag the petker arts, JA. The naaiea of hia waHen,
in
INDEX.
SI9b The uxegiilmtiei of his rautfa, SI*. The a^Hm, if
which his father endeavoured to ^et«r bini fromjuui^atiifcan in the ail ministration, i£. Hia great ambition, (L Uk difis reace with Aristides, ii. Foresees the I'ersiao «r, Sli. Vi' nages the public ueosury with prudence, ii. SIfi, tvtaadet the Athenians to build ghips, S16. Why he ba^wnEbn, 317. Draws much company tu his botisei bv etttennrag h excellent lyrist, t6. Keeps a tnagnificetU eqoipi^ 3U. &i- hihits a tragedy at his onn expense, i&. Beloved by tlw a»- TDon people, t'ft. What passed betireen him md Sinooidct Dh poet, ii. 319. Gives Epicydes money, to ^agagt him not id apply for the command, 319. Puts the inlerpmo' at the Pn- Bian embassadors to death, 3S0. Gets Anhnim dytM^ Railed to the commaad by the Athenuins. i&. filou^t ibn to quit the city, and embaik on board their thipt,ii. C"*> up the chief command of the confederates to CanbUe^ and thereby eaves Greece, 321 . Prevents Arcbitelea ma qutting the fleet, 3i2. The action at Arteraisium, 383, H» ■»«>{» with regard to the lonians, S24. The artifice bv vhicb^ if
the Atheninns to the ships, 325, S2i
I interpretalKiD
atbf
e coaceraing Salamis, SW. The means which be nt^ * of to get money for the embarkation, 327. He procwo* *■ cree for recalling Arigtiiles, S2tt. Uis answer u> Euntote^ SS9. Returt upon an insolent officer, and on a certaia EMM^ 329. His Btratagem'to prevent the confederates frmntef^m^ S30. Xerxes, in consequence of a private nieeuim tnm H*' (nistocles, givea orders that the Greeks aliould be surteMW<> the straits of Salamis, tfr. 331. What passed between AsbIb and Thcmislocles upon that occasion, .S31. Themistocte^ ikes three Persian captives to Bacchus Otneat^ 383. Vap in the choice of time, as well as p'ace, for eogagins, 33S. T« battle of Salaniis, ii. tt stq. Themistocles sounda Aritf** about breahing down the bridge over the Uellespont, ^ Aristides' answer, ib. Themistocles, under pretence of fiw^ ship, advises Xer.^es to fly, before his bridge over the UeUeff* is broken down, 337. Among the cities, .^gina bears awutly palm, and among the conunander.'!, Themisioclcs <*• B" honoured at Sparta, and at the Olympic games, ih. S38. H> sayings, SflS, «t j<y. Hu amuses llio Spartans, white the Alt nians rebuild their walls, SiO. Fortifies the Pira;u&, tA. b' courages trade and navigation, which greatly advance the Jr mocratic party, th. 341. Places the llo&lruiu in Pnyx, so «" face the sea, 341. Forms a design to inirease the navnl sttensilx' Alliens, ib. Is ordered to communicate it to Aristidet, A<. Tl» Athenians reject it, because it is an unjust one, t^. Htsa'dvicein- ponderatea against a proposal of the Lacedsenioniane, in tbc » sembly of tlie Amphictyons, 3+2. Incurs tlieir batrctl'oa Uutsc count.andthatoftheother allicsbyhisexactionB, lA. VVhatbra^ to tlie people of Andros and their ans«cr,iii, Sig. Envied by il* Athenians, and ohbgedfrefiucntly to recount his own strrvjcck St-I' O&ada them tarthut by building tlie temple of Biuoa AriMobult.
d^
iVili^.
ib. From his status in thia temple, it appetted that hia asfiect IM berok aa hia aoul*. ik He is banished bjr the Oalraeisiii) H, Refuses to join the plot of Pausanias, but does not discover it» ^5. Accused of beinff an accomplice ivt it^ ib, His-defeaee hyi letter^ t&l The Atbeoiaoft send peasona to seize- htmy but be escapes to Corc^ra, ib^ 349 . Flies thence to the eoujpl of Admetus, king of the Molossians, who had. long been hia fmemy^ ib, fimborlis; a& Bydna foe Asia^ S4T. Uia dangar Mas Na90S^ whither he was. ddven by a slorm, ib. But of his treasures cooveyedta hkn fa^rhia ii'ienda, and the ress con- fiscated, 348. He arrives at Ctune,, where he finds a paoehMsa- taon.of the; kii^ of Feisia^ olEMrinff a reward of two htuDdaed talattts filr appi;ahciid^g him, ti« Flies thence to Mffb^ where
. lw< is eonoeaJad by hiSc friend Nicogenes, ib. His dreans, in ponsequence of which he flies to the Persiiin court, ib. 3i9. The mamier oi* his ooaveyraace, d49« His aMresalo Artabanus, 350. Hia speech to the king, 351. He i^ lasea. to. the king hia TisioD, and aa. oracW he had froaa D^ dtiDa,«»^ The joki hiaarriioil gavQ tlm king, 358» The cour- tiers treat him with rancour, ib. But at his second audiencep the kin^ 8peaka>|a hin^.gcaoioaaljr, tella him he owed- hmt- iw# hundred talents, promises him many other favours, and^^asks hins what he had tO' propoaa ooacemingr Greece, ib. He deanrasai year to leant the Fersiai^ language^ 359. The ^eat hoooura conferred upon him by the king, and his free: iitferoouiaa with jbiaa, ihf ile iaiastniotadiA the learning of the mag^ ib, 'ihm king is reconciled to Demaratus the. Lacedssmoaian, at the re- quest of Themistodas, aL Givea.the latter three ciliea for hia maintenance, 354. What Themistocles said to his childcen,; t^« Epixyes: governor of the upper Phrygia, employs persona Sa assassinate him, ib. He is informed of it in a dream, in conse- quenoe of which he builda a temple to Cvhela Dindymeiiey and consecrates his daughter MnaaiptQlema to her senpioe, 350. Aaka ^he governor of Lydia's permission ta transmit to Athena a stai- tue of brass which he found in Sardis, iA. 356. The goyeraor threatens ta inform the king of it, 350* After this he behaiaa with aM)re paudence, and trees long in great seoutt^^ in Mag- pesia, ib. On the revolt of ^gypt, ttid the goeat advantages gaisML by Cimon at sea, tlie king calls upon Themistodes to take the direotion of aa> expeditioaj ii% His reasons for doehning that pomoiand, ib* 357. He puta 91 period te hi* hfe by drtiUiing holPs blood, 357t ^^ *g^ '^^ children, by his two wives, io» 358. The Magnesi^ns erect a monument to his memory^ and' contmiia the honours and privilegea gprantad his posterity, dw» to. rfi^ tarch's tiasOi 358. Veraea in the nature of an epitaph^ 359i
Thcnta^ the chariots in which the Images of the goda wmm carried in processiqn, ii. 206.
Tbeodecta^ of Phaselis, the honours paid by Alexander to hia ste> tue, i«. 265.
^eaiforvi» accused, of joiniag AloiUadaa ka hia buriaaquo ei^ the Mysteries, iL 139| 144.
8
52* INDEX,
Theodarui, the Athenian liigh-priest, \\. 163.
■, the Tarentine, disgraced by Alexander ferhiliifi traffic, iv. 272,273,
, theatbeut, v. ^\.
, tutor to Aniyllus the son of AotODj, luiiflUDTt piiDJsbment, v. 502, TheodoUt, vi. 12.
Theadolui, of Chios, his advice to Ptolemy to Cake any die libl Pompey the Great, iv. 225. Flies, and lirea a wieid>ed ~^ bond, 229. Put to death at last by Brutus, ib. TAerMnnefttu, the Academic, vi, 78.
Theophanet, the Lesbian, supposed to have ceDRR«d Rubl'uai
hiBtorian unjustly, iv. 172, MS. His opinioa, that it w M
for PoDipey to retire into Egypt, 22+. A axjxog ol Gead
concerning hitn, v, 340,
TkeophiUs, the fether of Hipparehus, v. 490, 4St.
, made Alexander's helmet, iv. 391. Theophrastut, \. 18, it. His observation coDcemini Dtw and Detnades, ai orators, v. 362. Leaves his ttoib to SdH iii. 267- '
, refusing to quit Corinth, is put to deaih by A
Theopommu, king of Sparta, inserts a clause in the Rhetn, lo^ vent ttie people from altering or corruptine env Ia<r i. lU 1 "his, 121. , the Theban, joins Pelopidas in his enterpriKirM recovery of liberty, ii. 3+9.
^, the Sparian General, lulled ,10 the b«ttle oT Ttf^
, of CnidoG, the fabulist, iv. 413. Csesr enfrutM the Cnidians at his request, ib.
, unjust in accusing Demostheoes of uoMttled
TheoTU, the priestess, Demosthenes Bccuses her of
to cheat their masters, v. 268. She jther enormities, ib.
ll*.
■s put
^i
Theramenes, the son of Agnon ; the Atbenians, by his advkc^^ mil to ihe Spartan injunction to pull down their Lome Will%^ 9X)^ Why surnamed 'the Buskui,' 399- v. 341.
of PontUB, .
a small river near Chaeroneo, anciently so
-TmtYiArt ■ 4u: n o'?4 *
afterward Hsioon,
-nmpylee. See Sirails.
'lippus, i. 267.
Theri/aon, advises CIcomenes to retire from the Storm whicb I upon him, into the harbour of death, v. i»7 t^.-,^
himself. ISR "' "*^^
INDEX.
iThetea, (.6,44. ,,, ,. , , ,,
"Diesean feosts, i. 6.
T/teaeis, a kind of tonsure, i. 7.
Theseus, sra in which he flourished not well Eucertaineil, i. 2, n. Answers to Romulus in many particulara, 3. Descended by llie father's side from Erectheua, and by his mother, from Pelaps, Pittheus, founder of Tr<ezene, was his grandfather by lother's side, 4. £geus, afterward the father of Theseus, oracle aX. Delphi, and applies to Pittheus for the ia- terpretation of it, 5. Theseus, why so named, 6. Brought up by Pittheus, ii. His tutor Connidas honoured with sacrifices by the Atheuians in the Thesean feasts, ii. He offers the fint-fruits of his hair to Apollo at Delphi, but shares only the fore-part of his head, 6. Ueported to be the son of Neptune, 7- Takes up ihe tokens of his origin, i&. Chooses to go to Athens by lanti, though the roads were infested by rdfians, ib. 8. Emulates the actions of Hercules, to whom he was nearly related, 9. Deter* 'mines to injure no one, but to take vengeance of such as should , offer him violence, i6. Attacked by Periphetes, surnamed Co- rynetes or 'the Club-bearer,' whom he siays, and then takes the club for his weapon, ib. Destroys Sinnis the pine-bender, 10. Has a sun named Melanippus, by Perigune the daughter of Sinniti, ill. Kills a wild sow named Pheea, ib. Destroys Sciron, n famous robber, 11, Engages in u-reslh'ng with Cercyon, anil kills him on the spot, 12> Despatches Damastes, surnamed Procrustes, in the same manner as he had despatched others, ili. Meets with the first iai^tancc of hospitality from the dcscendentj of Phytalus, and is purilied hy them, id. 13. Finds Athens and the family of JBgetii in great distraction, 13. Medea per* sugdes /Egeus to poison him at an entertainment; but Theseus preparing to carve with his sword, £geus knows him to be his con, ib, /Egeus acknoivledges him before the people, ill. The Pallantidfc commence hostilitle», but are defeated through the treachery of a herald named Leos, 14. Theseus goes against the Marathonian but], brings him alive to Athens, and sacrifice! him to the Delphinian Apollo, ib. 15. Is entertained by Hecale, 15. The tribute is demanded by the Cretans the third time, on ac- count of Androgens having been slain in Attica, ib. The tribute consisted of seven young men and as many virgins, 16. Tbv Minotaur and Cretan labyrinth, what, ib. The Athenians ex- pressing their resentment that £geus, who was the cauije of their nfisfortunes, took no share in them, Theseus offers himself as one of the seven, IT. The ship is sent out with a black saiU 18. But a white one is also given ihe pilot, to be hoisted, if he brought Theseus safe bock, ib. Tiieseus said to have a pilot from Salamis, because the Athenians had not as yet applied themselves much to navigation, ib. 19. Makes an offering for himself and his companions (o the Delphinian Apollo, 19. Commanded by the oracle to take Venus fur his guide, ib. Od his arrival in Crete, Ariadne falls in love with him, and give! bim a clue of thread, by which he might put tad '(^*> throu^b
thelab3mnth, 20. He kills the Mir
adne and the young Atheni :Kpcdili " ■ ■'
a 'Crete. i"A.— 23. He f
tier sccouab^TlHtaf n at Ty^ia,tBiaaiacti
to Apollo, 23. Whence the annual deputation of tin AcbeoMtu to DelDs, i6. n. On his approach to Attica, forgtBnfaoiRifte white sail, 2*. ^geus'throws himself fnm the nxt.md I* dashed to pioccs, li. Theseus sends a herald to Atfinft«i!li» account of Ins safe return, ifr. Enters the city with rami. \m U received with great rejoicings. 25. The Oscbophori wlfr brated, in memory of rhul event, id. The tcwcI, ta 'bii TheseusMiied, preserred to the time of Z>emetriu* nDitmi. 26. A temple erected and sacriHces offered toTTiewtti.Tif tare of irhich he commits to the Phycah'ds, 28. He Wtlte <S the Inhabitants of Attica in Athens, i&, Et««ttidanncng, i4, Connectt the dcadel with the city. Instwue* fir /!■>- Btheoffia and Metcecra, 59, Invites atl strangm ID «aJ pffrf- leges in Athens, SO. Distingnishes the prwple inw. wWa»», busbandmen, and mechanics, i&. Is the 6rst «fw iwSneito a popular government, i*. tiives the impreKtonof m «> ' the Atlienian money, (*. Adds Megara to the tcrtiiotjj' ' Athens,3I. Sets up a pillar in the Isthmus, as a mart of *» tion between Peloponnesus and Ionia, ii. Institotes the IiUrt ,' gomes in honour of Neptune, ib. Makes war upon the Ab«» ' and receive* AntiopeoKthe rewardofhisvalour, 3S, Om'*< ' companions, named Soloiin, falls in love with AniioK, ^ drowns himself in consequence of his hopeless passiiu. *• Theseus calls the river after his name, and buiw* « ^ which he names Pyihopolis, lb. The Amazons cross the tf merian Bosporus upon the Ice, and march to AthtfS, - Theseus sacrifices to Fenr, before lie engages tbeni, •*. ^ by the Amazon a son named Hippolytus, or necordiog « ^^ dar, Demophoon, Sti, Marries Phtedra after the death ef t tiope, li. His other marriages and amours, iS, 37. He n^ the LapithiE against the Centaurs, 37. And Adrnslw, k n- Cffvering ttie bodies of those that fell before Thebes, A. "^ . fh'end ship between him and PirithoUs, SS. Oh occasion of t> ■ "friend's marriage, he ■•oes with him into the country of * Lapif h«, and joins them against the Centaurs, ii. Prociirri H^ cules" admission to the Mysteries of Ceres, 39. Carrio - ' Helen, when he was fifty years old. S9. He, and his fr-'*' Pirlthous. are pursued as far as Tegea, 40. He places B^ at Aphidnce, under the inspection of his mother, ii. C^ with Pirithous into Epirtis, to fetch off the daughter of A*' neus, 16. Piritholis is destroyed by Aidoneus' dog Cerbera and Theseus is imprisoned, ik Meantime. Menestheui extf» a sedition in Athens, I'i. 41. Academue infornis tbcni •'«'' Helen was concealed, H. The Academy always spared bj f' Lacedemonians for hie sake, ib. The Tyndaridii; he«t tiff adversaries in a (et battle, and demolish Apliidnie »a ,€tfct the mother of Theseus, is carried to I-acedrcTOoii, and tbciiA with Helen to Troy, *3. TIrereua is released by AUOMOt, *
INDEX. m
the intercession of Hercules, ib. S^lunu'%oiAkdltas,>iDidvAfc^ febpis' to reduce theAIHeiiiilis bf foree^batis o?ev|MiW8rii»«Jk 44. Sends his children into Eubcea, and retires 'fo. the isle 4( -Scyros, where he istreiickerousftjr deAtoj^ ty Lycoaw8gi,<ifc. Mencstheus titfinpi^ the ^edition to Tr67, ^iFeionsof ^weiii reooter the kia|j(Mn» 45. After the 'MeiMan %«r, 'tiie > Allte- nians are commanded b^ the oracle to bring the bonea'tf IHto* seus^to Athens, ib. Hhn is canied into extocoti^n 1r|r^iM^ who'plaoes^e reinai» near the OyvmaBhmi;i|Mid^eMlls^0ii^ MHtys made a ifllade of ir^fuge/46. S^crMtteylo TJeidaSyiVfc HiatoDs «t*eDd:£lphiBW)r lo%lie*^lM^ wiry 4^^ ^maeU0«Mtt- pared with Romulus, 102. Tnemophoria, the feast of CWes, «. M6. "r.^JZa^. Thesmophorif tL 5S. TAtfjfitolA^^, L 244, n. fTkespiijg, ii. S58. iii. 225. iv. 102, v. 404. Tiapu, begins to eahibit trKedibs, i. ^M^. ?Vhe opiUoa^4BM«lh
as to the exhibition of ^tidns, ^ass. iThe^akms^ iiL 65. fThessaly^ traTenfed 'by ^«iie -AnsuBeAs, i. S6,MtS, ')B0. )v.'«n.tT.
401. ^Tkessahmca, y. 58.
, widow of €asitoder, WiMh^md 'by httr imi iiniil
phter, iK.72.T.400. Thessdus one of the sons of Cimon, iil. i\S. Lodges in ^Hlflr- mation against Alcibiades for his biiriesque on the>MysMfto«4ir Ceres, iL 144. The form of thit Infonkwtion, ii. ThesiMuy'^e flsytr, ient [by Alexander «n a' eOft«missitn'4o Pexodorus, governor of Caria, iv. 258. Alexsasd^r^i oonMNi^to his losing the prize in tragedy, 285. ", the son of Pisistratus, ii. 528. ThestCf sister to Dionysius the Elder, and wife of PhMxemis,^^. /£0. H«r dignity of bebavioiir, I&. Tber^anl>tl«e:%flM«Mia had for her, ib, Thetes^ the lo#^ order ofthe Athenians so called, i. 285,'24£. Thetis, or rather Themis^ her oracle, i«51. Thimbroy commands the Lacedaemonian forces in tlieir JBvetatSeiSijpi
to deliver the Asiatic Greeks, but without success, vi. 197. Thoas, one of Theseus' companions against the AflMCOns, i. 98« Thonis, the Egyptian courtesan, ▼. 391. TAor, in the ^cenician language, * a heifcr,* iii. 956. \ Thoranius, lieutenant to Metellus, sent against Sertorios, 4llid I killed by that general, iv. l6.
ITkoras, commands the Spartan hmd-fbtrcee at the siege of Lsttp- I -saeos, and gives his soldiers the plunder after tl^ town mm t stormed, iii. 197. Put to di^th by the Ephori, becaose lUlre { was silver fooffd in his' possesion, 21^.
f — »— of Larissa, the only person who paid any aCtenfimi' to the, I dead body of Anttgonus, v. S94. I Thoth, the Egyptian monUi so called, r. 66.
^Thrace, 1. 17. u. 19. iu. 297, 916. . . -
INDEX.
a weU by Timoclea. See TmA*.
S3S
rThrada, village of, iii. £ Tfiracian officer, piuhed ii Tkraceai, w. 73.
TArtMyAu/iu, the son of Throson, goes from Samn u Alfceiu; m
purpote to accuse Alcibiades, ii. 167. Marchec fnw I^eAcs
i the castle of Phyle, in the neighbon^Mklst iueu,
Tkrait/daaa, one of Philip's embassadors to Tbebct^ i-fiS-
ThrasylUu, an AtheDian general, his troops dmiied InrAMrf Alabiades, for the defeat which PharoabMus had gna llm near Ephesus, ii. 157. Afterward victorious in coDJnKbMfii Alcibiades, ib.
\Thraiymcnus. See Thrast/menian lake.
one of the titles of Bacchus, ii 42^
iThriatia. i.SSi. iv. 101.
Thriasium, ii. 3t8.
Thuet/didet, the son of Milesias, faia answer to IllIMw*. *^ asded whether he or Pericles vras the best wreMlcr, LW. ^ coaraged by the Athenian nobility to oppose Perido, V6, \3. Banished, 27. ^'"' •■i"' "■<■■'■■■ "= « ••-•■
is character a
19.
historian, descended from king Olonii, Hri' relation to Cimon, iii. 297- His death arid sepulcre, i*.
Tkudipj)ui, condemned to die with Phocion, v, 42.
t Thuni, a city in Ital^, built by^Dionyaius Cfaalcus, tii. «* C* Ionised by Pericles, ii. 20.
Thurian Apollo. See ApoUo Thuriut.
\Tkurium, ii.251. iii. 256. v. 286.
ThttTo, mother of Cheron, the founder of Chsronea. iu.4S6. ■Thj/atira, iii. 266. Tkymatada, i.2I. Thyreatii, iii. 114, Th^reea, iii. 407.
'Tht/reui, sent by Augustus to Cleopatra, v. 49^ ChtitM tf Aniony, ib.
Tiara, a lamb yeaned with the figure of one upon it's head. <!««*'' nminouE by Alexander, iv. 326.
\TibaTene, it i. 345.
\Tiber, river, i. 49. ii. 822.
Tiberius Gracchus. See GraetAus.
• Sempromus. See Sempronius.
Tiditu Sejtius, though old end lome, joins Pompcv in MmcJa iv. 207.
TigeUinus, captain of the prietorian band in Nero's lime, vi,'ill The people insist upon his being capitally punished, 227. H" bribes Vinius, chief minister to Galba, it. Pretends to bei^ but soon makes the most insolent rejoicings for his ie«>*<^ ib. Makes magnilicent presents to Vinius' daughter, li. SiS Otho lends for him, 245. He cuts his own throat, it.
Tigranes, son-in-law to Milhridates, iii. 11+5, 346. His conquoli' 355, 3.56. His pride, 356. UefusCB lo deliver up MitliridaicJ, i»^ lells Appiui the Uonan embassador, that he is able to xp^
ce with force, S57. Cban^e* hij belnr'to^ vy M4ljldjd*,t,
His imprudence id not yliuiu^ it 'A ;^,/*c<:, «rt > /^a i/^'>st
re entire, 36(). He behead* tV^ &*t (^er^/r^* ^'t'* ^«it l^v,
tice of tlie approach of Luciiiluft, /5^^2. >«>: % '•! . 'i f 'r/wz**,!:: ,
0 was so hardy as to tell him tr**? WA^:, » '.^j ''/f-'Vrrt t// vnr,;^ icullus alive, i^. Quits Tigrsir»ocert4i, «m1 r«^:««^ t^ m^^*.i iirus, S63. Attacked by Muratra in ai 'It-^:^*, *f>; '^ ^* i// If ^.-f.
Resumes his foolish confi'l'^nc, on ^/<;ki^;r /"/r^ />7 c/>t ghbouring kings, S64. Defeated in * $(«rr^«^r«. x-s^/h /,/ cullus, &7, S68. His crown c^airr^nl t// L «/.'»**i!iM, V^>'' fuses to receive Mithridatc<i wjifni d^e^te^i by V*f*tfy0^^ wx
1 a price upon hit bead, iv, 167* Admit* « tUftft^t '^MtP»/^. D his capita], i£. Makes a ineuj soUnrtf w>fi t// hrtffy^j^ t// oapey restores him bis kingdom on c/'/r*dit»<^iA, l^>;.
m^i, the Younger, revoiu from b4( f^t^ier t// l^vrr#f^, ^r* ^ Not satisfied with the kingd<im of fUfptt^tt^f wUt^M h^t*^ ' allotted biro, 168* ImpttMOoed by jPmv^^^^ amd ft«w*<>4 his triuropli, t6. ranocertaf iii. S63, 365, 369* rf>, river, iii. 362* art/ft, iv. 378. ikoiiumf iii. 261*
ra, wife of Agis king of 8parta, f >as a Mtn by Alri^MS/Ut, h. Proud of that connexion, U. . H#rf v/f* t^xslt^^ u^, icession, as a bastard, tliougii ucku^fwUsdy^^fk \/y A%h #^# Uf ith-bed, ib,
fM, persuades Andocidef to BcknfmMf^f, hmntttW u$A wim^ ters guilty of ha?io^ defaced the Hefrnir, \\. IV£, — , the historian, u 110. For what Mftttufu4 ^fy I1«il«##:b^ 397. vi. 35. For what commenfJiMl by i^ic4efhf iih WJ, n, gen€s^ iv. 188.
goras, the Athenian cmbasAador to tlie court //f Firrsk^ n I ^/^ ifers death on bis return, for having ree^ira^l yrufn^rttf^ wbiM M ed in that capacity, \i<K
ndra^ the mistress of Alcibiades, faitbfuJ %$A tf-^ tftwalor ^/^ 1 in the last offices, ii. 171 # 172.
R/if«, tlie painter, a history «piece of bU f^^tmmimi^ Afi4^ ions at Pellene, vi. 18(i«
, the best counsellor, ii. 32. 'fha graali^ i^ aM sa^^^^t 51.
rifeo^, the tyrant of Sinope^ i!r«|H;lled by tiMr Aih^f/mM, wl^, d thither six hundred colonuit«, ii. f5'/, rUhem^ governor of Ltpara, ^rftua<l#^ bw |^/pU fy, x^a « man veMiel charged with oflerinprii Ut Aftf,fUi bf i/*<;^k,^ , </// / ci€a, sibter to TheageneM, iUts injury tb" ci«f<«^</t lo t^Hv f'^/ / ',f ebes, iv. 257. Her reverifje, t/j 'JU /l»^f,.ty ^,r^, ^ .,,, behaved, when brought b'.rore Alityw.'itit^ ih, clida^f elected p^ovctuor of Hicyofi, *!, <^'^ crate.% marries Arete, who wa* u,'ynf}U*d t$^^$$ bM l,«rt|,,. -»! HI by the tyranny of Dionysius, vi. 20. C<^ovi«o/fo ,/. fi,* ence of Dionysius, 26. iroL. VL 1? M
5S0 INDEX.
Timocreon^ his serere verses against Themistocles^ L 343.
Timodemus^ the father of Tirooleon, ii. 234.
Tinu>laiUf his connexions of hospitality with FhilopttiDen, iiL Sent to him by the Spartans with a present of sn hoodred twenty talents, ib. Loth to declare his conmuROii, ii. I lopoBinen's answer to it, when declared, ih.
TmoLMon, the distracted state of the Syracman a&in Wo« was sent into Sicily, ii. 232. The most consideisble of the S cusans fly to Icetes, prince of I^untium ; and subseqoentlj, appearance of a Carthaginian fleet, apply to the Corintbacs assistance, 233. Icetes acts a double part upon tbst occa^i 234. The Corinthians grant the succours, and gire the « mand of them to Tiraoleon, the son of Timodemiu awl D» rkte, ib. His character, 235. He saves the hie ofhishnd Timophanes, in one of his expeditions t^ SSS. Endetftmrs dissuade his brother from setting himself nptmnf/n O?'*'^ 236. Finds him obstinate, and is instrunieBbi*m\sa death, i^ Is much afflicted on account of his motlier's atera«»v<>^'" gives himself up a prey to melancholy, 23? Twenty ^carea*^ ward, he is appointed to the command in Sicilv,'SS. ^"^ Teleclides said to him on that appointment, 2^. ^^"** success to Timoleon, 240. He arrives at Rbegiam ^ ^ galleys. Icetes, having beaten Dionysius in a set battle, ^ the Carthaginians witS artful propositions to Tanoleoc, *! secretly charges them to prevent his landing in SicOT, .^• Timoleon outwits them, and lands at Tauromenium, '^^ ^ dromachus, the prince of that city, permits him to o^^' place of arms, ib. The Sicilians having been often decci^^ pretended deliverers, no other city, except Adranum, is ""^ to receive Timoleon, 244. A battle is fought betweea ^ and Timoleon near Adranum, in which the rormer is ^ , 245. Several cities join in alliance with Timoleon, partJc*^
Catana, and it's prince Mamercus, 246. D ion vsius oilers •*• liver up to him both himself and the citadel' of Svractff Timoleon sends four hundred men, by a few at a time, '^ citadel, who take possession of the arms, stores, and ill ti* longed to the tyrant except his money, with which he f\ board a ship, and escapes to the camp of Timoleon, S46. ^ Corinthians send Timoleon a reinforcement, which stopai^' ' rium, because the sea was beset with the Carthaginian fleet -
Icetes despatches two men to Adranum, to assassinate Tff^* ib. Timoleon's providential deliverance, f^. The do^ much distressed, but Timoleon finds means to send pr<^^ into it, 25S. Timoleon takes Messana, 255. Marches to Srr»^* ib. Attacks the city in several quarters at once, and CJ^ without the loss of one Corinthian, 257. He calls the c'^ ;| together to destroy the citadel, which had been the sea! :
r ranny, ib. Erects upon the place a common hall 25S. ^
J cuse being in want of inhabitants, he applies to the Corir--'
for a supply, t^. The Corinthians collect the Syracusanc^" and with some new colonists, make up a supply of ten tbo<^
, »
INDEX. 531
259. Timoleon collects a much greater number, 26. Divides the lands among them gratis^ but sells the houses for a thousand talents* which becbities a supply for the public treasury, exhaust- ed by the war, ib. Delivers the other cities from the tyrants,
260. Reduces Icetes to a private station, ib. Leptines, prince of Apollonian is also deposed, and sent to Corinth, to, Timoleon, assisted by commissioners from Corinth, gives the Syracusans a body of laws, ib. Sends his lieutenants to ravage the Cartha- ginian province, ib. 261. Asdrubal and Hamilcar march in great fury against the Corinthians, 261. Timoleon meets them near the banks of the Crimesus, with a handful of men, ib. Dex- terously turns an imagined ill omen into a sign of victory, 262. Another good presage^ ib. He and his troops have a distinct
I Tiew of the enemy, before they are seen themselves, 263. He I attacks them, as they are passing the river, ib, A thunder- storm befriends the Greeks, 264. Timoleon, with the news of the victory, transmits the handsomest of the Carthaginian arms to Corinth, 266. At his return to Syracuse, he banishes the thousand mercenaries, who had deserted him before the battle, ib. Mamercus and Icetes revolt, and call the Carthaginians in •gun, who send another army under Gisco, ib. The confede- rates gain some advantages against Timoleon ; but he loses only the mercenaries, 267. While be is besieging Calauria, Icetes makes an inroad into the Svracusan territories, and in his re« turn insults Timoleon himself^ 268. . The latter lets him pass, but pursues and defeats him, on the banks of the river Damyrias or Lamyrias, ib. 269. Takes him alive at Leontium, and puts Iiim to death, together with his son Eupolemus, and Euthymus, Iiis general of horse, f^. Suffers the Syracusans to destroy the women of Icetes' family, 270. Mamercus of Catana, and Hippo <»f Messeno, are also reduced, and capitally punished, 271. Ine Carthaginians conclude a peace with him, ib, Agrigentum andGela are now repeopled, ib. He is happy in the affections of the Sici- lians ; in the ease and elegance which attend all his actions ; and jn the perpetual favour of fortune, 272, 273. Spends the remainder of his life among the Syracusans, and enjoys the blessings he had procured, 274. His answers on his being attacked by two de- niagogues, ib. In his old age he loses his sight, 275. Is con- sulted, notwithstanding, on all important points, and in everpr respect treated with great honour by the Syracusans, 276. His easy death and magnificent funeral, ib. 277. His memory cele- brated with annual games, 277. A palaestra is erected around his monument, ib. The Syracusans happy in his laws for a long r course of years, 278. pfmow, the poet, vi. 16.
*» the roan-hater, passes others by without notice, but ad- ^ dresses Alcibiades with great kindness, because he thought he I would do much mischief, ii. 135. v. 493. His answer to r Aperoantus, ib. His address to the people of Athens, ib. His I epitaph, 494.
-, the Phliasian, i. 178. ii. 8.
2bi2
11
of Argtw, ii. 528. Tmoniiii-t, vi. «l,30, 31. - TimiiphanN, Timdeon's elder brother, it. 2S5. Ofi ambitious disposition, ib. Commaitda the CwiMkiju a battle with the Argives, id. In great dAnger, but 1 hi* brother, tfi. 236. The Corinthians, fat the HCOJ city, entertain four hundred mercenaiie* in iheit • give him rhe command, 336. By tbe utistuce f' cenarie« be enslaves liis country, lA, Tiineleon ni-
■ entreat Iiim to relinqniBh the tyranny, ib. Ta^ lutely rejecting rheir advice, is poniarded, ib.
Timothetm, the Athonian general, ii, 34,2, Hu obvM
commander-in-chief oufrht to be asliamMl of netitt
inghis person.!^. Will attribute nothin » £*«>
Is banietied, i6,
, , thejwet, ill. 15. And musiciao. •■ !«.-'■
T^nxentu, elected general of tlie Ach«^ftDk«»i«-W r.n"«. widow of Anteuj, has a son calW S<i(*ax>1 ' who had killed her husband, iv. 13. ' Tiitgiii, a city of AfKca, built bv Sophax, and m M
mother Tingi, iv. 13. Story of Antteiw. wlw mu\
J2, 13. Tinniiis, the husband of Fannia, iii. jgg, 7^ bmI
him and his wife, ib. Tlieir cause comes befeeWl
decided, ib. 170. Tirciis, an eunucli of Darius' bed-chatnber h.
■ Tiri&azii!, iv. 98. What Artaxences said'w
on the king's robe, vi. 118. When he nii fresh horse, after he had been dismounted
' desires him to remember thai day, 12*. "nie^_. his fortune, 14€. Delivers Artaxerxes and his whal rlie expedition against the Cadusians, i&. 143, Ai mises him hisdaughter, and disappoinu hitn.'ltfi. he stirs up Darius against his father, 1*7. His cl His speech to Darius, li. U7. His deai^* bdu' lie is surprised by the guards, and dies ^httpff iiia fence, 148. "S « T
Tiaaphei-nes, an officer in the army of Cyrus, killed Artaxerxes, vi. 125.
, discovers Cyrus* conspiracy against bb
xcrxes Mnemon, and communicates it to the king,
, the king of Persia's lieutenant, tbnujpti ■
to the Creeks, is charmed with the behaviour i ii. 14s, l+fl. After the great naval vjetorv wbicb gained of the Laeediemouians, afraid of the tf cf master the king of Persia, seizes that general, and Sonlis, 155. Apees upon a truce with Ase^us, ■ aet free the Asiatic Greeks, but soon breaks it, ir "9.
• by Agesilaua, 81. Put to death by the kinc of pl '
hias. ii. I9f: -b V .1
Thiai, TUiph
i. \m.
i. 386.
INDEX. 5dS^
If, L 194* bora, iii. 252.
*atM^e«9 successor to Tisapheraes, puts hun to death by order the king of Persia, iv. 81. Proposes terms of peace to Age- ius, and promises him large sums of money, ib. Defeated by men, iii. 310, 811. tnu$f the brother of Otho, vi. 252.
HuSf sent by Flaminius into Thrace, to expel the garrisons of iiiip, iiu 45.
im, the friend of Cassius, vi. 98. Kills himself, i6. ctf Quintus, foretells a victory to Sylla, iii. 255. «, quaestor to Antony, v. 466. Goes over to Octavianus^
Am
'iuSf officer in Oecsar's army cut off by Ambiorix, iv. 387. ^ LartitUf left by Cominius to command at the siege of Co« liy while he went to 6ght the Volsci, ii. 182. » the Crotonian, sets out with letters to Catiline from the ispirators in Rome, v. 313. Seized by order of Cicero, 314. lOD a promise of impunity, discovers all he knew of the plot,
^ one of the sons of Junius Brutus, put to death for conspiring :h the Tarquins against the commonwealth, by order of hit. her, and in his sight, i. 278. See the other TiYi, under their oily-names. i#, ii.360.
of Pyrrhus, which was believed to have a healing virtue in it, touched by the fire when his body was burnt, iii. 69. I ViriliSf i. 83, n, vi. 69. 'eriunif ii. 209. useuSf ii. 31.
ddeSf son of Tolmaeus, Pericles endeavours to dissuade him •m an unnecessary expedition into Bceotia, ii. 31. Killed io ttle, 32. iv. 93.
mniuSf the Tuscan general, killed by Cornelius Cossus, who rreupon is entitled to the * Spolia Opima,' i. 75. uatuSf Sylla's officer advises that chieftain to delay his engage- mt with the Lucanians and Samnites, before the gates of Rome, .273.
■ , Manlius. See Manlius, yTif , taken by Caesar, v. 485. ichin^ i. 39.
^s, mechanic ones, thought beneath the citizens of Sparta, 211.
(Mcu;, vi. 182.
redt/, ii. 9, n. See Theatrical Entertainments. tOes^ iv.412.
tUianSf a people of Thrace, demand a consideration of Age- ausfor his passage through their country, iv. 89. Defeated ' him, ib. ipezuSf iv. 41.
\
5S4 INDEX.
Travellin^t not allowed all persons by Lycurgos, lesttbejM bring roreign manners and customs into Sparta, i. 15^
TrebaiiuSf a friend of Caesar's, v. 339.
Trebelliust one of the friends of Antony, v. 434.
tTrr^/fl, battle of, ii. 65.
TreboniiUf Caius, tribune of the people, proposes a decree Vf viiic^ provinces were to be continued, or given, to Csar,CniR^«^ Pompey, iv. 191. v. 91. Holds Antony in coovenattm «iW the court, while Cscsar is killed in the senate-house, iT.4SS,^
Triaritts^ Lucullus' lieutenant, defeated by Mithridates, fr.l74,&
TribuUif iv. 255. ^
Tribes^ the people of Rome originally divided intoTliftt,i*^* ft. o3.
I . ., of Athens, i. 244, n. 253.
tribunes^ military, elected for a time instead of «?»«* 1 5^i. ^ the people, when first obtained, ii. ig[, tad «. Their p^nr consisted principally in putting a necgdftw t\ft ^rocewfep which they disliked, v. 69, 209. Co^d im* &AW!^^* a body, if one were dissentient, is. The ooiy *«%«»•*? their authority when a dictator was appointed, iL7B. 3nai; coo- pared to a violent medicine^ v. 68.
'^TriccaanSf v. 171.
fTriopium^ iii. 310.
Tripod^ sent by the Seven Wise men from one to another, 123
TnpyluSf by order of Cleomenes, offers Aratus a ycarivpc«f'^ twelve talents, on condition that Cleoraenes should beieci* general of the Achaean league, vi. 1 95
\TriHa, vi. 163.
Triumph^ of Paulus iEmilius, described at larce ii 325--^
Troades, ii. 377. ^ '
'^Troas, iii. 265, 331.
"Trcezene, i. 4, 4-6, 71. vi. 176.
-f- Trojans^ i. 4-9.
Trojan women, i. 4-9.
■ course, a game^ v. 51.
Troias, wife of Arybas, and mother of ^acides iii. 66.
— I , daughter of jEacides and Phthia, and sL^ierwPT
iii. 66,
Trophonius, his cave and oracle, ii. 475, n. iii. 255.
•j- Troi/f how often taken, iv. 2.
— — . See Trojan course.
Tn/corithwiy a city of Tetrapolis, i. 14', «.
Tubero^ iElius, son-in-law to Paulus iEmilius. See .'?'fe
— — , the Stoic, calls Lucullus « Xerxes in a gown,' iii.-^
Tubertus. See Posfhumius.
\Tuderlia, bjr Pliny called Tuder, iii. 4.54'.
^Tudcrtum^ iii. 141.
Titiitay daughter of Cicero, goes to meet him nt Brundusiuis ' return from exile, v. 343. Dies in child-bed, 344.
Tuliius. See Cicero,
INDEX. 535
ruUiutf Appius or Attius, king of the Volsci, v. 292.
ruUus Hostiliu^, succeeds Numa, i. 205, 208. His superstition, 208. His deaths ib.
t Amphidius or AuBdius, bis great authority among the Volscians, ii. 201. His personal enmity to Coriolanus, 203. The application and speech of Coriolanus to him, 202, 203. His reception of that great man, 203. Joined in command with him, ^7. Resolves to destroy him, upon his withdrawing from before Home, 223. He and his party fall upon Coriolanus, as he is pre- paring to make his defence, and accomplish their purpose, 224. He is killed in a battle with the Romans, 225.
, asks Pompey what forces he had to oppose Csesar, and
finding him ill prepared, advises him to treat of peace, iv. 202, 203.
-, a friend of Cicero, v. 327.
Turmlius^ master of the artificers in the army of Metellus, iii. 128.
I His fate, *^' . . . .
':TuscanSj skilled in religious rites, i. 64>, and rt. Originally a
I colony of the Sardians, 93. Take and lose Sutrium the same
I ^y» ^07' Take Satricum, 410. Are defeated by Camillus, 411.
fiucan diviners, iii« 241.
ftucantft i. 49.
'Tusciuumf people of, resrolt from the Romans, i. 411. On hearing
that Camillus was advancing against them, put on an appearance
of peace, ih. Figs of Tusculum, iv. 211. rutoia. See Philotis, r««w,' battle of, iv. 26. Vyche^ part of Syracuse, ii. 416. tychon^ ii. 877. FydeuSf his insolence to Alcibiades, who came to make 8omenec68-
•ary remonstrances to the Athenians on the situation of their
jlffiiirs, iii. 198. ' VmdaridiB. See Castor and Pollux* ^
^j^daruif the father of Helen, i. 39. rifjinondas^ the Euboaans choose him for their king, i. 236. r^pAon, V. 428. ^^annioy the grammarian, corrects the copies of Aristotle's and
Theophrastus' works, which he found in tlie library of Apel*
licon the Teian, iii. 967* The injustice done him by Murena,
354. lyranny. Solon's saying concerning it, i. 237. (yranUf live in continual fear, vi. 79. The miserable life of the
tyrant Aristippus described, ib. Few die « natural death, or
leave any posterity, 179, 180. [Tyre^ besieged ana taken by Alexander, iv. 276, 278. fyrian purple, superseded by the dye of Kermes, i. 18, »• tjfro^ Cicero's freedman, v. 353. Jj/rtaus the poet, i. 120.
S$6 INDEX.
V. u.
Fi^CC^cityof, iii. 128,
+ Vacceians, iv. 29.
VagiseSf the Parthian embassador, his commission to CnsRB, m,
472. His rep] y» when Crassus said he would deb>er bs msvei
at Seleucia, 473. Valens, Fabius. See FaHus Valens. fValentia^ iv. 145. Valeria^ the daughter of PubIico]a» one of the hostages pf» w
Porsenna, i. 297- i I , the sister of Publicola, as she is at her dcwtioo in ^
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, is induced by a widdeD 'tap(^
to go to the ladies of Coriolanus" family^ 5. S16. f^er ^ieed
to them, ib,
—, the daughter of Messala, and sister to 1V«IK«W«» ''*^
advances to Sylla, and Sylla marries her, iii,2&\,M- Valeriiy all the branches of that fannily for six hnndtcd 3W1 '^J^'
knowledge Publicola as the fountain of their hoo««f» *• *^
Have a particular burying-place assigned them, 301. Valerius. See Publicola, *■ -, or rather Tiberius, one of the sons of Juoios Bnitis, r«^
to death by his father for treason against the coaeaN^--'
i. 278. • , Marcus, brotlicr to Publicola, beats the Sabines * ^
battles, i. 299. Honoured with a triumph, and a bouse 1^*
the Palatine hill at the public charge, tS.
— PotiluSj charged with a commission to consult the ff*^
at Delphi, i. S66.
- Flaccus\ his character, il. 495, The generous encoa* I'll I* A. •«-^_ .^/.r
ment which he gave his country-neighbour Cato, 496. ^ chosen consul with him, and censor, ib. .514. Appointeiif of the senate, 515.
FlacxtiSf chosen consul with Marios, iii. 156.
— Corvinus, the only person, beside Marius. whoh*i^'
six times consul, iii. 156.
— /lMfM.9, i. 70, 207.
3fflrj/7Wi/s, brother to Publicola, iv. 140, and n.
. Maximus, the historian, vi. 107.
— - (^uiutus, a man of great learning, put to death by P<?^"
• iv. 136.
Varinns, Publius, defeated by Spartacus, iii. 459.
Vayivs, has a command under Antony, v. 442. 8urnamed *^-
Ion,' il). Fflrro, the phihwopher, desires Tarutius to calculate the<b)'
hour or' H )miilus' nativity, from the circumstances and t^-^
of his life, i. 66, * , Terentius, the consul, a man of obscure birth, i ^
Kaises himself, by declaiming against the slow operatio'*
Fabius, 85. His army greater than any whiph the Komani -
INDEXi fST
. tent egahitt Annibal, 85. Totally defeated ib the battle of CantiK^ - 88. The senate, at hb return, thank him for not having despoiled
of the commonwealth, 92. VarrOy Pompey's lieutenant in Spain, it. 400. Cesar makes bini
self master of his camp and troops, ib. Varusy his disputes with Scipio, v. 106. ■ , Alphends, general of the Batavi, ti. 256. VatiniuSf appointed praetor in preference to Cato, throi^ th*
influence, or rather violence, of Pompey's party, v. 91. Cioero*i
puns upon Vatinius, v. 80!^, S28. Vectik9y suborned to accuse LucuUus, lii. S89« f Veientei^ beaten by Romulus, i. 91, 92. f Fell, the capital of Tuscany, i. 91, n. Taken by CamiUni, aftd
it had stood a ten-years' siege, 368. f Vdabrum^ i. 55, Vflesits, I 1 78. + Velia, i. 304. ii. 334-. \V$litriBj taken by the Romans, i. 4<16. A colony sent dutWft
in the room of tnoee who bad been swept away by the pestileMes
ii. 189, 190. Velluius. SeeSkimuSm Vengeance f divine, ii. 268. VenHdiiy two brothers of Carbons faction, banished from Auxiaraol
by Pompey, who then acted for Sylla, iv. 182. Ventidiusy sent by Antony against the Parthians, v. 4'56. Defaatk
Paicoms son of Orodes^ ^7. Besieges Antiodius in Saniosat%
id. The only Roman honoured with a triumph over the PlEurthians.
458. Venus EpUrngia^ i. 20. Figure of, in Montfkucon, ib. n.
Ariadne, i. 23. The Paphian, v. 84, and it. The Victor
rious, iv. 213. Lncullus' dream in the temple of Venua, iiL
342. -, a cast on the dice so called, whence the proverb, * Vemik
forbids,' v. 54. Statue of, carved by Daedalus, given by Ariadne
to Theseus, i. 23. iVennsia^ ii. 88, 433. Ver Sacrum^ what, ii. 70, and n.
Verania^ one of the Vestal Virgins consecrated by Numa, i. 184w — — , the wife of Piso, vi. 241. \VercelUB^ iii. 151. Vercingetorix^ generul of the Arverni and Carnutes, iv. 389. Dt«
feated by Ca^ar, fi91. VergiiiOf the wife of Coriolanos, ii. 216* Vermiculum^ vermeil, or vermilion, i. 18, n. Vcrres, accusrd by Cicero, v. 300. Fined, SOL Verrucosus, ii. 63. Vespasian, general of the army in Judea, acknowledges Otho. ^L
247. Vesta, i. 51, 80. Nnma builds a temple to that goddess, 186.
Marius driven into her temple, iii. 224, 225. Vestal virgins^ established «t Rome, i. 87, 188. Gnardiao* of
11^
538 INDEX.
UiK Sacred Fire, it. Their number, is^ Their fnnf 1B5. The Dunishinents indicted upon thetn, wte Atj
their woir, ii.
VtleA, in Latin Cicer, bence Cicero's familr had Adr m T. 293.
Feter, Antistius, the prntor, iv. S6?.
Veltivi, Spurius, Interrex till the election of Niuiu, \. 175.
— , a friend of Caius Gracchus, v. 223.
yaturiiu, Caius, v. 227-
Veturiut, corrupts the pr»[nrian cohorts, vi. 235.
1 Mamurius, makes the brazen ehieMs fnr N'iim, t. V. ' ; Publius, one of the first queestors, t, 287.
Via Sacra, v. 311.
Tiiiiis Padanus. See Pacianut.
■, the Sicilian, his ingratitude to Cicero, v. 3SS.
triSo, a city of Lucania, anciently called HinuBion. See ponium. "^
Vihuiiiui Rnfus, a friend of Pompey, taken by Cio«ra5i^ sent to him to treat of an accommodatioD iv. 208,
Victory, considered as a goddest, iii. 2,59.
Viilias, Publius, sent to treat with Aotiochus iiL 45.
Vmdex, Junius. See Junias Vindex.
Vindicius, a slave, discovers the plot of the Aquilii and Vil favour of Tarquin, i,276. Made a citizen of Rome, 280.
Vittdkta, the act of manumission, why so called i. SD8.
Vinditu, killed by tfae Ficentines for callimv Pomoev a 'schod iv. 131. *^' ■
riniiis, Titus, one of the
and first minister to Galba,
221. Proposes Olho as a proper person to be adopted by < 231. Appointed consul, 232. Killed, 2+0.
Vipsanius' Portico, vi. 237.
Vtrsinius, Caius, pr«lor in Sicily, refuses Cicero entrance in« island, nottrithstanding his obligations to him, t. 3*12.
, one of the tribunes of the people, prevaiJed
a criminal process against Sylla, iii.Sii r Verginius Bufus, general in Germaoy, fl Refuses to lake the imperial title, and declares himself so to alt who sliould assume il without the appointment of ihei li. Defeats Vindex, ib. His merir, and declarations al to Galba, ib. Delivers up the command to Flacctu Hoida who was sent by Galba to succeed him, 220. Treated coldness by Galba, ib. Otho takes htm partner in 1 ship, '244. Again pressed to accept the empire, but his first resolutions, 963.
Viridomarus, king of the Galls, killed by Claudius Marcellu^ thereupon is entitled to the ' Spolia Opima,' i. 7s. ii_ 39-^ g
Virtue, her works attract our imitalion, ii. 4. Like a hardr will take root in any place, v. 1+9. Her di.inity ,0 be M ledged, i pfi. Impossible for Fortune to conquer her The honour which she enjoyS) all her own, iii. 28Q. '
iders of the pranortan 1 2J+. Libidinous r' ~
r rather
INDEX. 559
Virtues of the same name, different in different characters, v. 6. Vitellii^ conspire with Tarquin against the commonwealth, i. 275« ViteUius^ his descent and qualities, vi. 232, 233. Saluted emperor
by the troops in Germany, 233. Puts to death all those who had
claimed rewards for destroying the friends of Galba, 240. The
soldiers in Rome take the oatli to him, 263.
, Lucius the brother of the emperor, vi. 248.
Vliadesy the Samian, attacks the galley of Pausanias, by way of
proof that the confederates would no longer submit to his coiii<»
mand, ii. 483. Ulysses^ i. 50. UmbridtiSf the diviner, announces to Galba the impending dangefy
vi. ASS, Unanimiiy^ between generals of the same nation, ii. 344. Union, of states and cities, it's happy effects, vi. 177« Unitt/y fire so called by the Pathagoreans, i. 186. Voconius, one of Lucullus' officers, gives Mithridates an opportov
nity to escape out of Bithynia, iii. 343. Cicero's inhuman s«f*
ins upon him and his daughters, v. 326. 'fVouciam^ invade the Roman territories, i. 403. Reduced bj
Camillus, 406. Take up arms again, and together with tha.
Pnenestines, ravage the countries of those who were in alliadoe
with Rome, 409. Again defeated by Camillus, 410. CoUect
all their force to relieve the city of Corioli, ii. 182. Give sheltflr
to Coriolanus, who heads their armies, 203, 208. Despatch that
general, and then regret his death, 224, 225. Entirely subdued
by the Romans, 225. Volumnia^ the mother of Coriolanus, ii. 216. Her answer to the
speech of Valeria, 217. Her speech to Coriolanus, pressing him
to draw off his forces from before Rome, 218, 219. VolumniuSy a mimic o^, put to death by Brutus, vi. 100. ■? , Publius, a friend of Brutus, vi. 105, 106.
VopiscuSy ii. 187. Usipetesy people of Germany, break into Gaul, iv. 384. Defeated
by Caesar, tb. t Vtica, V. 107. Vulcan^ his temple, i. 91, 95.
•f VulturntiSf river, by the Greeks called * Lothronus,' ii. 74* Vultures^ Romulus sees twelve and Remus only six, i. 62. Two
with brazen collars appear before Marius' victoriesi iii« 140L
W.
WALLSy Long, which fortified Athens down to the sea, ii. 2S. iv. 98.
War^ cannot be brought to any set diet, v. 183, 271. The error of repeated wars with the same enemy, i. 131. Lycurgus endea- voured to guard against that error, t^.
Wards. See Curia.
fVaspSf breed from dead hones, v. 197.
u
Healer, with wbicfa eprings are supplied, sappos«d t^ not M bi ipunedintely Ibrmed b; the condensatioD at vapoun. See Fmh tain.
— , of a fountain, in mhich Bacctias was waslied i
after his birth, said to taete like urine. See Cittiua.
— , of the Nile and Danube, preserved ._ ti.e kings " " See Danube.
of tlie kings of Persia, to sliow the exteDt
. of t£«r i
Way, the Appian, Casar e»peniU a great deal of Uiownwwf onon it, iv, 362.
Hws, at Athens, if public ones, all that were within tbe daMMS
. of four furlongs had the privilege of tbeto, i, 2fiS. Olbcrngw lations of Solon coDcerniDg nells, i&.
Whrat, a uiedimnus of it sold for a lliotisand iliatliw. iLMl
Wheels, Egyplian, an erablem of the ijietabilitv tfbmMt, i- US.
WhiUDay, ii.il. '
Wifi, Archidamus, king of Sparta, fined for aiMrtiM »&*»<■*» IV. 71,72. '^
Wine, a reracily against vomiting, and some fc-tnjh •{ pMM, t. 469, and n. '
■ , according to Niima's institutions, not to beoStniawn-
ficc, except from a vine that was pruned, i. igs.
, mingled with spices used in wasltinf; of feet, t.H.
Wite men, no one of tlje Seven will allow himself to be ite «*» i.293.
Wntf, a she-one Buclcles Roniulua and Remus, i. 53,
, ofbrass at Delphi, ii. 3t, Priority of privilece in co)m]I*(
the oracle engraved upon il, ib. And bull jn brav, in M " fight at Argos, iii. 1 1*. The occasion of their being »a wf*- senteil, tl>. Pyrrhus, why disheartened at the eieht, ib. Cartt off despatches designed for EHonysius, vi. 26.
Women, of Sparta, i. 211. Plutarch thinks AriMotle'e reAed^ on lhen> ill founded, 13). 7'beir courage, iii. log. Tbtir^
' ence over their husbands, i. ISl. v. )40. The shara wtaff *^ had iu their honours, i. 132.
. , of Athens, Solon's laws concerning their journemv****
jngs, and sacrifices, i. 252. Of Rome, i, gia, Contiwntt d^ golden ornameniB to a Delphic offering, 372. Temple
' file Fortune of Women by ihe Bomanc, when C« * prevailed upon by his wife and mother lo retire Aom li. 221. Of Macedon, much exercised in the cereisoaiea of 0"* pbeus and Bacchus, iv. 240. Of Germany, great pntcwltn* prophecy, iv. SKO. In their divination observe ihe flowing *' noise of streams, i6. Belonging to the Ambroaes iu Ifi. A«L ■ Cimbfi, 183.
Woodpecker, sacred to Mars, i. 53, 5i.
Wmtieri. See Atfileta.
INDEX. <M1
X.
\XANTHIANS, iv. 264. vi. 59. The passionate desire wMA that people had of death, 85.
XarahippuSf the father of Pericles, defeats the king of FenkfM general at Mycale, ii. 5. Marries Agariste, the niece of Clis- thenes, who expelled the race of Pisistratus^ ib,
m I , the son of Pericles, profuse in his expenses, and dis«
respectful in his behaviour to his father, ii. 55,
XenagoraSf the son of Eumelus, his account of the height of mouit Olympus, ii. SOI.
XenarchuSf an insipid and frivoloas writer, iii. 898.
Xenaresj an intimate friend of Cleomenes, gives him at his request, an account of Agis' designs for the reformation of the common- wealth, iv. 157. Finds him much inclined to the same systoip and withdraws from the connexion, ibu
Xciocles^ of the ward of Cholargus, builds the dome of the feempla at Eleusis, ii. 23.
, an exile from Sicyon and friend ef Arttus, ti. 156. ■ , the Spartan, sent by Agesilaus to Larissa, iv. 89, 90*
— — — , the Adramyttian, Cicero's visit to him, v. 297.
XenocrateSf the philosopher, the vatiity of his sayine to the ctS- dren of Lycargos the orator, who had delivered him from 41 prosecution fbr the Metoecia, iiL 46. Hato advises him to 'sacrifice to the Graces,' 122. Alexander offers to make him'ii present of fifty talents, but he accepts only a small sum, iv. 251, and f?. In great esteem with the Athenians, v. 31. Wliat he said of Antipater, and the terms which he o£kred, ib. Refuses the freedom of Athens, 35.
XenodochuSf the Cardian, Alexander's qaestion to him, iv. 816.
XenophaluSf captain of a band of robbers, Aratus hires some troops of him, vi. 157-
Xenophoriy fights as a volunteer under Agesiiaus in the faatile of Chseronea, iv. 91. Sends his children to Sparta for the benefit of education, 94. Conducts the ten thousand Gireeks in their retreat out of Asia, v. 470. vi. 136, w.
Xerxes, endeavours to join the isle of Salamis to the continent, i. 335. Loses the battle of Salamis, ib. Flies, in consequence of a stratagem of Themistocles, 337* Alexander debates with himself, whether he should rear the statue of Xerxes that was fallen down, iv. 299. Alexander bums the palace of Xerxes, at the instigation of a courtesan, 300, 801.
XeuxidamxtSy iv. 70.
Xuthi, V. 446.
Xuthusy son-in-law of Erechtheus, i. 14, n.
X^pete^ one of the wards of Athens, ii. 23.
Y.
YEARf the Roman. See Kalendar. In which Rome was built, i. 64, and n. The Great Year, iii. 241.
i»«
f. '.
.1
\
64S Iin)EX.
f
z.
iZACYNTHUS, isle of, iu. 52, 435. vL 21. ZaleucuSf i. 172. /> Zarbienus^ king of Gord^ene, brought over to the Roman w
i by Clodiof, LucuUus' lieutenant and brother-in-law, iii. 35(
• to death with his wife and children by Tigranes, before tl
u' . Buuu entered Armenia, S70. His obsequies celebrated
jt magnificent manner by Lucullus, f 6.
tJ ^Zaretraf a castle in Eubcea, taken by Phocion v. 17.
" iZeia^ city of, iv. 415.
. ] ' Zeno^ of Elea, in natural phDosophy a follower of Pannei
and a sobtile dispotanty ii. 7. Pencles his disc^x^ A Set ▼• 15o.
the Citiean, ▼• 156. the Cretan, vi. 188. fZenadoiiaf iii. 471. ZenodotuSf of Troezene, i. 71 . Zinotf a city of Tetrapolis, i. 14, n.
Zeugita^ the third class of men among the Athenisiis, wl called, {•242. t' Zeuxidamus, king of Sparta, feOier of Archidamus, iii. 316. i
ZeuxUf tells Agatharchus, who boasted of his despatch in pan J that if he boasted, it should be that he paiotedrerT slowT
V ,^ ZcXlus^ an artificer in steel, v. 883. ^
•} \ I Zopyrus, though a slave, appointed by Pericles school-in*
I ! ; Alcibiades, 1. 187. ii. US.
, an officer in the army of Antigonus, cuts off Pfrrbuf'
iii. 117. ZoroasteTj king of the Bactrians and lawgiver supposed t
inspired, i. 172. * FF**^
J , Zosima, the wife of king Tigranes, led captive in Pompey's tria
though he restored the kingdom of Anaenea to Tigrues, i?.
I
' THE END.
y
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THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, £roxn the Union of the Crowns, on the Accession of James VI to the Throne of Etgiaod. to the Union of the Kingdoms in the Reign of Queen Anne. NViiH a Preliminary Dissertation on the Participation of Mary Queen c:' Scots in the Murder of Darnley. By ^l alcolm Laing, I>q. A New Edition, being the Third, corrected and considoriibly'enLr-.i 4 vols. 8vo. price 1/. I65. Boards.
♦,♦ This Third Edition hns received the Author's last Correction^ \do: vn«. and Improvements : these arc so numerous as to amount to little le^> Jha 1 a ^ composition uf the Work.
THE PRESENT STATE OF TURKEY : or a DescrV nV the Political, Civil, and Religious Constitution, GovermmLr. •' ' Laws of the Ottoman Empire. Bv Thomas Tiiokntcw, l^>s 2 vols. 8vo. Second Edition, price iL \s. Board*;
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♦» ♦ To render this Work morecomplcte, a most .iccumte Man i i-rl-' • ? Turkish Empire, as well as a I'l.in »f Coiistanii.w.pir boih \ci ••• ' graved, and rarefullv composed frwm the most aiiihcniic rint.i'.aN. "
AN^HISTORICAL VIEWOF THE ENGLISH GOV' i^- MENT, from the Settlement of the Saxons in Critain to tin "■ ' sent Time, with some Dissertations connected withih^ IIVo > ' the Government. By John Millar, iVofcssor of Law 'n '*'^- University of Glasgow. A new Edition, 4 vols, bVo. 1/. ia>-. hs>ax^
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